Impacts of Land Use Change on Ecosystem Service Value in Yanchi County of Ningxia

Based on TM image data in 1989, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2006 and 2009 of Yanchi County of Ningxia, the land use date of Yanchi County in each year were extracted supported by RS and GIS technology, and used to analyze the dynamic change of land use. The land use data were studied for estimating the change of ecosystem services value caused by the land use change of Yanchi County, using the evaluation method of China terrestrial ecosystem services value. The results showed that the changes of land use were obvious during 1989 to 2009. The area of woodland and construction land had an increasing tendency; grassland area changed from decreasing to increasing, which was in contrary to farmland and un-used land areas （from increasing to decreasing）; water area fluctuated slightly. The ecosystem services value of Yanchi County had an increasing tendency during 1989 to 1995, because the increasing woodland area had took the major role in raising the total ecosystem services value. The grassland accounted for a large proportion of the total ecosystem service value of Yanchi County, with its contribution rate from 49.8% to 60.4%. And the composition of the ecosystem services value of Yanchi County happened benign change for the increasing contribution rate of woodland. The ecosystem services value sensitivity index of each land use type was less than 1, indicating that the ecosystem services value of Yanchi County lacks flexibility on its service value index, and the research results are reliable.

Sustainability Analysis of Cropland Use in Cropping-Pastoral Ecotone before and after the Grain-for-Green Policy:A Case Study from Yanchi County in Ningxia

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the sustainability of cropland use in cropping-pastoral ecotone before and after the Grain-for-Green Policy. [Method] Using Yanchi County in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as a case study area, this investigation used the annual transfer rate of land use types, cropland suitability and emergy analysis to examine the major pressures affecting the sustainable use of cropland before and after the Grain-for-Green Policy. [Result] The expansion of con- struction land onto cropland was significant; the annual cropland area was still larger than the land area suitable for cropping after the policy; agrochemical inputs used for crop production gradually increased and unit crop outputs required more agro- chemical inputs. Cropland use sustainability showed a fluctuating downward trend. [Conclusion] The results imply that the protection of high quality cropland, further im- plementation of the policy and control of agrochemical inputs according to precipita- tion are the main measures needed for sustainable cropland use in cropping-pastoral ecotone.

Reconstructing the annual precipitation variation since 1899 based on tree-ring width in the western Hedong sandy land of Ningxia

Based on the analysis of the correlation between the tree-ring width of Pinus tabulaeformis and the climate factors in the western Hedong sandy land of Ningxia, a conversion equation between the annual precipitation and the tree-ring width since 1899 was reconstructed. The results of cross verification indicated that the conversion equation is stable and the reconstructed results are reliable. The result of reconstructed annual precipitation showed the remarkable fluctuation of precipitation and dry-to-wet variation before the 1940s. The smaller fluctuation and high frequent changes of precipitation occurred during the period of 1940s-1980s and after the 1980s the change trend of the precipitation became high periodic extent and low frequent. The study found that there were some coincidences with the climate change in Changling Mountains, Helan Mountains and the east of Qilian Mountains. The relatively dry periods in the beginning of 20th century, 1920s to 1930s, the end of the 20th century and 2004 to 2006 in the western Hedong sandy land of Ningxia accelerated the desertification, while the relatively humid period during the periods of the 1910s-1920s, 1930s-1940s and 1990s is favorable to prevent and control the desertification, and to weaken the climate warming and drying. The periods of annual precipitation variation in the western Hedong sandy land of Ningxia since 1899 are approximately 2-4 years, 5-7 years and 10 years.

Changes of landuse form and their ecological effect on desert-steppe area in Ningxia

The central part of Ningxia is a desert-steppe area with a sparse population and fragile ecosystem where over-grazing has caused serious degeneration of steppe ecosystem; however, the southern part is a populous loessic hilly area subject to serious soil erosion. The central desert steppe has become an oasis with immigrants from southern loessic hilly area thanks to the implementation of new irrigated projects by pumping water from the Yellow River. Using government investment and loan of World Bank, the new irrigated area has been developed which covers an area of 32,527 ha with 145 thousand immigrants moving there from the southern loessic hilly area in 1984-1994. A new ecosystem of oasis economy has been established, socio-economic, and environmental benefits achieved, and changes in land use were prominent. In the central desert steppe of Ningxia, except the original pasture and dryland farming, irrigational farming, horticulture and livestock breeding have been developed. As a result, artificial ecosystems of various types have been formed in the irrigated areas mentioned above. This paper will particularly discusses the changes of landuse patterns in resultant ecological effects, and the environemntal problems for sustainable development in the irrigated area. For the changes of landuse patterns, four aspects are relevant: the dryland was changed into irrigated land, the grassland became irrigated farmland, the agricultural landuse pattern changed and the cropping patterns also altered. The ecological benefits of the irrigated area are as follows: 1) the desert-steppe has been partially replaced by man-made oasis; 2) drinking water for human and livestock was guaranteed; 3) the shifting sand dunes in some areas were brought under control; 4) soil erosion was mitigated; 5) soil mellow process was accelerated and soil fertility increased; and 6) the eco-economic system was diversified. Finally, the authors identifies solutions to the environmental problems, including water pollution. Soil secondary salinization, soil strucrure, improvement shelterbelt construction, all related to sustainable development in irrgational area.

Present land use and cover patterns and their development potential in North Ningxia

With the objectives to acquire the fundamental dat a of the territorial resource, understand the impacts of human activit ies on the land use and cover patterns and evaluate the potential of the future exploitation, an intensive land cover classification with an accuracy of 93% has been completed for North Ningxia by remote sen sing technique based on the adoption of a combination method composed o f texture training, maximum likelihood classification and post-processing such as re-allocation and aggregation. This classification result was incorporated with the contemporaneous socio-economic and meteorological d ata for cross-sectional regression modelling to reveal the spatial dete rminants of the land cover patterns and understand the human-environmen tal relationships. A tentative evaluation on the potential of soil exp loitation in the near future was carried out in combination with our land use and cover change detection results aiming at supplying some useful references for the central and local governments in their sustainable l and use planning.

Study on the Balance of Agricultural Water and Land Resources on Ningxia Plain

The article puts forward the process and means of regional water and land balance research, and then from two scenarios which are the balances under natural regulation and human intervention, calculated and analysed the balance between water and land on Ningxia Plain. For the balance under natural regulation named farmland water balance, using farmland water resource balance equation, the research estimated the monthly farmland water balance of 8 major crops for all of the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain in the period of 1960-2001; for the balance under human intervention, the research estimated land-use water balance equation of the counties in 2000, and calculated the balance between land use and water resources including irrigating water of all the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain. Results showed that①precipitation can not meet the water demand of the crops for growth and development on Ningxia Plain, and water shortage is the primary character of farmland water balance under natural regulation,②the diversity of water and land balance of different counties is distinctly influenced by the crop structure, water quantity for irrigation and irrigation level.③Irrigation water could meet the crop water demand on Ningxia Plain in 2000, but there was not much space to expand irrigating cultivated land.

Analysis of Patterns and Benefits of Cultivated Land Transfer in Rural Areas in the Loess Plateau——A Case Study of Yuanzhou District of Ningxia

Cultivated land transfer is one of hotspots in research on agriculture,rural areas and farmers in China. Based on research achievements related to cultivated land transfer and the field survey of Yuanzhou District in the Loess Plateau,the primary patterns of cultivated land transfer in rural areas in the Loess Plateau were summarized according to the management subjects of cultivated land. According to the analyses of family income and expenses of a peasant household,the benefit of various patterns of cultivated land transfer to increase farmers' income was analyzed,and the social and ecological benefits of cultivated land transfer were assessed. The results showed that cultivated land transfer had developed rapidly in the Loess Plateau,and 42. 5% of the investigated peasant households took part in cultivated land transfer. The benefit of cultivated land transfer to increase farmers' income was obvious after cultivated land transfer. There were significant differences between various patterns of cultivated land transfer in the increase of farmers' income. The pattern driven by agricultural cooperatives increased farmers' income most obviously,and the annual family earnings per peasant household reached 12072. 99 yuan / a. The social and ecological benefits of cultivated land transfer conducted by peasant households spontaneously were very remarkable. The pattern led by leading enterprises promoted the large-scale operation of cultivated land greatly,but its benefit to increase farmers' income was limited. The comprehensive benefit of the pattern guided by the government was the most balanced. Geographic environment had decisive influences on the choose of patterns of cultivated land transfer in the Loess Plateau.

Ningxia:Fish-Farming on Saline-Alkaline Land

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近30年宁夏土地利用碳排放风险及影响因素

本文采用碳排放系数法和LMDI模型分解法,利用1990-2020年宁夏22个县区土地利用和能源消耗数据,分析了土地利用变化与碳排放风险及影响因素。结果表明,(1)1990-2020年宁夏建设用地、林地和水体面积显著增加,以建设用地面积增加最为突出,30年面积增加了15.77×10^(4)hm^(2);耕地和未利用土地面积先增加后减小、草地和面积不断减小,土地利用开发强度增大。(2)宁夏碳排放量呈显著增加趋势,净碳排放增加了4 669.25×10^(4)t,增幅448.69%。(3)宁夏土地利用碳排放风险逐步升高,空间上形成了沿黄县区碳排放风险高于中、南部县区的分布格局。(4)土地利用结构、土地碳排放强度、人均GDP和人口对碳排放的贡献率较大,促进了碳排放量的增加,而单位GDP用地强度对碳排放的贡献率最小,对碳排放起抑制作用。

Land Credit Cooperatives Help Construction of New Countryside

This article introduces the experience of Pingluo County of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, where "land credit cooperatives" have thrived. Based on a survey of the background, function, business scope, structure, supportive policy and the performance of "land credit cooperatives", the author believes that the essence of the cooperative is a "land joint-stock cooperation organization" whose experience may be of particular relevance to the building of a "new socialist countryside".

宁夏盐碱地饲用小黑麦品种(系)生产性能及营养品质综合评价

【目的】筛选适合宁夏盐碱地种植的优质高产小黑麦(Triticosecale wittmack)品种(系)。【方法】2021年在宁夏石嘴山市惠农区开展晋饲草1号、冀饲草1号、鉴47、鉴46、优能、普瑞、冀饲3号、石大1号、中饲1048和甘农2号共10个品种(系)小黑麦的适应性研究,并利用主成分分析(PCA)对其农艺性状、生产性能及营养成分等指标进行综合评价。【结果】所有供试饲用小黑麦品种(系)均能在宁夏盐碱地安全越冬并完成生育期。晋饲草1号株高、分蘖数和干草产量最突出,分别达131.11 cm、4.40个和9.34 t/hm 2;冀饲3号和晋饲草1号粗蛋白含量较高,分别为9.95%和9.86%;冀饲3号的相对饲喂价值最高,为94.25。聚类分析结果表明,10个饲用小黑麦品种(系)可以分为3个类群,第Ⅰ类群为普瑞和优能,第Ⅱ类群为甘农2号、中饲1048和鉴47,第Ⅲ类群为晋饲草1号、冀饲3号、冀饲草1号、鉴46和石大1号。主成分分析结果显示,综合得分排名前三的小黑麦品种(系)为冀饲3号、晋饲草1号和石大1号。【结论】冀饲3号、晋饲草1号和石大1号均可在宁夏盐碱地大面积推广种植。

中卫市退砂土地农作物复垦的可行性分析研究

本研究旨在分析宁夏中卫市沙坡头区退砂地的土壤质量提升及农作物种植适宜性。通过连续3年的田间试验,收集并分析了8种宁夏地区广泛栽培的耐旱作物对土壤理化性质的影响及其经济效益。分析了退砂耕地适生农作物对当地土壤质量的影响及经济效益。结果表明,朝天椒和红葱在退砂地上表现出较高的产量和产值,且投入产出比大,是退砂地优先选择的作物。此外,玉米和小杂粮等作物轮作种植也显示出改良土壤结构和提高肥力的潜力。本研究为退砂地的科学利用提供了理论依据和实践指导,有助于推动中卫市经济社会可持续发展。

宁夏耕地质量提升科技创新浅析

粮食安全关系国家长治久安,耕地是粮食生产的“命根子”,耕地质量提升是落实粮食安全的基础。通过分析宁夏耕地质量现状,梳理了耕地质量提升科技创新中存在的问题。基于此,从加快耕地质量和产能提升技术创新能力提升、实施科技项目、打造示范工程、创新农技服务模式、建立“政产学研用”协同创新机制等多个角度,提出宁夏耕地质量提升科技创新对策及建议。

宁夏卫宁平原土壤锌地球化学特征与富锌小麦种植区预测

研究目的大部分粮食作物锌含量较低,人体难以从正常的膳食结构中获取足够的锌元素。通过开展土地质量地球化学调查,探寻种植富锌作物的适宜区域,是基于自然途径使作物达到富锌标准的最优方案。研究方法本研究以宁夏卫宁平原农业用地为研究区,基于土地质量地球化学调查所获取的农用地表层土壤、小麦籽实及其根系土中元素地球化学数据,研究了表层土壤、小麦籽实Zn地球化学特征,探究了小麦籽实富集Zn的影响因素;以中国健康膳食营养结构与居民膳食营养素参考摄入量为基准,推算出富锌小麦锌含量区间值。研究结果研究区表层土壤Zn含量范围25.1~102.0 mg/kg,背景值61.4 mg/kg;研究区小麦籽实Zn含量范围13.34~37.78 mg/kg,平均值24.72 mg/kg,生物富集系数(BCF)平均值0.41;富锌小麦Zn含量取值范围为26.5~50.0 mg/kg,研究区小麦籽实的富锌比例为36.7%;基于神经网络模型预测出卫宁平原适宜种植富锌小麦的农用地面积为242.86 km^(2)。结论研究区表层土壤Zn空间分布较为均匀且主要受到成土母质控制;小麦籽实富集Zn的能力为中等,土壤Zn、Fe_(2)O_(3)、K_(2)O、SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3)与小麦籽实Zn具有显著相关关系;神经网络模型能构建出可靠的预测模型,可以作为基于地球化学调查数据探寻有益微量元素富集作物种植适宜区的方法。

宁夏城市建设用地节约集约利用与高质量发展耦合协调研究

当前中国进入高质量发展阶段,缓解城市快速扩张伴随的土地利用粗放问题对城市可持续发展具有重要意义。现有研究多单方面关注城市建设用地节约集约水平或高质量发展状态,较少讨论两系统间的耦合协调关系。通过构建多维指标体系,测度2018年宁夏22个区县城市建设用地节约集约利用水平和高质量发展状态,并采用耦合协调度、相对发展度和影响协调力分析两系统间的耦合协调关系。结果表明:(1)2018年宁夏城市建设用地节约集约水平呈现出“中部低、南北高”的分布态势,而高质量发展水平呈现出“西北高、东南低”的空间分布格局。(2)两系统耦合协调度空间上呈现出“中部低、南北高”的分布格局,宁夏大部分区县处于基本协调状态且两系统关系呈良性循环。(3)创新和安全子系统对两系统的耦合协调度普遍起反向阻滞作用;绿色和协调子系统对两系统的耦合协调度普遍起正向推动作用。研究结果可为黄河流域高质量发展情境下促进建设用地节约集约利用提供实证依据。

宁夏开发区土地集约利用时空分布特征与驱动因素分析

开发区土地集约利用是新时代区域高质量发展的重要支撑,二者的关系成为当前的研究热点。以宁夏开发区为例,评价分析2018—2021年土地集约利用的时空分布特征,从经济质量、创新驱动、开放环境、绿色转型和结构优化5个维度选取影响因素,应用时空地理加权回归(GTWR)模型探究其对集约用地的驱动机理。结果表明:(1)宁夏开发区土地集约水平呈现北部引黄灌区>中部干旱区>南部山区的分布格局,研究时段内差异缩小。(2)GTWR模型可以有效捕捉驱动机制的时空差异,绿色转型、结构优化是土地集约利用的主导驱动因素,创新驱动、经济质量是次要因素。(3)各因子对集约用地的驱动作用呈现显著的时空分异性,固定资产投资增长率等对北部引黄灌区开发区的驱动作用更显著,工业企业总收入增长率等则是中南部开发区的主要影响因素;单位工业收入地耗对集约水平的影响小幅下降,其他因子逐渐增强。研究揭示了高质量发展目标下各开发区集约用地的动力机制,有助于为宁夏开发区土地利用的分区管控提供政策参考,也为西部黄河流域高质量园区建设贡献一份力量。

宁夏沿黄城市带耕地碳排放时空特征和生态效率评价

[目的]研究宁夏回族自治区沿黄城市带2011—2020年耕地碳排放时空变化规律,评价生态效率,为构建低碳农业模式,推动农业碳减排,促进地区农业高质量发展提供支撑。[方法]采用耕地碳排放估算模型和ArcGIS计算分析宁夏沿黄城市带耕地碳排放的时空特征,采用非期望产出超效率模型SBM(松驰值测算模型)评估耕地生态效率值。[结果](1)2011—2020年宁夏沿黄城市带耕地碳排放总量总体呈下降趋势,化肥和农用柴油是耕地碳排放的主要来源。(2)宁夏沿黄城市带耕地碳排放呈现南北高,中间低的空间分布格局,其中平罗县和中宁县是最大的耕地碳排放城市。(3)宁夏沿黄城市带耕地碳排放强度呈先升高后下降的趋势与耕地碳排放总量变化相似。(4)宁夏沿黄城市带耕地利用生态效率总体呈波动状态,利通区耕地生态效率较低,需要调整农业生产过程中的投入要素。[结论]宁夏回族自治区沿黄城市带耕地碳排放时空分布不均匀,且生态效率不稳定,还需要进一步探索和巩固减排措施。

不同区域开发区土地集约利用评价及障碍因素诊断——以宁夏为例

本文采用多因素综合评价法得出不同区域开发区土地集约度分值,在此基础上引入障碍度模型研究影响宁夏不同区域开发区土地集约利用的障碍因素。结果表明,(1)宁夏开发区土地利用类型以比较集约和一般集约为主,各区域开发区土地集约利用水平差异较大,北部绿色发展区>中部封育保护区>南部水源涵养区。(2)制约北部绿色发展区开发区土地集约利用水平的主要障碍因素是投入产出效益、土地利用监管绩效;制约中部封育保护区开发区土地集约利用水平的主要障碍因素是土地利用程度;影响南部水源涵养区开发区土地集约利用水平的主要障碍因素是土地利用强度。

宁夏沙坡头国家级自然保护区流动沙丘移动与固定沙地风蚀的研究

【目的】深入探究宁夏沙坡头国家级自然保护区流动沙丘营建植被后土壤风蚀抑制效率的定量关系,以期为我国干旱区制定合理的防风固沙方案提供理论依据。【方法】在宁夏沙坡头国家级自然保护区内3处流动沙丘各设置3个观测点,采取插钎法观测流动沙丘的移动;同时在保护区3处固定沙地采集栽植沙柳地段、栽植樟子松地段与栽植油蒿、花棒、柠条地段的原状土和各自对照的原状土开展室内风洞实验,风洞内观测在不同风速下的吹蚀变化。【结果】宁夏沙坡头国家级自然保护区流动沙丘一个风季平均前移3.23 m。风洞内不同风速吹蚀下,栽植沙柳地段样地土样的风蚀模数与对照相比,在风速为15 m/s时减少96.78%,在风速为20 m/s时减少97.07%;在10、15、20 m/s的风速吹蚀下,栽植樟子松地段样地土样的风蚀模数分别比对照减少53.13%、99.61%、99.84%,栽植油蒿、花棒、柠条地段样地土样的风蚀模数分别比对照减少50.00%、65.01%、3.65%。【结论】流动沙丘采用机械草方格固定后栽植人工植被能够促进地表生物结皮形成,进而土壤风蚀大为减弱。在干旱半干旱区进行植物固沙工作时要高度重视生物结皮的防治土壤风蚀的作用,以促进我国的生态恢复。

宁夏盐碱地水稻根系形态和生理指标与产量的相关分析及综合评价

【目的】比较分析宁夏盐碱地不同水稻品种(系)根系形态和生理指标与产量的关系,筛选适宜宁夏盐碱地种植的高产水稻品种(系),为宁夏盐碱地高产水稻品种的选育和种植提供参考。【方法】以4个宁夏常规水稻种植品种(宁粳52号、宁粳57号、96D10、HJW14)和1个海稻86衍生系(陈2)为试验材料,在宁夏盐碱地进行大田种植试验,在生育期关键节点(苗期、分蘖期、抽穗期和灌浆期)测定根系形态指标(根直径、根长、根表面积、根体积、根鲜重和根干重)、生理指标[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、根系活力、根系总吸收面积和根系活跃吸收面积]和产量及构成因素指标(穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、结实率、产量),并利用相关分析、主成分分析和隶属函数法对不同品种(系)水稻进行综合评价。【结果】不同水稻品种(系)的根直径随着生育期的推进呈逐渐增加趋势,根长、根表面积、根体积在苗期到抽穗期呈逐渐增加趋势,在抽穗期到灌浆期呈下降趋势。宁粳52号、宁粳57号和陈2的根系形态整体表现优于96D10和HJW14。陈2和宁粳57号的根系活力优于宁粳52号、96D10和HJW14。宁粳52号、宁粳57号和陈2的根系总吸收面积和根系活跃吸收面积整体上高于96D10和HJW14。宁粳52号、宁粳57号和陈2在不同生育期的SOD和POD活性均高于96D10和HJW14。在产量表现方面,宁粳52号的产量最高,达7420.97 kg/ha,HJW14的产量最低,为4970.94 kg/ha。相关分析结果表明,产量与根系总吸收面积呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与SOD和POD活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);主成分分析结果确定根长、根表面积、根鲜重、根干重、根系活力、根系活跃吸收面积、SOD活性和千粒重为耐盐碱关键指标。利用隶属函数结合权重分析法得到不同水稻品种(系)耐盐碱的综合评价值(D)排序为宁粳57号>宁粳52号>陈2>96D10>HJW14。【结论】综合D值与实际产量考虑,宁粳52号在盐碱地表现相对较好,适宜作为宁夏盐碱地种植与示范的高产水稻品种。