Structural Elucidation of the Polymeric Condensed Tannins of Acacia nilotica Subspecies by ^(13)C NMR, MALDI-TOF and TMA as Sources of Bioadhesives

Tannin was extracted from different subspecies of Acacia nilotica,Acacia nilotica nilotica(Ann),Acacia nilotica tomentosa(Ant)and Acacia nilotica adansonii(Ana).The aim was to elucidate their structure and evaluate their reactivity as bioadhesives in the wood industry.The extracts were prepared by hot water extraction(90°C tem-perature).Their gel time with paraformaldehyde was used atfirst to compare their reactivity.The tannin contents and the percentage of total polyphenolic materials in different solutions of the extracts spray dried powder were determined by the hide powder method.Concentrated solutions(47%)were tested by both MALDI ToF,13CNMR.The thermomechanical analysis(TMA)was performed to evaluate their modulus of elasticity(MOE)at different pHs.The gel times of all the three tannin extracts showed that their reactivity and it was com-parable to other known procyanidin/prodelphinidin tannin extract types.Ana,Ann and Ant showed highest per-cent of total polyphenolic materials at 70%,64%,and 57%,respectively.The 13CNMR spectra showed that the three subspecies of condensed tannins were mainly constituted of procyanidins(PC)and prodelphinidins(PD)in slightly different ratios.Ann(56.5%PC and 43.4%PD),Ant(57%PC and 43%PD)and Ana(58%PC and 42%PD).MALDI–TOF spectra showed the presence offlavonoid monomers,and oligomers some of which linked to short carbohydrates monomers or dimers.TMA revealed that the three types of tannins had high MOE at their initial pH(5).

RAPD Analysis of Micropterus salmoides and Tilapia nilotica

The intra-population phylogenetic relationship between Micropterus salmoides and Tilapia nilotica was analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA （ RAPD） technique. The results showed that the similar coefficient of bands between M. salmoides and T. nilotica was 0.236, and the genetic distance was 0. 764, which indicated that M. salmoides had a distant relationship with T. nilotica.

Effects of Salinity on Growth of Tilapia nilotica and Tilapia mossambica

Tilapia has wide-range tolerance to salinity, and most Tilapia species can survive in both fresh water and seawater. In this study, the survival rates, absolute growth rates and instantaneous growth rates of Tilapia nilotica and Tilapia mossambica in waters with four different salinities（0‰, 10‰, 20‰, 30‰） were investigated.The results showed that the growth of T. mossambica was trended to be increased with the increased salinity, and it is suitable to be farmed in seawater; however, the growth of T. nilotica was trended to be decreased with the increased salinity, and it is suitable to be farmed in fresh water.

罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica)简达气单胞菌病的病原分离鉴定及药敏试验

从患病罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica)体内分离得到细菌NL05,通过回归感染试验确定NL05为致病菌,并测出NL05对罗非鱼的半致死量(LD50)为1×103 CFU/g。结合细菌形态学特征、生理生化指标和16S r RNA基因同源分析,鉴定NL05为简达气单胞菌(Aeromonas jandaei)。形态学观察发现,NL05为革兰氏阴性、短杆状;生理生化试验中麦芽糖、甘露醇、葡萄糖、水杨素、硫化氢等13种指标为阳性,蔗糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、肌醇、卫矛醇等10种指标为阴性。药敏试验显示,NL05对奥复星、丙氟哌酸、丁胺卡那霉素、多粘菌素B、氟哌酸、利福平、洁霉素等13种抗生素敏感,对阿奇霉素、菌必治、卡那霉素、链霉素、美满霉素5种抗生素中介,对氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林、恩诺沙星、复方新诺明、甲氧苄啶等13种抗生素耐药。

THE EFFECT OF LOW DOSE FAST NEUTRONS IRRADIATION ON THE GROWTH OF TILAPIA NILOTICA

This paper presents the effects of the low-dose irradiation on Tilapia Nilotica. In laboratory experiments the Tilapia Nilotica irradiated by integrated flux of fast neutrons 1×10 9 neutrons/m2 and 1 ×10 10 neutrons/m2 gave a growth rate more than 40% and 32 % compared with those of controls respectively. The yield of the irradiated Tilapia Nilotica growing with non-irradiated carps and silver carps in a mixed feed condition increased by 8. 6%, 157% and 11. 0% more than those of the controls in the pilot test. The survival rate increases by 21. 8%, 149% and 16. 2% for the aboye-mentioned three species. An increased yield of 52 098 kg fish under irradiation with low dose was obtained in 18. 7 hectare water surface. The results of biological experiments show that the main organic coefficients of the Tilapia Nilotica are greater than those of the controls, and this may be related to the increase of the capabilities of metabolism and resistance to diseases.

Gastroprotective effect of Acacia nilotica young seedless pod extract:Role of polyphenolic constituents

Objective:To systematically evaluate antiulcer potential of Acacia nilotica in different ulcer models in rats.Methods:Different extracts[ethanolie,50%hydroethanolic(50:50),70% hydroethanolic(70:30) and aqueous]of young seedless pods were examined in pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcers in rats.Various parameters like,volume of gastric acid secretion,pH,free acidity,total acidity,ulcer index,mucin content and antioxidant studies were determined and were compared between extract treated,standard and vehicle control following ulcer induction. The most active extract was also evaluated in swimming stress induced and NSAID induced gastric ulceration.Results:Among different extracts of young seedless pods only hydroethanolic extracts showed significant antiulcer activity in pyloric ligation induced ulceration.Even more the 70%hydroethanolic extract showed better protection as compared to 50%hydroethanolic extract.Further 70%hydroethanolic extract also showed significant mucoprotection in swimming stress induced and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs induced gastric ulceration.Conclusions: The results of present study concluded that the hydroethanolic extract of young seedless pods of Acacia nilotica has antiulcer activity in pylorus ligation,swimming stress and NSAID induced rat ulcer models.The extract containing more amount of phenolic components show high antiulcer activity,indicating the phenolic component of the extract to be responsible for the activity of the extracts.

Adsorptive potential of Acacia nilotica based adsorbent for chromium(Ⅵ) from an aqueous phase

The objective of this research was to enhance adsorption capacity of Acacia nilotica （keekar） sawdust for the abatement of chromium bearing wastewater and to investigate the effect of process parameters on adsorption capacity. The sawdust was activated by acid wash and functionalized subsequently with formaldehyde. Functionalization of activated sawdust raised its chromium removal efficiency of almost 10% as compared to its adsorption removal efficiency of HCl treated sawdust in a batch adsorption study. Adsorption kinetic data provided better fitting with pseudo second order model. Maximum adsorption capacity calculated through the best fitting Langmuir model was 6.34 mg·g^-1 and 8.2 mg·g^-1 for HCl treated and formaldehyde functionalized sawdust adsorbents, respectively. The adsorption of Cr（VI） was endothermic when studied by varying temperature from 20℃ to 50℃ for both activated and functionalized adsorbents.

Kinetics, Isotherms and Equilibrium Study of Co(Ⅱ) Adsorption from Single and Binary Aqueous Solutions by Acacia nilotica Leaf Carbon

The removal of cobalt ion from aqueous solution by Acacia nilotica leaf carbon(HAN), is described. Effect of p H,agitation time and initial concentration on adsorption capacities of HAN was investigated in a batch mode. The adsorption process, which is p H dependent, shows maximum removal of cobalt in the p H range 5 for an initial cobalt concentration of 50 mg·L–1The experimental data have been analyzed by using the Freundlich, Langmuir,Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. The batch sorption kinetics have been tested for a pseudofirst order, pseudo-second order and Elovich kinetic models. The rate constants of adsorption for all these kinetic models have been calculated. Results showed that the intraparticle diffusion and initial sorption of Co(Ⅱ) into HAN was the main rate limiting step. The adsorption of cobalt ion was confirmed through instrumental analyses such as scanning electron microscope(SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). The desorption and recycling ability of HAN were also found. We conclude that HAN can be used for the efficient removal of cobalt from aqueous solution.

Cold tolerance of Acacia karroo and A.nilotica,two tree species from South Africa,in Beijing

Fynbos plant communities developed under geographic and climatic conditions unique to South Africa. Acacia karroo is the most widespread tree species, well known for its drought tolerance. A. nilotica exudes a good quality gum which is edible and suitable for confectionery. The two species have been introduced to China but little is known about their adaptability under the new environmental conditions. For our present study, the growth potential and physiological and biochemical parameters of the two spe- cies in response to cold stress were investigated. The results, measured as seed qualities （purity, thousand seed weights, germination, etc.） show differences between A. karroo and A. nilotica. The seed germination rate was between 10% and 60%. Seedlings were es- tablished in fields, pots and plugs. Those in the field grew well during the growing season but completely died in the winter. Those in pots or plugs were moved to and managed in the greenhouse. The plants were green in winter. The electrical conductivity of cells, the contents of water soluble sugars, proteins, malondialdehyde （MDA） increased during eight hours of low temperature treatment at 4℃ The activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, peroxidase （POD） and catalase （CAT） decreased markedly during the eight hours of 4℃ treatment. We conclude that A. karroo and A. nilotica have little adaptability to the cold winter weather and cannot survive in the outdoors in the Beijing area, but could grow well indoors as ornamentals.

Fingerprinting of the Acacia nilotica （L.） Bark Extract Having Antibacterial Property

Acacia nilotica （L.） Delile, commonly known as ＂Babul＂, is reported for its medicinal property since ages. Plant is recognized for its medicinal use in traditional practices. For the study, phytochemicals were extracted as well as identified from four different solvents and their antibacterial property was determined. The fingerprinting was accomplished using HPTLC and the MIC （Minimum Inhibitory Concentration） was elucidated using standard protocols. Two Gram positive （Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis） and two Gram negative （Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa） bacteria were selected for the antibacterial screening. The major phytochemicals identified in the extract of the bark of A. nilotica were catechin/epicatechin, ellagic acid and m-digallic acid. Excellent antimicrobial activity was found in chloroform （40 ~tg/mL） and methanol （60 ~g/mL） extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The chloroform extracts consist of higher number of phytochemicals/bands as compared with other extracts and demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against all the test bacterial species.

尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica)不同月龄数量性状遗传力估计

采用不平衡巢式配对的技术,构建尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica)半同胞家系30个,估计尼罗罗非鱼数量性状的遗传力。分别对3、4、5月龄的所有家系的家系个体的体重、全长、体长、头长、躯干长、体高、尾柄长、尾柄高及体宽共9个数量性状进行测量,运用半同胞组内相关法估计尼罗罗非鱼3、4、5月龄数量性状的遗传力。结果表明,3月龄尼罗罗非鱼数量性状遗传力的估计值较大为0.73—0.21,4月龄尼罗罗非鱼数量性状遗传力的估计值为0.21—0.06,5月龄尼罗罗非鱼数量性状遗传力的估计值为0.25—0.05,尼罗罗非鱼各性状的遗传力随着月龄增长而减小,遗传力在3月龄最高,4月龄和5月龄较低并接近。本研究结果为进一步开展尼罗罗非鱼选择育种研究奠定基础。

<i>In Vitro</i>Susceptibility of Dermatophytes to Anti-Fungal Drugs and Aqueous <i>Acacia nilotica</i>Leaf Extract in Lagos, Nigeria

Dermatophytes were earlier reported to respond well to anti-fungal agents;however, an upsurge in resistance with the high cost of these agents increased the use of medicinal plants for treatment. This study investigated the sensitivity pattern of dermatophytes to oral anti-fungal drugs and aqueous leaf extract of the plant, Acacia nilotica. The extract was tested against seven strains of dermatophytes Arthroderma otae, Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton mentagrophyte, Microsporum ferrugineum, Arthroderma vespertilii, Arthroderma quadrifidum, and Arthroderma multifidum, previously isolated from diabetic patients. The minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of the plant extracts and the standard antifungal agents were evaluated using modifications of the broth macro dilution method of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M38-A2 protocol. There was a significant difference in the Minimum Inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the dermatophytes to the three antifungal drugs tested (p < 0.001). The dermatophytes were mostly susceptible to itraconazole followed by Nystatin. All the dermatophytes tested were resistant to griseofulvin. Acacia nilotica had an inhibitory effect on all the dermatophytes tested, and showed anti-fungal activity in a dose-dependent relationship between 0.625 - 1.25 mg/ml. Though the inhibitions of the dermatophytes were significantly higher with the standard anti-fungal drugs as compared to the plant extract (p < 0.001);however, the dermatophyte, Arthroderma quadrifidum, which was resistant to all the anti-fungal drugs, had the highest inhibition with A. nilotica. Some circulating dermatophyte strains in Nigeria are griseofulvin and/or itraconazole resistant which may influence the spread of infection and A. nilotica aqueous leaf extract showed a strong anti-dermatophytic activity.

Growth promoting effect of microbial inoculants on Acacia nilotica grown under nursery conditions

Present study was carried out on Acacia nilotica seedlings grown under different bioinoculation treatments by using laboratory grown liquid cultures of 10 fungal isolates,11 Rhizobium isolates and 5 other bacterial isolates.Microbial cultures were screened for their effects on growth of Acacia nilotica grown in greenhouse conditions.The selected microbial inoculants were assessed as considering their individual performance or in combination with the other inoculants in specific ratios.The higher performance was shown with the combination of Penicillum chrysogenum Thom.1,B 5 bacterial isolate,R10 and/or R11 isolates of Rhizobium.Further,it was observed that the above microbial mixed culture inoculation was promoted plant growth specifically number of leaves and the leaf biomass.Therefore,nursery application of mixed microbial inoculants,specifically as above could be beneficial for the production of quality planting material(QPM)of Acacia nilotica and subsequent field applications.

尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis nilotica Linn)幼鱼渗透压调节的初步研究

作者提出了放置于水温为19～20℃及30℃,盐度为0,16‰和30‰的各水体中尼罗罗非鱼渗透压调节的时间过程。研究揭示出尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼具有极其灵活的渗透压调节能力力:当水体由于盐度的改变,其冰点下降值Δ°改变114～121.4％时,幼鱼在收容五天后,血液渗透压重新达到平衡,冰点下降值Δ°只增加1.6～4.7％,当水体的Δ°改变292～307.2％,幼鱼血液渗透压的Δ°值只增加4.7～6.2％。作者认为,该幼鱼渗透压的调节过程分为三个阶段,一、失控期,Δ°值迅速增加 二,调节期,Δ°缓慢地随收容时间继续增加,直达到最大值,并开始下降;三、趋平期,幼鱼血液的Δ°值下降并达到平衡位置。尼罗罗非鱼渗透压调节的具体时间过程及特点取决于其内外渗透浓度变化的梯度(从淡水到海水或半海水)以及水温、饵料条件。

Functional response of the ladybird, Cydonia vicina nilotica to cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora in the laboratory

The functional response of Cydonia vicina nilotica Muls. （Coleoptera： Coccinellidae） to six densities of Aphis craccivora Koch （Homoptera： Aphididae） nymphs on broad bean （Viciafaba Linn.） was investigated in the laboratory. A linear relationship between the rate of consumption and prey density was observed with r^2 values between 0.58 and 0.97. Plotting prey density against prey killed by four larval instars, and adult males and females of C. vicina nilotica fit well with the type Ⅱ model of Holling＇ s disc equation. Adult females consumed the highest number of prey, followed by fourth instars and adult males. Based on the functional response data, the model predicts a maximum of 144.9, 116.3, 86.2, 80.0, 72.5 and 20.0 nymphs to be consumed per day by an individual adult female, fourth instar, adult male, third, second and first instars, respectively. The differences in the responses of the predator to aphid densities are discussed.

Comparative Analysis of Polyphenolic and Antioxidant Constituents in Dried Seedlings and Seedless Acacia nilotica Fruits

The phenolic and antioxidant constituents in Acacia nilotica fruits have become an important source of medicinal and thera-peutic benefit with powerful biological properties.This study investigated the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of powdered Acacia fruits with seeds and without seeds.The phenolic content and antioxidant capacities in them were deter-mined using Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH free radical-scavenging assays.The total phenolic and antioxidants of A.nilotica with seeds were spectrophotometrically determined to be 47.61 and 6.18%greater than when the seeds were removed from the dried fruits,respectively.The LC-MS/QTOF analysis shows the presence of 282 and 214 phenolic compounds in the methanol extracts of A.nilotica with seeds and without seeds,respectively.The present study,therefore,revealed that dried A.nilotica fruits with seeds have higher total phenolic content,antioxidant capacity,and bioactive constituents,which indi-cated that they have more medicinal value than fruits without seeds.

Laboratory evaluation of Limnatis nilotica leech(Annelida:Hirudinea)as a biocontrol agent for the schistosome-vector snail,Bulinus truncatus

Objective:To investigate the predation efficacy of the freshwater leech,Limnatis nilotica(L.nilotica)as a potential biological control agent against different stages of the Bulinus truncatus(B.truncatus),the intermediate host of human Schistosoma haematobium,under laboratory conditions.Methods:The leech L.nilotica and the snail B.truncatus were collected from El Kiryab Agriculture Scheme,Sudan.Thereafter,the predatory activity of the leech was evaluated against eggs,neonates and adults of the snail in a series of different experiments under laboratory conditions.Results:The findings showed that the L.nilotica leech was a voracious predator towards the eggs and neonates of B.truncatus snails with a shell length of up to 3 mm,as well as of adult snails with an shell length greater than 3 mm.Conclusions:The results showed that L.nilotica had a significant impact on B.truncatus populations.However,long term studies under natural field conditions are needed to support these results.

Preliminary phytochemical investigation and in vitro anthelmintic activities of Maesa lanceolata solvent extracts against Lymnatis nilotica(aquatic leech)

Objective:To investigate phytochemicals constituents and check the anthelmintic activities of Maesa lanceolata(M.lanceolata)solvent extracts against aquatic leech.Methods:Several phytochemicals were tested and screened from petroleum ether,chloroform and methanol extracts of M.lanceolata extracts and their anthelmintic activities were done based on the standard procedure against aquatic leech.Piperazine citrate(20 mg/mL)was used as a reference standard while distilled water was used as a control.Results:Qualitative phytochemical analysis of different solvent(petroleum ether,chloroform and methanol)extracts of M.lanceolata revealed the presence of flavonoids and alkaloids in chloroform extracts and alkaloids in methanol extracts.In addition to the qualitative analysis of the plant extracts,the anthelmintic effects were also evaluated against aquatic leech(Lymnatis nilotica).Accordingly,various concentrations(10,20,40 and 60 mg/mL)of each solvent(petroleum ether,chloroform and methanol)extracts and 20 mg/mL of standard drug were prepared and tested against the selected leech.All the tested concentrations showed anthelmintic activities in a dose-dependent manner.From petroleum ether,chloroform and methanol extracts,chloroform extracts with 60 mg/mL concentration was effective with the paralytic time of(29.00±1.06)min and death time of(65.00±2.00)min in gradient extraction method.But in the case of extraction without gradient method,methanol extracts with 60 mg/mL concentration showed effective paralysis and death time(26.00±1.73)and(56.00±1.56)min,respectively,against the selected aquatic leech.Conclusions:The present study revealed that M.lanceolata extracts have magic anthelmintic activities which are helpful to treat aquatic leeches(Lymnatis nilotica)which are associated with the nasal cavities of animals and human beings.

Medicinal plants and phytomedicines are used to treat or prevent illnesses in Sudan: a review

Traditional medicine is a reliable source for treating many diseases in Sudan.It is widely recognized in Sudan,as no Sudanese house is devoid of medicinal herbs.The Sudanese people and their historical stock of knowledge are distinguished by their knowledge and the many applications of herbs in treatment.This reference paper aims to collect all the available information about the use of medicinal plants in Sudan to treat disease or prevent it.Sudanese medicinal plants include a variety of plants and there are many medicinal applications for these plants in the world.According to the information reached by the paper,there are many therapeutic medical applications of these plants in the treatment of various bacterial infections,including digestive diseases,malaria,diabetes,rheumatic pain,respiratory diseases,jaundice,urinary tract infections,wounds,cancer and various microbial infections,according to the information reached by the paper.This reference is for a few groups of Sudanese medicinal plants such as tamarind,hibiscus,Acacia nilotica,Combretum hartmannianum,and Guiera senegalensis,etc.This review article also showed that these plants contain many biologically active substances as active ingredients,including flavonoids,saponins,alkaloids,stimulants,terpenes,tannins,fatty acids and essential oils.Even though Sudanese people use herbal medicine to treat a wide range of illnesses,more research is needed to show that these plants are safe and effective for people to use.For example,phytochemical analysis,biochemical activity tests and toxicology studies should be done to show that these plants are safe and effective for people to use.

甲氰菊酯对尼罗罗非鱼组织乙酰胆碱酯酶、谷丙转氨酶和谷胱甘肽活性的影响

用急性染毒法研究6种浓度(0、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0、1.5μg/L)的甲氰菊酯对(34.89±9.99)g的尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica)分别处理6、12、24、48、96 h后,其组织内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的动态变化。结果显示:AChE活性在同一时间内不同浓度间差异不显著(P>0.05),而同一浓度不同时间点有极显著差异(P<0.01)。GPT活性随试验浓度增加及试验时间延长变化较大,但均无显著差异(P>0.05),表明在低浓度范围内,甲氰菊酯对尼罗罗非鱼肝脏GPT活性影响很小。GSH活性在各浓度间和不同浸毒时间间均有显著差异(P<0.05),6 h试验组GSH活性显著高于对照组,随后逐渐降低。