Surface Humidity Changes in Different Temporal Scales

As the key driven factor of hydrological cycles and global energy transfer processes, water vapour in the atmosphere is important for observing and understanding climatic system changes. In this study, we utilized the multi-dimensional Kolmogorov-Zurbenko filter (KZ filter) to assimilate a near-global high-resolution (monthly 1°?× 1°?grid) humidity climate observation database that provided consistent humidity estimates from 1973 onwards;then we examined the global humidity movements based on different temporal scales that separated out according to the average spectral features of specific humidity data. Humidity climate components were restored with KZ filters to represent the long-term trends and El Nino-like interannual movements. Movies of thermal maps based on these two climate components were used to visualize the water vapour fluctuation patterns over the Earth. Current results suggest that increases in water vapour are found over a large part of the oceans and the land of Eurasia, and the most confirmed increasing pattern is over the south part of North Atlantic and around the India subcontinent;meanwhile, the surface moisture levels over lands of south hemisphere are becoming less.

Restoration of Time-Spatial Scales in Global Temperature Data

The objective of this paper is to utilize images of spatial and temporal fluctuations of temperature over the Earth to study the global climate variation. We illustrated that monthly temperature observations from weather stations could be decomposed as components with different time scales based on their spectral distribution. Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filters were applied to smooth and interpolate gridded temperature data to construct global maps for long-term (≥ 6 years) trends and El Nino-like (2 to 5 years) movements over the time period of 1893 to 2008. Annual temperature seasonality, latitude and altitude effects have been carefully accounted for to capture meaningful spatiotemporal patterns of climate variability. The result revealed striking facts about global temperature anomalies for specific regions. Correlation analysis and the movie of thermal maps for El Nino-like component clearly supported the existence of such climate fluctuations in time and space.

热带大西洋对全球变暖的响应

与太平洋和印度洋不同,全球变暖下热带大西洋变化的研究较少。本文使用地球系统模型CESM(Community Earth System Model),发现全球变暖后热带大西洋在秋季的升温类似大西洋尼诺(Atlantic Ni?o)的正位相,即大西洋西部增暖幅度小于东部;在夏季类似大西洋尼诺的负位相,即大西洋西部增暖幅度大于东部。利用覆盖(overriding)技术,分离了风应力、风速和CO2的直接热效应对海洋升温的作用,探讨了大西洋尼诺本身和全球变暖作用下类似大西洋尼诺正位相(下文简称"类大西洋尼诺升温")的形成机制。结果表明,这两种情况下的形成机制基本相同,风应力的变化是导致大西洋东部暖异常的主要机制。但两者之间也存在区别:1)全球变暖下海表温度的季节变化振幅减小,而大西洋尼诺时变化不大;2)全球变暖下西风异常主要集中在大西洋东部,而大西洋尼诺时主要集中在大西洋中部;3)除风应力外, CO2的热效应对类尼诺升温的变化也有一定影响。