The high compacted density LiNi<sub>0.5-x</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.3</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>O<sub>2</sub> cathode material for lithium-ion batteries was syn...The high compacted density LiNi<sub>0.5-x</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.3</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>O<sub>2</sub> cathode material for lithium-ion batteries was synthesized by high temperature solid-state method, taking the Mg element as a doping element and the spherical Ni<sub>0.5</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.3</sub> (OH)<sub>2</sub>, Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> as raw materials. The effects of calcination temperature on the structure and properties of the products were investigated. The structure and morphology of cathode materials powder were analyzed by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM). The electrochemical properties of the cathode materials were studied by charge-discharge test and cyclic properties test. The results show that LiNi<sub>0.4985</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.3</sub> Mg<sub>0.0015</sub>O<sub>2</sub> cathode material prepared at calcination temperature 930°C has a good layered structure, and the compacted density of the electrode sheet is above 3.68 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. The discharge capacity retention rate is more than 97.5% after 100 cycles at a charge-discharge rate of 1C, displaying a good cyclic performance.展开更多
Ni-rich cathode materials show great potential of applying in high-energy lithium ion batteries,but their inferior cycling stability hinders this process.Study on the electrode/electrolyte interfacial reaction is indi...Ni-rich cathode materials show great potential of applying in high-energy lithium ion batteries,but their inferior cycling stability hinders this process.Study on the electrode/electrolyte interfacial reaction is indispensable to understand the capacity failure mechanism of Ni-rich cathode materials and further address this issue.This work demonstrates the domain size effects on interfacial side reactions firstly,and further analyzes the inherent mechanism of side reaction induced capacity decay through comparing the interfacial behaviors before and after MgO coating.It has been determined that LiF deposition caused thicker SEI films may not increase the surface film resistance,while HF erosion induced surface phase transition will increase the charge transfer resistance,and the later plays the dominant factor to declined capacity of Ni-rich cathode materials.This work suggests strategies to suppress the capacity decay of layered cathode materials and provides a guidance for the domain size control to match the various applications under different current rates.展开更多
The interfacial microstructure of ternary-boride-based hard cladding material (YF2) has been studied using scanning electron microanalyser (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS). Results...The interfacial microstructure of ternary-boride-based hard cladding material (YF2) has been studied using scanning electron microanalyser (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS). Results show that there are chemical reactions and elements diffusion in the interfacial zone, which make the interface bonding well and bonding strength ideal at the interface. The results gotten by studying of crack produced by Vickers indentation technique in the interfacial zone show that it is difficult to produce crack in the interface, the crack length in the cladding layer is longer than that to the interface, the crack which propagate to the interface stops at the interface rather than propagates along the interface. This suggests negligible residual stresses have developed because of thermal expansion mismatch. The bonding strength of the interface is 550MPa, which has been gotten by cutting test. The result gotten by analyzing the fracture surface shows that the fracture occurs at the side of cladding layer, which confirms that the bonding strength at the interface is higher than that in the cladding layer.展开更多
LiNi_(0.915)Co_(0.075)Al_(0.01)O_2(NCA) with Zr(OH)_4 coating is demonstrated as high performance cathode material for lithium ion batteries(LIBs). The coated materials are synthesized via a simple dry coating method ...LiNi_(0.915)Co_(0.075)Al_(0.01)O_2(NCA) with Zr(OH)_4 coating is demonstrated as high performance cathode material for lithium ion batteries(LIBs). The coated materials are synthesized via a simple dry coating method of NCA with Zr(OH)_4 powders, and then characterized with scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). Experimental results show that amorphous Zr(OH)_4 powders have been successfully coated on the surface of spherical NCA particles, exhibiting improved electrochemical performance. 0.50 wt% Zr(OH)_4 coated NCA delivers a capacity of 197.6 mAh/g at the first cycle and 154.3 mAh/g after 100 cycles with a capacity retention of 78.1% at 1 C rate. In comparison, the pure NCA shows a capacity of 194.6 mAh/g at the first cycle and 142.5 mAh/g after 100 cycles with a capacity retention of 73.2% at 1 C rate. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) results show that the coated material exhibits a lower resistance, indicating that the coating layer can efficiently suppress transition metals dissolution and decrease the side reactions at the surface between the electrode and electrolyte. Therefore, surface coating with amorphous Zr(OH)_4 is a simple and useful method to enhance the electrochemical performance of NCA-based materials for the cathode of LIBs.展开更多
Ni-rich cathodes exhibit appealing properties,such as high capacity density,low cost,and prominent energy density.However,the inferior ionic conductivity and bulk structural degradation become bottlenecks for Ni-rich ...Ni-rich cathodes exhibit appealing properties,such as high capacity density,low cost,and prominent energy density.However,the inferior ionic conductivity and bulk structural degradation become bottlenecks for Ni-rich cathodes and severely limit their commercial utilization.Traditional coating and doping methods suffer fatal drawbacks in functioning as a unit and cannot radically promote material performance to meet the needs of Li-ion batteries(LIBs).Herein,we successfully devised an ingenious and facile synthetic method to establish Ni-rich oxides with a La_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7) coating and Zr doping.The coating layer improves the ion diffusion kinetics and enhances Li-ion transportation while Zr doping effectively suppresses the phase transition of LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2) cathode.Owing to the synergetic effect of Zr doping and La_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7) coating,the modified material shows prominent initial discharge capacity of 184.7 m Ah g^(-1) at 5℃ and maintains 177.5 m Ah g^(-1) after 100 cycles at 1℃.Overall,the proposed feasible electrode design method can have a far-reaching impact on further fabrication of advanced cathodes for high-performance LIBs.展开更多
Layered Ni-rich cathode materials,LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2)(NCM622),are synthesized via solid reaction assisted with a plasma milling pretreatment,which is resulted in lowering sintering temperatures for solid p...Layered Ni-rich cathode materials,LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2)(NCM622),are synthesized via solid reaction assisted with a plasma milling pretreatment,which is resulted in lowering sintering temperatures for solid precursors.The plasma milling pretreated NCM622 cathode material sintered at 780℃(named as PM-780)demonstrates good cycling stability at both room and subzero temperatures.Specifically,the PM-780 cathode delivers an initial discharge capacity of 171.2 mAh g^(-1) and a high capacity retention of 99.7%after 300 cycles with current rate of 90 mA g^(-1) at 30℃,while stable capacities of 120.3 and 94.0 m Ah g^(-1) can be remained at-10℃and-20℃in propylene carbonate contained electrolyte,respectively.In-situ XRD together with XPS and SEM reveal that the NCM622 cycled at-10℃presented better structural stability and more intact interface than that of cathodes cycled at 30℃.It is also found that subzero temperatures only limit the discharge potential of NCM622 without destroying its structure during cycling since it still exhibits high discharge capacity at 30℃after cycled at subzero temperatures.This work may expand the knowledge about the low-temperature characteristics of layered cathode materials for Li-ion batteries and lay the foundation for its further applications.展开更多
Ni-rich layered material is a kind of high-capacity cathode to meet the requirement of electric vehicles.As for the typical LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2) material,the particle formation is significant for electroche...Ni-rich layered material is a kind of high-capacity cathode to meet the requirement of electric vehicles.As for the typical LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2) material,the particle formation is significant for electrochemical properties of the cathode.In this work,the structure,morphology,and electrochemical performance of LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2) secondary particles and single crystals were systematically studied.A lower Ni^(2+)/Ni^(3+)molar ratio of 0.66 and a lower residual alkali content of 0.228wt%were achieved on the surface of the single crystals.In addition,the single crystals showed a discharge capacity of 191.6 mAh/g at 0.2 C(~12 mAh/g lower than that of the secondary particles)and enhanced the electrochemical stability,especially when cycled at 50℃ and in a wider electrochemical window(between 3.0 and 4.4 V vs.Li+/Li).The LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2) secondary particles were suitable for applications requiring high specific capacity,whereas single crystals exhibited better stability,indicating that they are more suitable for use in long life requested devices.展开更多
The intergranular microcracking in polycrystalline Ni-rich cathode particle is led by anisotropic volume change and stress corrosion along grain boundary,accelerating battery performance decay.Herein,we have suggested...The intergranular microcracking in polycrystalline Ni-rich cathode particle is led by anisotropic volume change and stress corrosion along grain boundary,accelerating battery performance decay.Herein,we have suggested a simple but advanced solid-state method that ensures both uniform transition metal distribution and single-crystalline morphology for Ni-rich cathode synthesis without sophisticated coprecipitation.Pelletization-assisted mechanical densification(PAMD)process on solid-state precursor mixture enables the dynamic mass transfer through the increased solid-solid contact area which facilitates the grain growth during sintering process,readily forming micro-sized single-crystalline particle.Furthermore,the improved chemical reactivity by a combination of capillary effect and vacancyassisted diffusion provides homogeneous element distribution within each primary particle.As a result,single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode with PAMD process has eliminated a potential evolution of intergranular cracking,thus achieving superior energy retention capability of 85%over 150 cycles compared to polycrystalline Ni-rich particle even after high-pressure calendering process(corresponding to electrode density of~3.6 g cm^(-3))and high cut-off voltage cycling.This work provides a concrete perspective on developing facile synthetic route of micron-sized single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode materials for high energy density lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).展开更多
Layered LiNi_(1-x-y)Co_(x)M_(y)O_(2)(M=Mn or Al)is a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its high specific capacity and acceptable manufacturing cost.However,the polycrystalline LiNi_(1-x-y)Co_...Layered LiNi_(1-x-y)Co_(x)M_(y)O_(2)(M=Mn or Al)is a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its high specific capacity and acceptable manufacturing cost.However,the polycrystalline LiNi_(1-x-y)Co_(x)M_(y)O_(2) cathode material suffers from disordered orientation of primary particles and poor geometric symmetry of secondary particles,which severely hampers the migration of Lit ions.Furthermore,the resulting anisotropy accelerates the disintegration of the secondary particle structure,significantly affecting the electrochemical performance of the polycrystalline cathode.In spite of less grain boundary,the single-crystal LiNi_(1-x-y)Co_(x)M_(y)O_(2) cathodes still suffer from severe microcracks generated by repeated planar gliding during cycling,which poses a great challenge to the cycling stability of single-crystal materials.It's worth noting that the microstructure of the cathode material is mainly inherited from its precursor.Therefore,it is necessary to deeply understand the influence of the microstructure of Ni_(1-x-y)Co_(x)M_(y)(OH)2 on the electrochemical properties of LiNi_(1-x-y)Co_(x)M_(y)O_(2) cathode materials,so as to optimize the production process of preparing high-performance cathode precursors.In this review,we summarize recent advances in the research and development of Ni-rich cathode precursor materials.Firstly,the challenges faced by the Ni-rich hydroxide precursor materials are presented,including the effect of primary particle morphology and arrangement on the electrochemical performance of cathode materials,the influence of secondary particle morphology on lithium insertion reactions in cathode,and the effect of particle size on the microcracking of single-crystal particles.Secondly,the presentation of the conventional co-precipitation reactor,the mechanism of precursor particle growth,and the influence of coprecipitation parameters are described in detail.Finally,the strategies are systematically discussed to solve the challenges of hydroxide precursors,such as the innovation and optimization on reactants,synthesis processes,and reaction equipment.To obtain satisfactory high-quality precursor materials,future work will require an in-depth understanding of the reaction mechanism,combined with simulation techniques such as flow field theory calculations to guide the synthesis of precursors.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current progresses on the producing technologies of highperformance cathode precursors and offers prospects for future industry developments.展开更多
文摘The high compacted density LiNi<sub>0.5-x</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.3</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>O<sub>2</sub> cathode material for lithium-ion batteries was synthesized by high temperature solid-state method, taking the Mg element as a doping element and the spherical Ni<sub>0.5</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.3</sub> (OH)<sub>2</sub>, Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> as raw materials. The effects of calcination temperature on the structure and properties of the products were investigated. The structure and morphology of cathode materials powder were analyzed by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM). The electrochemical properties of the cathode materials were studied by charge-discharge test and cyclic properties test. The results show that LiNi<sub>0.4985</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.3</sub> Mg<sub>0.0015</sub>O<sub>2</sub> cathode material prepared at calcination temperature 930°C has a good layered structure, and the compacted density of the electrode sheet is above 3.68 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. The discharge capacity retention rate is more than 97.5% after 100 cycles at a charge-discharge rate of 1C, displaying a good cyclic performance.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFB0100301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21875022,51802020,U1664255)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center(2020CX5100006)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2018QNRC001)the support from the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars。
文摘Ni-rich cathode materials show great potential of applying in high-energy lithium ion batteries,but their inferior cycling stability hinders this process.Study on the electrode/electrolyte interfacial reaction is indispensable to understand the capacity failure mechanism of Ni-rich cathode materials and further address this issue.This work demonstrates the domain size effects on interfacial side reactions firstly,and further analyzes the inherent mechanism of side reaction induced capacity decay through comparing the interfacial behaviors before and after MgO coating.It has been determined that LiF deposition caused thicker SEI films may not increase the surface film resistance,while HF erosion induced surface phase transition will increase the charge transfer resistance,and the later plays the dominant factor to declined capacity of Ni-rich cathode materials.This work suggests strategies to suppress the capacity decay of layered cathode materials and provides a guidance for the domain size control to match the various applications under different current rates.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.59975054).
文摘The interfacial microstructure of ternary-boride-based hard cladding material (YF2) has been studied using scanning electron microanalyser (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS). Results show that there are chemical reactions and elements diffusion in the interfacial zone, which make the interface bonding well and bonding strength ideal at the interface. The results gotten by studying of crack produced by Vickers indentation technique in the interfacial zone show that it is difficult to produce crack in the interface, the crack length in the cladding layer is longer than that to the interface, the crack which propagate to the interface stops at the interface rather than propagates along the interface. This suggests negligible residual stresses have developed because of thermal expansion mismatch. The bonding strength of the interface is 550MPa, which has been gotten by cutting test. The result gotten by analyzing the fracture surface shows that the fracture occurs at the side of cladding layer, which confirms that the bonding strength at the interface is higher than that in the cladding layer.
基金supported by the National Projects of NSFC(21322101 and 21231005)MOE(B12015 and IRT13R30)
文摘LiNi_(0.915)Co_(0.075)Al_(0.01)O_2(NCA) with Zr(OH)_4 coating is demonstrated as high performance cathode material for lithium ion batteries(LIBs). The coated materials are synthesized via a simple dry coating method of NCA with Zr(OH)_4 powders, and then characterized with scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). Experimental results show that amorphous Zr(OH)_4 powders have been successfully coated on the surface of spherical NCA particles, exhibiting improved electrochemical performance. 0.50 wt% Zr(OH)_4 coated NCA delivers a capacity of 197.6 mAh/g at the first cycle and 154.3 mAh/g after 100 cycles with a capacity retention of 78.1% at 1 C rate. In comparison, the pure NCA shows a capacity of 194.6 mAh/g at the first cycle and 142.5 mAh/g after 100 cycles with a capacity retention of 73.2% at 1 C rate. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) results show that the coated material exhibits a lower resistance, indicating that the coating layer can efficiently suppress transition metals dissolution and decrease the side reactions at the surface between the electrode and electrolyte. Therefore, surface coating with amorphous Zr(OH)_4 is a simple and useful method to enhance the electrochemical performance of NCA-based materials for the cathode of LIBs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51974368)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University(2019zzts251)。
文摘Ni-rich cathodes exhibit appealing properties,such as high capacity density,low cost,and prominent energy density.However,the inferior ionic conductivity and bulk structural degradation become bottlenecks for Ni-rich cathodes and severely limit their commercial utilization.Traditional coating and doping methods suffer fatal drawbacks in functioning as a unit and cannot radically promote material performance to meet the needs of Li-ion batteries(LIBs).Herein,we successfully devised an ingenious and facile synthetic method to establish Ni-rich oxides with a La_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7) coating and Zr doping.The coating layer improves the ion diffusion kinetics and enhances Li-ion transportation while Zr doping effectively suppresses the phase transition of LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2) cathode.Owing to the synergetic effect of Zr doping and La_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7) coating,the modified material shows prominent initial discharge capacity of 184.7 m Ah g^(-1) at 5℃ and maintains 177.5 m Ah g^(-1) after 100 cycles at 1℃.Overall,the proposed feasible electrode design method can have a far-reaching impact on further fabrication of advanced cathodes for high-performance LIBs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51671088,51621001,51822104 and 51831009)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Projects(No.201904020018)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in South China University of Technology(No.2019CG24)。
文摘Layered Ni-rich cathode materials,LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2)(NCM622),are synthesized via solid reaction assisted with a plasma milling pretreatment,which is resulted in lowering sintering temperatures for solid precursors.The plasma milling pretreated NCM622 cathode material sintered at 780℃(named as PM-780)demonstrates good cycling stability at both room and subzero temperatures.Specifically,the PM-780 cathode delivers an initial discharge capacity of 171.2 mAh g^(-1) and a high capacity retention of 99.7%after 300 cycles with current rate of 90 mA g^(-1) at 30℃,while stable capacities of 120.3 and 94.0 m Ah g^(-1) can be remained at-10℃and-20℃in propylene carbonate contained electrolyte,respectively.In-situ XRD together with XPS and SEM reveal that the NCM622 cycled at-10℃presented better structural stability and more intact interface than that of cathodes cycled at 30℃.It is also found that subzero temperatures only limit the discharge potential of NCM622 without destroying its structure during cycling since it still exhibits high discharge capacity at 30℃after cycled at subzero temperatures.This work may expand the knowledge about the low-temperature characteristics of layered cathode materials for Li-ion batteries and lay the foundation for its further applications.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21706292)Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project,China(No.2016TP1007)+1 种基金Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2020JJ4107)Kai Han acknowledges the support from Innovation-Driven Project of Central South University(No.2020CX037).
文摘Ni-rich layered material is a kind of high-capacity cathode to meet the requirement of electric vehicles.As for the typical LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2) material,the particle formation is significant for electrochemical properties of the cathode.In this work,the structure,morphology,and electrochemical performance of LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2) secondary particles and single crystals were systematically studied.A lower Ni^(2+)/Ni^(3+)molar ratio of 0.66 and a lower residual alkali content of 0.228wt%were achieved on the surface of the single crystals.In addition,the single crystals showed a discharge capacity of 191.6 mAh/g at 0.2 C(~12 mAh/g lower than that of the secondary particles)and enhanced the electrochemical stability,especially when cycled at 50℃ and in a wider electrochemical window(between 3.0 and 4.4 V vs.Li+/Li).The LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2) secondary particles were suitable for applications requiring high specific capacity,whereas single crystals exhibited better stability,indicating that they are more suitable for use in long life requested devices.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MEST)(2021R1A2C1095408)supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(2022R1A6A1A03051158)。
文摘The intergranular microcracking in polycrystalline Ni-rich cathode particle is led by anisotropic volume change and stress corrosion along grain boundary,accelerating battery performance decay.Herein,we have suggested a simple but advanced solid-state method that ensures both uniform transition metal distribution and single-crystalline morphology for Ni-rich cathode synthesis without sophisticated coprecipitation.Pelletization-assisted mechanical densification(PAMD)process on solid-state precursor mixture enables the dynamic mass transfer through the increased solid-solid contact area which facilitates the grain growth during sintering process,readily forming micro-sized single-crystalline particle.Furthermore,the improved chemical reactivity by a combination of capillary effect and vacancyassisted diffusion provides homogeneous element distribution within each primary particle.As a result,single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode with PAMD process has eliminated a potential evolution of intergranular cracking,thus achieving superior energy retention capability of 85%over 150 cycles compared to polycrystalline Ni-rich particle even after high-pressure calendering process(corresponding to electrode density of~3.6 g cm^(-3))and high cut-off voltage cycling.This work provides a concrete perspective on developing facile synthetic route of micron-sized single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode materials for high energy density lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(grant No.23ZR1423600)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission(grant No.19640770300,20dz1201102)+1 种基金The Professional and Technical Service Platform for Designing and Manufacturing of Advanced Composite Materials(Shanghai,grant No.19DZ2293100)Engineering Research Center of Material Composition and Advanced Dispersion Technology,Ministry of Education.
文摘Layered LiNi_(1-x-y)Co_(x)M_(y)O_(2)(M=Mn or Al)is a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its high specific capacity and acceptable manufacturing cost.However,the polycrystalline LiNi_(1-x-y)Co_(x)M_(y)O_(2) cathode material suffers from disordered orientation of primary particles and poor geometric symmetry of secondary particles,which severely hampers the migration of Lit ions.Furthermore,the resulting anisotropy accelerates the disintegration of the secondary particle structure,significantly affecting the electrochemical performance of the polycrystalline cathode.In spite of less grain boundary,the single-crystal LiNi_(1-x-y)Co_(x)M_(y)O_(2) cathodes still suffer from severe microcracks generated by repeated planar gliding during cycling,which poses a great challenge to the cycling stability of single-crystal materials.It's worth noting that the microstructure of the cathode material is mainly inherited from its precursor.Therefore,it is necessary to deeply understand the influence of the microstructure of Ni_(1-x-y)Co_(x)M_(y)(OH)2 on the electrochemical properties of LiNi_(1-x-y)Co_(x)M_(y)O_(2) cathode materials,so as to optimize the production process of preparing high-performance cathode precursors.In this review,we summarize recent advances in the research and development of Ni-rich cathode precursor materials.Firstly,the challenges faced by the Ni-rich hydroxide precursor materials are presented,including the effect of primary particle morphology and arrangement on the electrochemical performance of cathode materials,the influence of secondary particle morphology on lithium insertion reactions in cathode,and the effect of particle size on the microcracking of single-crystal particles.Secondly,the presentation of the conventional co-precipitation reactor,the mechanism of precursor particle growth,and the influence of coprecipitation parameters are described in detail.Finally,the strategies are systematically discussed to solve the challenges of hydroxide precursors,such as the innovation and optimization on reactants,synthesis processes,and reaction equipment.To obtain satisfactory high-quality precursor materials,future work will require an in-depth understanding of the reaction mechanism,combined with simulation techniques such as flow field theory calculations to guide the synthesis of precursors.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current progresses on the producing technologies of highperformance cathode precursors and offers prospects for future industry developments.
