Heat stress studies in rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> sp.) under extreme weather scenarios generally use constant temperatures to influence the crop responses without relation to actual weather changes. These...Heat stress studies in rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> sp.) under extreme weather scenarios generally use constant temperatures to influence the crop responses without relation to actual weather changes. These heat stress studies may have limited implications for future crop yields because elevated temperatures are not based on local temperature fluctuations. This study investigated the night-time air temperature pattern and assessed the status and reliability of available weather station data in four major rice growing states;Arkansas (AR), California (CA), Louisiana (LA) and Texas (TX) using four public weather station databases. Hourly and daily night-time air temperatures from 20:00 to 06:00 were obtained from 1940 to 2018 during the rice growing period. During the 67-year period, a significant increase of 1.12<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C and 0.53<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C in seasonal night air temperature occurred in CA and AR (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.001) while LA and TX showed minimal to no increase in night air temperature. Across all rice states and years, night air temperature fluctuations ranged between ±0.2<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C and ±4<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C with the greatest occurred in CA (2.9<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C) and AR (4.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C). Mean night-time air temperature across all states ranged from 22.6<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C to 29.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C with a rate of increase of 0.01<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C to 0.02<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C per year since 1941. Due to a relatively smaller spatial dataset (from 1941-2018), trend analyses for AR, TX and LA showed modest bias with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 0.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C to 1.1<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C of absolute mean temperature across all locations. Results in this study showed seasonal night-time air temperature change occurred in some major US rice producing states during the last 67-years. This study highlights the need for more weather stations near agricultural farms to reliably derive actual temperature patterns in the rice growing regions.展开更多
The geomagnetic night-time values were used to estimate the electromagnetic response function Q1 for half-year period. If the spatial structure of the source field can be described by the approximation, one can estim...The geomagnetic night-time values were used to estimate the electromagnetic response function Q1 for half-year period. If the spatial structure of the source field can be described by the approximation, one can estimate the Q1 value using the single-station Z/H method. This technique enables us to carry out regional deep gcomagnetic sounding by the method. The data used for analyses are geomagnetic night-time values for about, typically, 26 years from 5 good-quality stations and for several years from 34 stations distributed over the globe. The results indicate that the night-time values yield more reliable response estimates for half-year period compared to the usual estimates obtained from daily means. It implies that the approximation for the night-time fields holds good for the half-year period, but the daily means are not suitable for estimating the response function of the semi-annual variations by using the single-station method. Source field analyses for daily means data and night-time means data have also been carried out in this paper.展开更多
文摘Heat stress studies in rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> sp.) under extreme weather scenarios generally use constant temperatures to influence the crop responses without relation to actual weather changes. These heat stress studies may have limited implications for future crop yields because elevated temperatures are not based on local temperature fluctuations. This study investigated the night-time air temperature pattern and assessed the status and reliability of available weather station data in four major rice growing states;Arkansas (AR), California (CA), Louisiana (LA) and Texas (TX) using four public weather station databases. Hourly and daily night-time air temperatures from 20:00 to 06:00 were obtained from 1940 to 2018 during the rice growing period. During the 67-year period, a significant increase of 1.12<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C and 0.53<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C in seasonal night air temperature occurred in CA and AR (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.001) while LA and TX showed minimal to no increase in night air temperature. Across all rice states and years, night air temperature fluctuations ranged between ±0.2<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C and ±4<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C with the greatest occurred in CA (2.9<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C) and AR (4.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C). Mean night-time air temperature across all states ranged from 22.6<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C to 29.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C with a rate of increase of 0.01<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C to 0.02<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C per year since 1941. Due to a relatively smaller spatial dataset (from 1941-2018), trend analyses for AR, TX and LA showed modest bias with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 0.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C to 1.1<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C of absolute mean temperature across all locations. Results in this study showed seasonal night-time air temperature change occurred in some major US rice producing states during the last 67-years. This study highlights the need for more weather stations near agricultural farms to reliably derive actual temperature patterns in the rice growing regions.
文摘The geomagnetic night-time values were used to estimate the electromagnetic response function Q1 for half-year period. If the spatial structure of the source field can be described by the approximation, one can estimate the Q1 value using the single-station Z/H method. This technique enables us to carry out regional deep gcomagnetic sounding by the method. The data used for analyses are geomagnetic night-time values for about, typically, 26 years from 5 good-quality stations and for several years from 34 stations distributed over the globe. The results indicate that the night-time values yield more reliable response estimates for half-year period compared to the usual estimates obtained from daily means. It implies that the approximation for the night-time fields holds good for the half-year period, but the daily means are not suitable for estimating the response function of the semi-annual variations by using the single-station method. Source field analyses for daily means data and night-time means data have also been carried out in this paper.