Maize straw application as an interlayer improves organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations in the soil profile: A four-year experiment in a saline soil

Soil salinization is a critical environmental issue restricting agricultural production.Deep return of straw to the soil as an interlayer (at 40 cm depth) has been a popular practice to alleviate salt stress.However,the legacy effects of straw added as an interlayer at different rates on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in saline soils still remain inconclusive.Therefore,a four-year (2015–2018) field experiment was conducted with four levels (i.e.,0,6,12and 18 Mg ha~(–1)) of straw returned as an interlayer.Compared with no straw interlayer (CK),straw addition increased SOC concentration by 14–32 and 11–57%in the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers,respectively.The increases in soil TN concentration (8–22 and 6–34%in the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers,respectively) were lower than that for SOC concentration,which led to increased soil C:N ratio in the 20–60 cm soil depth.Increases in SOC and TN concentrations in the 20–60 cm soil layer with straw addition led to a decrease in stratification ratios (0–20 cm:20–60 cm),which promoted uniform distributions of SOC and TN in the soil profile.Increases in SOC and TN concentrations were associated with soil salinity and moisture regulation and improved sunflower yield.Generally,compared with other treatments,the application of 12 Mg ha~(–1) straw had higher SOC,TN and C:N ratio,and lower soil stratification ratio in the2015–2017 period.The results highlighted that legacy effects of straw application as an interlayer were maintained for at least four years,and demonstrated that deep soil straw application had a great potential for improving subsoil fertility in salt-affected soils.

Effects of straw and biochar addition on soil nitrogen,carbon,and super rice yield in cold waterlogged paddy soils of North China

The additions of straw and biochar have been suggested to increase soil fertility, carbon sequestration, and crop produc- tivity of agricultural lands. To our knowledge, there is little information on the effects of straw and biochar addition on soil nitrogen form, carbon storage, and super rice yield in cold waterlogged paddy soils. We performed field trials with four treatments including conventional fertilization system （CK）, straw amendment 6 t ha^-1 （S）, biochar amendment 2 t ha^-1 （C1）, and biochar amendment 40 t ha^-1 （C2）. The super japonica rice variety, Shennong 265, was selected as the test Crop. The results showed that the straw and biochar amendments improved total nitrogen and organic carbon content of the soil, reduced N2O emissions, and had little influence on nitrogen retention, nitrogen density, and CO2 emissions. The S and C1 increased NH4^＋-N content, and C2 increased NO3^--N content. Both S and C1 had little influence on soil organic carbon density （SOCD） and C/N ratio. However, C2 greatly increased SOCD and C/N ratio. C1 and C2 significantly improved the soil carbon sequestration （SCS） by 62.9 and 214.0% （P〈0.05）, respectively, while S had no influence on SCS. C1 and C2 maintained the stability of super rice yield, and significantly reduced CH4 emissions, global warming potential （GWP）, and greenhouse gas intensity （GHGI）, whereas S had the opposite and negative effects. In summary, the biochar amendments in cold waterlogged paddy soils of North China increased soil nitrogen and carbon content, improved soil carbon sequestration, and reduced GHG emission without affecting the yield of super rice.

Effects of different tillage and straw retention practices on soil aggregates and carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils of the northwestern China

Soil tillage and straw retention in dryland areas may affect the soil aggregates and the distribution of total organic carbon. The aims of this study were to establish how different tillage and straw retention practices affect the soil aggregates and soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) contents in the aggregate fractions based on a long-term(approximately 15 years) field experiment in the semi-arid western Loess Plateau, northwestern China. The experiment included four soil treatments, i.e., conventional tillage with straw removed(T), conventional tillage with straw incorporated(TS), no tillage with straw removed(NT) and no tillage with straw retention(NTS), which were arranged in a complete randomized block design. The wet-sieving method was used to separate four size fractions of aggregates, namely, large macroaggregates(LA, >2000 μm), small macroaggregates(SA, 250–2000 μm), microaggregates(MA, 53–250 μm), and silt and clay(SC, <53 μm). Compared to the conventional tillage practices(including T and TS treatments), the percentages of the macroaggregate fractions(LA and SA) under the conservation tillage practices(including NT and NTS treatments) were increased by 41.2%–56.6%, with the NTS treatment having the greatest effect. For soil layers of 0–5, 5–10 and 10–30 cm, values of the mean weight diameter(MWD) under the TS and NTS treatments were 10.68%, 13.83% and 17.65%, respectively. They were 18.45%, 19.15% and 14.12% higher than those under the T treatment, respectively. The maximum contents of the aggregate-associated SOC and TN were detected in the SA fraction, with the greatest effect being observed for the NTS treatment. The SOC and TN contents were significantly higher under the NTS and TS treatments than under the T treatment. Also, the increases in SOC and TN levels were much higher in the straw-retention plots than in the straw-removed plots. The macroaggregates(including LA and SA fractions) were the major pools for SOC and TN, regardless of tillage practices, storing 3.25–6.81 g C/kg soil and 0.34–0.62 g N/kg soil. Based on the above results, we recommend the NTS treatment as the best option to boost soil aggregates and to reinforce carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils in the semi-arid western Loess Plateau of northwestern China.

Nitrogen Deep Placement Combined with Straw Mulch Cultivation Enhances Physiological Traits,Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Mechanical Pot-Seedling Transplanting Rice

To assess the effects of straw return coupled with deep nitrogen(N)fertilization on grain yield and N use efficiency(NUE)in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting(MPST)rice,the seedlings of two rice cultivars,i.e.,Yuxiangyouzhan and Wufengyou 615 transplanted by MPST were applied with N fertilizer at 150 kg/hm2 and straw return at 6 t/hm2 in early seasons of 2019 and 2020.The experiment comprised of following treatments:CK(no fertilizer and no straw return),MDS(deep N fertilization and straw return),MBS(broadcasting fertilizer and straw return),MD(deep N fertilization without straw return),MB(broadcasting fertilizer without straw return).Results depicted that the MDS treatment significantly increased the rice yield by 41.69%-72.22%due to total above-ground biomass,leaf area index and photosynthesis increased by 54.70%-55.80%,38.52%-52.17%and 17.89%-28.40%,respectively,compared to the MB treatment.In addition,the MDS treatment enhanced the total N accumulation by 37.74%-43.69%,N recovery efficiency by 141.45%-164.65%,N agronomic efficiency by 121.76%-134.19%,nitrate reductase by 46.46%-60.86%and glutamine synthetase by 23.56%-31.02%,compared to the MB treatment.The average grain yield and NUE in both years for Yuxiangyouzhan were higher in the MDS treatment than in the MD treatment.Hence,deep N fertilization combined with straw return can be an innovative technique with improved grain yield and NUE in MPST in South China.

Effect of Incorporation of Wheat Straw and Urea into Soil on Biomass Nitrogen and Nitrogen-Supplying Characteristics of Paddy Soil

Pot experiments were carried out to study the effect of incorporation of wheat straw and/ or urea into soil on biomass nitrogen and mineral nitrogen and its relation to the growth and yield of rice.The combined appliation of wheat straw and urea increased much more biomass nitrogen in soil than the application of wheat straw or urea alone and consequently increased the immobilization of urea nitrogen added and reduced the loss of urea nitrogen.An adequate nitrogen-supplying process to rice plant could be obtained if C/ N ratio of the material added was about 20.The three yield components of rice were affected significantly by the status of nitrogen supplying.More than 30mg N/ kg soil of mineral nitrogen at effective tillering stage,panicle initiation stage and filling stage should be maintained in order to get high rice yield,though the criteria varied with the different experimental conditions.

The Effects of Three Mineral Nitrogen Sources and Zinc on Maize and Wheat Straw Decomposition and Soil Organic Carbon

The incorporation of straw in cultivated ifelds can potentially improve soil quality and crop yield. However, the presence of recalcitrant carbon compounds in straw slow its decomposition rate. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different nitrogen sources, with and without the application of zinc, on straw decomposition and soil quality. Soils were treated with three different nitrogen sources, with and without zinc： urea （CO（NH2）2）, ammonium sulfate （（NH4）2SO4）, and ammonium chloride （NH4Cl）. The combined treatments were as follows：maize （M） and wheat （W） straw incorporated into urea-, ammonium sulfate-, or ammonium chloride-treated soil （U, S, and C, respectively） with and without zinc （Z） （MU, MUZ, WU, WUZ;MS, MSZ, WS, WSZ;MC, MCZ, WC, WCZ, respectively）;straw with zinc only （MZ, WZ）;straw with untreated soil （MS, WS）;and soil-only or control conditions （NT）. The experiment consisted of 17 treatments with four replications. Each pot contained 150 g soil and 1.125 g straw, had a moisture content of 80%of the ifeld capacity, and was incubated for 53 days at 25°C. The rates of CO2-C emission, cumulative CO2-C evolution, total CO2 production in the soils of different treatments were measured to infer decomposition rates. The total organic carbon （TOC）, labile organic carbon （LOC）, and soil microbial biomass in the soils of different treatments were measured to infer soil quality. All results were signiifcantly different （P〈0.05） with the exception of the labile organic carbon （LOC）. The maize and wheat straw showed different patterns in CO2 evolution rates. For both straw types, Zn had a synergic effect with U, but an antagonistic effect with the other N sources as determined by the total CO2 produced. The MUZ treatment showed the highest decomposition rate and cumulative CO2 concentration （1 120.29 mg/pot）, whereas the WACZ treatment had the lowest cumulative CO2 concentration （1 040.57 mg/pot）. The addition of NH4Cl resulted in the highest total organic carbon （TOC） concentration （11.59 mg kg-1）. The incorporation of wheat straw resulted in higher microbial biomass accumulation in soils relative to that of the maize straw application. The results demonstrate that mineral N sources can affect the ability of microorganisms to decompose straw, as well as the soil carbon concentrations.

Nitrogen release and re-adsorption dynamics on crop straw residue during straw decomposition in an Alfisol

Returning crop straw to the field not only improves the nitrogen(N) supplying capacity and N retention of soil but also decreases the amount of rural organic waste and prevents air pollution. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of the N release and re-adsorption dynamics on crop straw residue during straw decomposition in agricultural soil is important, and this understanding can help us strengthen N fertilizer management during the crop growth period. An on-farm incubation experiment was conducted in the Jianghan Plain in Central China under flooded conditions using the nylon mesh bag method. Results showed that the decomposition rate of crop straw was much faster at the beginning of the incubation stage, whereas it was steady during the later stage with no observed differences among the three types of crop straw. After 120 d of incubation, the cumulative decomposition proportion of rice straw, wheat straw and rape straw was 72.9, 56.2, and 66.9%, respectively. The proportion of N that released from the three crop straws was 52.0, 54.4 and 54.9%, respectively. The zeta potentials and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller(BET) surface area of the rice, wheat and rape straw residues increased gradually as the decomposition period progressed. The water adsorption capacity of the rice straw was significantly affected during the decomposition period. The saturated water adsorption capacity of rice straw was the highest at 30 d of decomposition(4.17 g g^–1) and then decreased slightly. The saturated water adsorption of wheat and rape straws reached the lowest value at 30 d and then gradually increased and became stable. All the results demonstrated that crop straw and straw residue can re-adsorb NH4^+ ions from the surrounding solution. The re-adsorption was affected by the decomposition period and concentration of exogenous NH4^+ and was independent of the crop species via the combined efforts of physical and chemical adsorption, ion exchange and water retention on residue surfaces. Future studies will focus on straw returning and N fertilizer application at different levels of moisture content of the soil reduce potential negative effects such as water-logging and excess N caused by the straw substrate.

Effects of Straw Returning with Different Tillage Patterns on Corn Yield and Nitrogen Utilization

To explore the effects of farming methods,straw returning and their interaction on corn yield and nitrogen utilization,the experiment was conducted for two consecutive years from 2016 to 2017 at the Xiangyang Experimental Base of Northeast Agricultural University in Heilongjiang Province of China.The method of combining farming with straw returning was used and six treatments as rotary tillage(R)+no straw returning(K),rotary tillage(R)+straw returning(S),tillage(T)+no straw returning(K),tillage(T)+straw returning(S),tillage(T)+subsoiling(D)+no straw returning(K)and tillage(T)+subsoiling(D)+straw returning(S)were set to study the effects of different tillage methods and straw returning on corn yield and nitrogen accumulation and utilization.The corn yield,nitrogen accumulation,nitrogen transport,grain weight and dry matter accumulation of tillage(T)+subsoiling(D)and tillage(T)were significantly higher than those of rotary tillage(R)treatment.Meanwhile,the corn yield,nitrogen accumulation and dry matter accumulation of TD treatment were significantly higher than those of T treatment;the corn yield,dry matter accumulation,kernel weight,nitrogen dry matter production efficiency and nitrogen grain production efficiency of S treatment were significantly higher than those of K treatment.Among the treatments,the yield,nitrogen accumulation and utilization efficiency of TDS,TS and TDK were the highest.The yield,nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen transport of TDS were significantly higher than those of TS.In 2016,TDS production increased by 7.30%and 8.20%compared with TS;and TDS nitrogen accumulation increased by 6.78%and 9.50%compared with TS,while the yield and nitrogen grain production efficiency were significantly higher than those of TDK.Therefore,under the conditions of this experiment,on the basis of straw returning,tillage+subsoiling was the suitable farming method.

Decomposition of different crop straws and variation in straw-associated microbial communities in a peach orchard,China

Crop residue is a major source of soil organic matter;therefore,application of crop straw to soil contributes to the sustainable development of organic agriculture.To better understand the transformation of crop straw in orchard soils,we investigated the relationship between the characteristics of straw decomposition and functional diversity of associated microbial communities in a long-term peach orchard,China.Mesh bags,each containing 30 g of corn or bean straw,were buried at a soil depth of 20 cm in a 12-year-old peach orchard for 360 d(October 2011–October 2012).Three treatments were applied,i.e.,fresh corn straw,fresh corn straw with nitrogen fertilizer(urea,10.34 g/kg),and fresh bean straw.Changes in straw residual rate,straw water content and soil conditions were monitored after treatment.The functional diversity of straw-associated microbial communities was analyzed by the Biolog-Eco microplate assay.During the decomposition process,straw residual rates did not vary considerably from 10 d(30.4%–45.4%)to 360 d(19.0%–30.3%).Irrespective of nitrogen addition,corn straw decomposed faster than bean straw.Corn straw with nitrogen fertilizer yielded the highest average well color development(AWCD)values(1.11–1.67),followed by corn straw(1.14–1.68)and bean straw(1.18–1.62).Although the AWCD values did not differ significantly among the three treatments,substantial differences occurred across various time periods of the decomposition process(P<0.01).In terms of carbon source utilization,the dominant microbial groups fed mainly on saccharides.Hard-to-decompose substances gradually accumulated in the middle and late stages of straw decomposition.Of the six categories of carbon sources tested,the utilization rate of aromatics was the lowest with corn straw,whereas that of polymers was the lowest with bean straw.Among different treatments,straw residual rate was negatively correlated to soil available phosphorous,soil available potassium and soil temperature(P<0.05),but not to soil water content.In some cases(corn straw with or without nitrogen fertilizer),straw residual rate was negatively correlated to straw water content,amino acid utilization and carboxylic acid utilization,and positively correlated with microbial species richness and evenness(P<0.05).Microbial community associated with corn and bean straw decomposition in soil was respectively dominated by aromatic-and polymer-metabolizing groups during the middle and late stages of this process,which could reduce the stability of microbial community structure and decrease the rate of straw decomposition in the fruit tree orchard.

Effects of Carbon and Nitrogen Additions on Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon and Enzyme Activities Under Rice Straw Returning

The effects of different amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources on the soil microbial biomass carbon,dissolved organic carbon and related enzyme activities were studied by the simulation experiment of rice straw returning to the field,and the mechanism of the decomposition of rice straw returning to the field was discussed.Completely randomized experiment of the two factors of the three levels was designed,and a total of nine treatments of indoor soil incubation tests were conducted.Full amount of rice straw was applied to the soil in this simulation experiment and different amounts of brown sugar and urea were added in the three levels of 0(no carbon source and nitrogen source),1(low levels of carbon and nitrogen sources)and 2(high levels of carbon and nitrogen sources),respectively.The results showed that the addition of different amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources to the rice straw could increase the soil carbon content.Compared with T0N0,the microbial biomass carbon of T2N2 was increased significantly by 170.48%;the dissolved organic carbon content of T1N2 was significantly increased by 58.14%and the free humic acid carbon contents of T0N2,T1N1 and T2N0 were significantly increased by 56.16%and 45.55%and 47.80%,respectively;however,there were no significant differences among those of treatments at later incubation periods.The addition of different carbon and nitrogen sources could promote the soil enzyme activities.During the incubation period,all of the soil enzyme activities of adding sugar and urea were higher than those of T0N0 treatment.Therefore,the addition of different amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources to rice straw returning could improve soil microbial biomass carbon content,dissolved organic carbon and soil enzyme activities.

Fate and Transformation of Nitrogen from ^(15)N-Labelled Rice Straw After Feeding Goat

Three goats were fed with ^15N-labelled rice straw to study the characteristics of digestion,assimilation,transformation and excretion of C and N compounds from rice straw.It was shown that the amount of ^15N transformed into the bodies of the two slaughtered goats accounted for 38.5 and 23.6% of the total amount of ^15N deposition of the experimental diet taken by each goat.The ^15N excreted through the feces and urine for the three goats accounted for 34.8,33.2 and 33.9% of the total amount of ^15N deposition in the feed of the 3 goats.The recovery of total ^15N for the two slaughtered goats were 73.3 and 57.5%,with the corresponding rates of ^15N loss 26.7 and 42.5% respectively.The digestibilities of total amino acids for Goats 1 and 3 were 68.7 and 54.0%,and the digestibilties of carbohydrates for the two goats were 74.8 and 67.7% respectively.

Apparent variations in nitrogen runoff and its uptake in paddy rice under straw incorporation

Straw incorporation is a widespread practice to promote agricultural sustainability.However,the potential effects of straw incorporation with the prolonged time on nitrogen(N)runoff loss from paddy fields are not well studied.The current study addresses the knowledge gap by assessing the effects of straw incorporation on the processes influencing N runoff patterns and its impacts on crop yield,N uptake,total N(TN),and soil organic matter(SOM).We conducted field experiments with rice(Oryza sativa L.)–wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)rotation,rice–tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.)rotation,and double-rice cropping in subtropical China from 2008 to 2012.Each rotation had three N treatments:zero N fertilization(CK),chemical N fertilization(CF),and chemical N fertilization combined with straw incorporation(CFS).The treatment effects were assessed on TN runoff loss,crop yield,N uptake,soil TN stock,and SOM.Results showed that TN runoff was reduced by substituting part of the chemical N fertilizer with straw N in the double rice rotation,while crop N uptake was significantly(P<0.05)decreased due to the lower bioavailability of straw N.In contrast,in both rice–wheat and rice–tobacco rotations,TN runoff in CFS was increased by 0.9–20.2%in the short term when straw N was applied in addition to chemical N,compared to CF.However,TN runoff was reduced by 2.3–19.3%after three years of straw incorporation,suggesting the long-term benefits of straw incorporation on TN loss reduction.Meanwhile,crop N uptake was increased by 0.8–37.3%in the CFS of both rotations.This study demonstrates the challenges in reducing N runoff loss while improving soil fertility by straw incorporation over the short term but highlights the potential of long-term straw incorporation to reduce N loss and improve soil productivity.

Wheat Straw Burial Improves Physiological Traits, Yield and Grain Quality of Rice by Regulating Antioxidant System and Nitrogen Assimilation Enzymes under Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation

Wheat straw burial has great potential to sustain rice production under alternate wetting and drying(AWD)irrigation.A field experiment was conducted with three wheat straw burial treatments,including without straw burial(NSB),with light straw burial of 300 kg/hm^(2)(LSB)and dense straw burial of 800 kg/hm^(2)(DSB),as well as three AWD regimes:alternate wetting/moderate drying(AWMD),alternate wetting/severe drying(AWSD)and alternate wetting/critical drying(AWCD).The rice growth and grain quality were higher in LSB and NSB than those in NSB under the same AWD regime.The AWMD×DSB treatment resulted in the highest yield,brown rice rate,milled rice rate,amylose content and protein content.Conversely,the AWCD×NSB treatment led to the lowest yield,brown rice rate,milled rice rate,amylose content and protein content.The active absorption area and nitrate reductase activity of roots were higher in the AWMD×DSB treatment than those in the AWCD×NSB treatment,as the former increased organic carbon and nitrogen contents in the rhizosphere,whereas the latter reduced their availability.Total soluble protein content and glutamine synthetase activity were greater in the AWMD×DSB treatment than those in the AWCD×NSB treatment.The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher in the AWMD×DSB treatment compared with the AWCD×NSB treatment,leading to the amelioration of oxidative cell injury,as shown by a lower malonaldehyde level.This study suggested that farmers should implement AWMD irrigation after leaving the straw residues in the field,followed by deep tillage to improve soil quality and mitigate the drought stress cycles of AWD.This approach can improve rice growth and grain quality and alleviate the problems of disposal of straw residues and water scarcity for sustainable rice production.

秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对农田土壤可溶性氮组分的影响

为探究秸秆还田配施氮肥对农田土壤可溶性氮转化特征的影响,研发东北冷凉区土壤氮素供应能力提高的秸秆还田技术,采用田间连续定位试验,对比分析了秸秆还田方式(不还田、粉碎翻压还田、堆腐旋耕还田)与氮肥运筹(N 180、210、240 kg/hm^(2);氮肥基施、氮肥后移)作用下农田土壤无机氮(IN)、可溶性有机氮(DON)及可溶性全氮(DTN)的动态变化。结果表明,秸秆还田配施氮肥影响农田土壤可溶性氮组分含量,其作用行为受秸秆还田方式、施氮模式和生育时期的多重制约。秸秆还田配施低量氮肥(N 180 kg/hm^(2))土壤IN和DTN均低于无秸秆处理,而配施高量氮肥(N 240 kg/hm^(2))时高于无秸秆处理;秸秆还田土壤DON于生育前期(播种-拔节期)较无秸秆处理显著增加,而在生育中后期无规律性变化。随着施氮量增加,秸秆还田土壤IN和DTN显著增加,而DON仅于春玉米旺盛生长期(拔节期-灌浆期)显著增加。随着生育期推进,除秸秆堆腐旋耕还田土壤DON呈三峰曲线变化外,秸秆还田土壤IN、DON和DTN均呈双峰曲线变化,且峰值越来越低。由此可见,在东北农业产区,N 210 kg/hm^(2)用量下秸秆粉碎翻压还田配施15%氮肥的秸秆还田技术具有优化氮素管理、提高土壤肥力的潜力。

秸秆还田及不同比例控失尿素对华北平原小麦产量及潮土性质影响

为探讨不同控失尿素比例和秸秆还田对华北平原小麦产量及潮土化学性质的影响,本研究以华北潮土区小麦-玉米轮作体系为研究对象,采用裂区试验设计,以秸秆还田为主区,控失尿素比例为副区。秸秆还田模式设秸秆全量还田(S1)、秸秆不还田(S0)2种;控失尿素比例设不施肥(CK)以及控失尿素占总施氮量比例为0、40%、70%和100%(LCU0、LCU40、LCU70、LCU100)5个处理。在作物收割后进行产量测定,并采集0~20 cm耕层土壤进行常规土壤养分含量测定。结果表明:与S0处理相比,S1处理显著提高土壤有机质和速效钾含量。控失尿素显著提高土壤硝态氮含量,其他土壤养分含量无显著变化。秸秆不还田条件下,施用化肥显著降低了土壤pH值。控失尿素比例为70%时土壤养分含量最高。秸秆还田对小麦产量及吸氮量无显著影响,控失尿素对小麦产量及吸氮量增加具有极显著影响。在所有处理中,S1-LCU40处理的籽粒和秸秆产量最高,籽粒产量达7009.26 kg·hm^(-2),秸秆产量达11361.38 kg·hm^(-2)。秸秆还田对土壤氮素依存率具有显著影响,不同比例控失尿素对氮素收获指数具有显著影响,对氮肥表观利用率、土壤氮素依存率具有极显著影响。控失尿素比例为40%或70%时氮素吸收利用指标较优。综上,在华北平原潮土区,秸秆还田与40%控失尿素比例配施可以显著提升土壤供氮能力,提高小麦产量和氮素吸收与利用指标,是较为适宜的管理措施,但其机理及长期效应还需进一步研究。

秸秆覆盖量和施氮量对陇中春小麦的产量效应模拟

为量化分析秸秆覆盖量和施氮量对旱地春小麦的产量效应和协同作用,在APSIM模型中,设置秸秆覆盖量和施氮量2因素5个变化梯度,组合交叉设计25个处理,利用模型模拟25个处理的春小麦产量;于2016—2018年在甘肃省定西市安定区开展小麦大田试验,得到早播(ESW)、正常播(NSW)、晚播(LSW)春小麦产量的实测值,利用APSIM模型模拟2016—2018年春小麦的产量,将模拟值与实测值进行对比,对模型的适用性和模拟精度进行分析;对春小麦产量与秸秆覆盖量、施氮量的耦合关系进行二次多项回归和通径分析,利用Matlab计算春小麦的最大产量及对应的秸秆覆盖量和施氮量。结果表明:不同处理下产量的模拟值与实测值均位于15%置信带内,模型模拟精度较高,归一化均方根误差值为4.64%~12.22%,表明该模型在研究区具有良好的适用性;秸秆覆盖量和施氮量的增长对春小麦的产量效应为正效应,相应关系表现为开口向下的二次抛物线变化关系;ESW、NSW和LSW模拟情景下,春小麦最大产量分别为3548.64、3149.59、2507.58 kg/hm^(2);ESW模式下,最佳秸秆覆盖量和施氮量分别为7062.04、194.91 kg/hm^(2);NSW模式下,最佳秸秆覆盖量和施氮量分别为8211.31、218.81 kg/hm^(2);LSW模式下,最佳秸秆覆盖量和施氮量分别为6215.15、162.01 kg/hm^(2)。

磁性胺化芦苇基吸附剂的制备及脱氮性能研究

针对雄安新区芦苇资源浪费及用吸附法去除水中硝酸盐氮的过程中吸附剂难以分离的问题,以废弃芦苇秸秆为原材料制备出了磁性胺化芦苇基吸附剂。综合考虑制备过程中试剂种类、试剂投加量、反应时间、反应温度等条件的影响,对吸附剂的制备方法进行了优化,考察了吸附剂对模拟废水的吸附性能并通过SEM、VSM、FT-IR和XPS进行表征。结果表明:2 g芦苇秸秆粉末加入5 mL环氧氯丙烷、20 mL N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、5 mL三甲胺,在80℃下反应30 min制备的吸附剂对模拟污水中硝酸盐氮的去除率最高达到了93.2%。对硝酸盐氮的静态吸附符合Freundlich等温吸附模型和准二级吸附动力学模型,动态吸附实验中吸附剂对硝酸盐氮最大的吸附量为12.74 mg/g,经过6次循环再生实验后吸附剂的吸附性能没有明显下降。表征结果显示磁性基团和季胺基团成功负载到材料表面,材料对硝酸盐氮的吸附机理主要为离子交换。综上,所制备的磁性胺化芦苇基吸附剂对水中硝酸盐氮具有良好的吸附性能,有望实现芦苇资源的高值化利用。

秋闲期秸秆覆盖与施磷对冬小麦氮素吸收利用的影响

西南冬麦区气候冬干春旱频发、土壤速效磷缺乏,限制冬小麦氮素吸收。本研究探究秋闲期秸秆覆盖与施磷对小麦根系NO3-吸收动力势、氮素吸收利用、叶绿素含量和籽粒产量的影响,以期为小麦高产稳产及养分的高效利用提供理论依据。试验于2020—2022年在四川仁寿进行,采用二因素裂区设计,以秸秆覆盖(SM)和不覆盖(NSM)为主区;3个磷水平0(P0)、75(P75)和120(P120) kg hm-2为裂区。结果表明:秸秆覆盖与施磷显著提高地上部磷素积累量, SM较NSM的小麦根尖NO3-净吸收速率、籽粒氮积累量、氮素转运量、氮素同化量、氮肥偏生产力和籽粒产量分别增加28.2%、8.4%、9.0%、41.9%、23.3%和21.9%。与P0相比, P75和P120增加幅度分别达到35.1%~37.6%、12.6%~19.0%、7.1%~9.3%、35.7%~60.5%、17.6%~23.8%、17.2%~23.6%。与NSM相比, SM的小麦旗叶灌浆期叶绿素含量上升,进而提高籽粒产量。综上所述,秸秆覆盖与施磷可促进小麦根尖NO3-吸收,提高叶绿素含量,从而显著增加花后氮素的吸收及营养器官临时贮存氮素向籽粒的再分配,最终提高籽粒产量。考虑经济效益和产量回报,西南地区小麦高产高效栽培时,推荐采用秋闲期秸秆覆盖配施磷肥75 kg hm-2。

长期秸秆还田下追氮量对冬小麦产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

在长期秸秆还田且基施足量氮肥(150 kg/hm^(2))条件下研究拔节期不同追氮量[0 kg/hm^(2)(N150)、37.5 kg/hm^(2)(N150+37.5)、75 kg/hm^(2)(N150+75)、112.5 kg/hm^(2)(N150+112.5)和150 kg/hm^(2)(N150+150)]对冬小麦群体动态、地上部干物质和氮素的积累转运、籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率的影响,明确协同实现较高籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率的追氮量,以期为秸秆还田下冬小麦氮肥高效管理提供理论依据和技术支撑。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,冬小麦冬前分蘖数和有效穗数均呈先增加后降低的趋势,在N150+75和N150+112.5处理下较高。花前地上部干物质和氮素积累量均随施氮量的增加逐渐增加,花后地上部干物质和氮素积累量均呈先增加后降低的规律。不追氮(N150)和低追氮量(N150+37.5、N150+75)处理的花前干物质转运量与转运率总体上均显著高于高追氮量(N150+112.5、N150+150)和不施氮(N0)处理;花前氮素转运量随施氮量的增加逐渐增加,在N150+150处理达到最大值,但其花前氮素转运率显著低于其他处理。与仅基施氮150 kg/hm^(2)处理相比,拔节期追氮37.5~150 kg/hm^(2)增加籽粒产量10.45%~33.64%。随着追氮量的增加,籽粒产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,在N150+112.5处理下达到最大值,显著高于其他处理,分别较N150、N150+37.5、N150+75、N150+150处理提高30.85%~33.64%、15.04%~20.99%、6.62%~11.07%、7.35%~7.81%;氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率和氮肥生理利用率直线下降,N150+75与N150+112.5处理间差异总体上不显著。综上,拔节期追施氮肥有利于增加冬小麦花前、花后干物质和氮素的积累转运,但过量追氮导致花前干物质和氮素转运率大幅降低,产量增加效应减小,氮肥利用效率大幅降低;在长期秸秆还田基施氮150 kg/hm^(2)条件下,拔节期追氮112.5 kg/hm^(2)有利于协调冬小麦花前、花后干物质和氮素的积累转运,同时拟合分析发现,拔节期追氮107.81~139.50 kg/hm^(2)可获得较高的籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率。

镁硅改性烟秆炭吸附特性和能力研究

【目的】研究镁硅改性烟秆炭吸附特性和能力,解决水体中过量的氮和磷造成的水体富营养化,并实现废弃生物质烟草秸秆的资源化利用。【方法】将烟草秸秆通过热解制备烟秆生物炭,再由MgCl 2和Na 2 SiO 3对其浸渍改性,用于吸附水体中的氮、磷并研究其吸附特性。【结果】改性后烟秆炭对氮和磷的吸附量分别为4.26和37.93 mg·g-1,分别是改性前的5和11.6倍;改性后烟秆炭镁、硅含量分别是改性前的26.5和4.5倍;烟秆炭的BET测定结果表明,改性提高了烟秆炭的比表面积和平均孔径,孔隙结构更加发达;改性后的烟秆炭出现新的衍射峰,改性引入了新的表面官能团。改性烟秆炭在中性或弱碱性环境下对氮具有较高的吸附能力,吸附磷的pH值范围相对较宽。改性烟秆炭对氮和磷的吸附过程分别符合颗粒内扩散和准二级动力学方程,吸附方式主要为化学吸附;吸附类型均符合Langmuir模型,为单分子层吸附;改性烟秆炭在双溶质溶液中对氮、磷的吸附量相比在单溶质溶液中有显著提升,说明氮和磷在水中共存时对烟秆炭吸附产生协同作用。【结论】镁硅改性烟秆生物炭可以高效去除水体中的氮和磷,是一种高效除氮磷吸附剂。