Production Benefits of Double-Cropping Rice Under Optimized Application of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizers Combined with Chinese Milk Vetch and Straw Co-Returning to Fields

In order to explore the technology and effects of reducing nitrogen and potassium fertilizer applications in double-cropping rice,a field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of optimized application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers combined with returning Chinese milk vetch and straw to fields on yield,fertilizer utilization efficiency,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),intercellular CO_(2) concentration(Ci),chlorophyll content(SPAD value)and soil physical and chemical properties in late rice harvest period.The results showed that the optimized application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers combined with the integrated technology of Chinese milk vetch and straw co-returning to the field could enhance the photosynthetic efficiency of double-cropping rice,increase rice yield,and enhance soil biological activity,especially T4 treatment involving the returning of Chinese milk vetch and straw to the field instead of 30%nitrogen fertilizer achieved the highest rice yield,fertilizer use efficiency,net photosynthetic rate and soil biological activity.Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment T2,the total rice yield of T4 treatment increased by 4.1%,among which the early rice and late rice increased by 6.3%and 2.4%,respectively;Pn,Gs and SPAD values of flag leaves at full heading stage significantly increased,and the contents of soil active organic carbon,alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen,available phosphorus and readily available potassium significantly increased.

Effects of Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium Combined Fertilization on Rice Yield and Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Jianghan Plain

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the rational formula for rice fertilization in Jianghan Plain.[Methods]An experiment on the combined application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers was carried out in Jianghan Plain,an important rice producing area in Hubei,with a total of five treatments to study the effects of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on the fertilizer use efficiency and yield of rice.[Results]Fertilization had a significant effect on improving rice yield,and nitrogen fertilizer had the greatest effect on rice yield,followed by potassium fertilizer and phosphorous fertilizer.[Conclusions]This study provides a scientific basis for the application of rice fertilizers and the reduction and efficiency improvement of chemical fertilizers in Jianghan Plain.

Effect Models of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Formulation in Banana

[Objective] The aim was to modify the application amount of N,P and K fertilizer so as to provide a reference for establishing balanced fertilization index system of banana.[Method]The N,P and K fertilizer ＂3414＂ test was carried out on banana,and then regression analysis was performed on the fertilizer effect.Ternary quadratic,binary quadric and one-variable quadratic regression equations for the fertilizer effect on the banana yield were constructed.[Result]Suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer had significant yield improving effect,whereas overdose of fertilizer application led to decreasing of utilization rate of fertilizer.Therefore,suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer should be selected in production.It could be concluded that one-variable quadratic regression equations was the best model to calculate the suitable fertilizer amount.The best yield range of banana in the tested field was 44.193-45.904 t/hm2,while the corresponding optimum application amount of N,P2O5 and K2O was 795.1,262.3 and 1 236.9 kg/hm2 respectively,and the ratio among nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium are 1∶0.33∶1.55.[Conclusion]The result in this study could provide references for the soil types similar to the tested field.

Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphate and Potassium Fertilizers on Soft Rot of Konjac Based on Grey Correlation Analysis

[Objective] The effects of different application amounts of nitrogen, phos-phate and potassium fertilizers on soft rot of konjac were investigated in this study. [Method] The grey correlation analysis was adopted to evaluate the correlation be-tween the application amount of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizers and the occurrence of soft rot of konjac. [Result] The excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer would induce the occurrence of soft rot of konjac, but the application of potassium fertilizer had a good control effect on soft rot. [Conclusion] The applica-tion amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be control ed reasonably in the planting of konjac, but the application amount of phosphate and potassium fertilizer could be in-creased to some extent, reducing the occurrence of soft rot of konjac.

Effects of a Combined Application of Nitrogenous and Phosphorus Fertilizers on the Growth of Pinus radiata

In the arid valley of the upper reaches of the Minjiang river,combined application tests of nitrogenous and phosphorus fertilizers were conducted to the 1-year-old seedlings of Pinus radiate to investigate the appropriate amount of fertilization,so as to provide bases of fertilization management of young P.radiate in the arid val-ley.Different combined application amounts of nitrogenous and phosphorus were studied based on the randomized blocks design.The results showed that in comparing 3 treatment groups with the control,the first and second treatments significantly increased the ground diameter and height of P.radiate,while the third treatment merely significantly increased the ground diameter.Under the conditions of this study,the recommended fertilization amount was 30 g of urea and 150 g of calcium superphosphate per plant for the one-year-old P.radiate.

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the uptake and utilization of potassium by various rice varieties in purple soil

Nitrogen and potassium are important nutrientelements for rice.Besides supplied by the or- ganic manure,potassium nutrition of ricecomes dominantly from purple soils in Sichuanbasin.Potassium exists abundantly in mineralforms in the purple soils.Availability of soilpotassium for crop depends on the potassiumforms,the uptake ability of crops,and fertiliz-er practices.A pot culture experiment wasconducted to study the kinetics of potassiumuptake in the purple soil(total N 22.64g·kg,total K 24.36g·kg,available N 102.6mg·kg,available K 140.6mg·kg,acidsoluble K 936.0mg·kg,and pH 6.8).Ma-terials used were three Fhybrid rices,Eryou

Effects of different ration of NPK fertilizer on the grain yield and protein content in forage rice

Different ratios of NPK were adopted in this research to study its effects on the objective traits of 2 early forage-rice varieties, and to obtain the optimum ratio to further improve the application technique in theory. At the same time, the possibility of increasing yield and protein content in the grain through cultivation technique was also studied. The conclusions were：

Effects of Combined Organic-inorganic Fertilization on Quality and Water Use Efficiency of Spring Maize under Equal Nitrogen Fertilization

The experiment was conducted in the abandoned land of Liangjia Village,Huayin City,Shaanxi Province from April to September 2019.The experimental crop was spring maize.A total of six treatments were set up in a randomized block design.The moisture content of the top 0-60 cm soil was determined regularly,and the yield and quality indices of maize at maturity were checked.The results show that:(i)combined organic-inorganic fertilization increased the yield of spring maize by 3%-8%.(ii)Compared with CK,fertilization treatments significantly improved the water use efficiency of spring maize,with an increase of 59.2%.The average water use efficiency of three combined organic-inorganic fertilization treatments was 27.81 kg/(ha·mm).Compared with CON,combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly improved the water use efficiency of spring maize,with an increase of 12.5%.(iii)The combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers increased the moisture,total starch,crude protein and crude fat contents,and reduced crude fiber content of maize kernels.However,with the increase of the proportion of organic fertilizer,the crude protein content of maize kernels decreased.(iv)Yield of spring maize showed a significant parabolic relationship with soil water consumption.In summary,70%inorganic fertilizer+30%organic fertilizer is a scientific and reasonable way of fertilization.

Uses of Blast Furnace Slag as Complex Fertilizer

Significant quantities of slag are generated as waste material or by-product every day from steel industries. They usually contain considerable quantities of valuable metals and materials. Transforming these solid wastes from one form to another to be reused either by the same production unit or by different industrial installation is very much essential not only for conserving metals and mineral resources but also for protecting the environment. The sustainable development concept requires a more efficient management of waste materials and preservation of environment. The paper presents the basic characteristics of slag, analyses and it＇s modification by incorporating some essential plant nutrients and the possibility of its application as fertilizer was studied.

Effect of Fertilizer Application on the Yield of Walnut (Juglans regia L.)

[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the fertilization ratio of walnut, so as to provide a basis for rational fertilization of walnut. [Methods] Under the condition of gravelly yellow soil in Chaotian District, Guangyuan City, the orthogonal design of L_9(3~4) was used to test the fertilization ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. [Results] The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on walnut yield ranked as phosphate fertilizer>potassium fertilizer>nitrogen fertilizer. The different treatments had great effects on the yield of walnut, and for the land with gravelly yellow soil, the suitable annual fertilization amount of walnut was urea 1 200 g/plant + calcium superphosphate 1 500 g/plant + potassium sulfate 940 g/plant. [Conclusions] This study provides a theoretical basis for rational fertilization of walnut in Sichuan Province.

Plant Nutrient Status during Boll Development and Seed Cotton Yield as Affected by Foliar Application of Different Sources of Potassium

Bt cotton hybrids require large supply of metabolites to support their greater boll load and commonly suffer from premature leaf senescence. A field experiment was conducted to study the nutritional status of Bt cotton leaves during boll development stage and to evaluate the most profitable source of foliar fertilizers. Treatments included basal application of 0 and 60 kg·K2O·ha-1 as muriate of potash (MOP) in main plots and foliar spray treatments viz: 4 & 6 sprays of 2% potassium nitrate (Multi-K, 13-00-45), 4 & 6 sprays of NPK Blend (Polyfed, 19-19-19), 4 sprays of MOP, 4 sprays of MOP + urea (to supply same amount of N & K as in potassium nitrate) and unsprayed control in sub plots. The results revealed that only N and K contents of premature senesced leaves were below the sufficiency range for cotton sufficient levels of P, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were observed. Though the concentrations of N and K in both the petiole and leaf blade initially improved with foliar spray, N content declined below the unsprayed control at later stages. Basal application of MOP increased seed cotton yield by 19%. Four foliar sprays of KNO3, NPK, MOP and MOP + urea recorded yield increase in seed cotton yield of 22.8%, 22.4%, 18.5% and 24.5%, respectively over unsprayed control. Six sprays of KNO3 and NPK had no yield advantage over four sprays and rather proved economically less viable.

氮磷配施和化肥减施对小麦生长、养分利用及产量性状的影响

为明确氮磷配施和化肥减施对小麦生长、养分利用及产量性状的影响,以8个晋南主栽品种为材料,于2019—2021年开展水培和大田定位试验,水培试验设置4个氮磷水平(N 0.2 mmol·L^(-1)+P 0.1 mmol·L^(-1)、N 0.2 mmol·L^(-1)+P 2.5 mmol·L^(-1)、N 4 mmol·L^(-1)+P 0.1 mmol·L^(-1)、N 4 mmol·L^(-1)+P 2.5 mmol·L^(-1)),对不同小麦品种苗期性状进行初步考察筛选;大田试验设置常规施肥(CF)、化肥减施(FR)和不施肥(CK)3个处理,研究不同年型下化肥减施对小麦生长发育、养分利用及产量的影响。结果表明,水培条件下,不同氮磷水平品育8161株高、根长、植株干重、根干重及根冠比均最低;良星67在低磷时正常氮较低氮植株干重增幅仅为17.07%,根干重反而降低,且在正常氮磷时根冠比较低。大田生产条件下,2019—2020年度(丰水年)化肥减施处理下以品育8012、济麦22产量较高,二者差异不显著,邯农1412产量最低,仅为7520.18 kg·hm^(-2)。其中,山农20、中麦4072和邯农1412产量均表现为化肥减施显著低于常规施肥。2020—2021年度(干旱年)化肥减施处理下济麦22产量为6191.53 kg·hm^(-2),显著高于品育8012和石农086,其籽粒氮素积累量和磷素吸收效率均最高,分别为130.35 kg·hm^(-2)和0.79 kg·kg^(-1)。干旱年减施化肥导致小麦生育后期叶片早衰,显著降低成熟期干物质积累,但对茎秆形态特征影响较小。综上,晋南小麦-玉米轮作区小麦生育期基施纯N 180.0 kg·hm^(-2)、P_(2)O_(5)105.0 kg·hm^(-2)、K_(2)O34.5 kg·hm^(-2),拔节期追施纯N 60.0 kg·hm^(-2)时,丰水年品育8012和济麦22产量较高,干旱年济麦22产量最高,且化肥减施有利于提高济麦22开花前营养器官干物质贮藏再转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率和第3节间厚度。单纯的连年化肥减施在干旱年份会导致小麦产量的稳定性和可持续性降低。本研究结果为晋南麦区小麦稳产高效栽培提供了技术参考。

氮、磷、钾配施对葛根生长及品质的影响

为探明氮、磷、钾肥配施对葛根生长及品质的影响,为葛根高效栽培提供合理的施肥技术支撑和理论依据,采用L_(9)(3~4)正交试验设计,研究氮、磷、钾配施对葛根产量和主要功能成分的影响,明确研究区葛根氮、磷、钾的最佳施用量。结果表明,不同施肥方案对葛根产量和功能成分的影响显著,其中以N_(3)P_(1)K_(2)(N 270kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)45 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2))处理的产量和总黄酮含量最高,分别为2.13 kg/株和83.10 mg/g;N_(1)P_(3)K_(2)(N 90 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)135 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2))的葛根素含量最高,为24.85 mg/g,N_(1)P_(2)K_(3)(N 90 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)90 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 135 kg/hm^(2))处理的大豆苷和大豆苷元含量均为最高,分别为22.96和2.55 mg/g。氮、磷、钾肥配施对葛根产量和葛根素含量影响的大小顺序为氮肥>钾肥>磷肥。以葛根产量为目标的最佳施肥量为N 270 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)135 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2),以葛根品质提升为目标的最佳施肥量为N 180 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)135 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2)。

钾肥和氮肥配施对北疆棉花干物质积累分配及产量的影响

为探究不同钾肥用量对氮肥减量下棉花干物质积累分配及产量的影响,采用裂区试验设计,设置施钾量为主区,分别为0、120.0、240.0 kg/hm^(2)3个水平;施氮量为副区,分别为地方常规施氮(375.0 kg/hm^(2))、10%减量施氮(337.5 kg/hm^(2))、20%减量施氮(300.0 kg/hm^(2))、30%减量施氮(262.5 kg/hm^(2))和不施氮(0 kg/hm^(2))5个水平,共15个处理。于2023年在沙湾市大泉乡进行田间试验,研究分析了减氮增钾对棉花产量、净光合速率、SPAD、干物质积累及分配的影响。结果表明,施钾240.0 kg/hm^(2)、施氮337.5 kg/hm^(2)处理棉花产量达7704.51 kg/hm^(2),较常规施氮不施钾处理显著提高28.05%,减氮10%~20%、配施240.0 kg/hm^(2)钾肥较不施钾肥常规施氮处理显著提高了棉花的净光合速率、单株干物质积累量,营养器官干物质积累量、生殖器官干物质积累量,提高了单铃重和单株铃数。增施240.0 kg/hm^(2)钾肥和减施10%氮肥(337.5 kg/hm^(2))可实现减氮增产的效果。

等氮条件下不同有机无机肥配施对甘薯田土壤大型动物分布和群落的影响

为了考察等氮条件下有机肥配施无机肥对甘薯田土壤大型动物分布和群落的影响,在甘薯生长过程中设置了猪粪有机肥、羊粪有机肥、菌渣有机肥和易腐垃圾有机肥4种有机肥与化肥配施处理,以单施化肥和不施肥为对照,各处理纯氮用量均为150.00 kg/hm^(2),考察了不同施肥处理下土壤的含水率及pH的变化情况,并进行了土壤大型动物在土壤中的分布情况调查和多样性分析。在土壤中捕获到膜翅目(Hymenoptera)、弹尾目(Collembola)、蜘蛛目(Araneae)、双翅目(Diptera)、鞘翅目(Coleoptera)、半翅目(Hemiptera)、直翅目(Orthoptera)、鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)、隐翅目(Staphylinidae)、寡毛目(Oligochaeta)10个类群的大型动物。各不同肥料处理土壤大型动物中膜翅目为优势类群。在样地0~5 cm的表层土壤大型动物最多。土壤大型动物多样性分析结果表明,猪粪有机肥与化肥配施处理的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为2.138,在所有处理中最高,比不施肥对照高60.51%,比单施化肥对照高12.23%,其类群数与个体数也最高。4种有机肥多样性指数都比不施肥对照高,有机肥料的施用可提高生物多样性,有利于农业生态的可持续发展。

不同钾肥对水肥一体化下烤烟碳氮代谢与钾吸收的影响

为解决平顶山烟区烤烟钾含量偏低的问题,以烤烟品种中烟100为材料,基于水肥一体化栽培管理,研究了不同钾肥对烤烟碳氮代谢与钾吸收的影响。结果表明:配合水肥一体化四次追施自制钾肥,以及施用缓释钾肥和生物钾肥都能提高烟株光合能力与碳氮代谢水平,促进烟株生长发育,促进效应依次是缓释钾肥>生物钾肥>自制钾肥。施用不同种类钾肥能够提高烟株体内SOD等保护酶的活性,增强烤烟抗性,这种促进效应的基本顺序是生物钾肥>缓释钾肥>自制钾肥。钾代谢相关基因表达分析表明,这三种钾肥的合理使用能够有效促进钾的吸收与转运、减少钾的外排,进而增加烟株中钾的储存。配合水肥一体化四次追施自制钾肥和施用缓释钾肥两个处理对中上部烟叶钾含量有明显的提升作用。

直播油菜氮磷钾肥料利用率试验探究

近年来,勉县直播油菜得到了突飞猛进的发展,面积已占全县油菜种植面积的80%以上。为准确掌握直播油菜的需肥规律和精准施肥,勉县农业技术推广中心开展了直播油菜肥料利用率试验,通过试验测算得知:勉县直播油菜在推广氮磷钾配方施肥技术的前提下,每生产100kg油菜籽需要吸收纯氮、五氧化二磷、氧化钾分别是5.02 kg、2.57 kg、6.22 kg;氮肥利用率46.5%、磷肥利用率18.9%、钾肥利用率53.1%。

不同配方基肥对温郁金产量及其营养元素含量的影响

本试验研究了基肥氮磷钾不同比例配施对温郁金产量与品质的影响,为提高温郁金产量及品质提供科学依据。本研究采用大田试验,设置4个不同的施肥配方,各处理基肥用量均为750 kg·hm^(-2)。结果表明,在氮磷钾总用量相等的前提下,基施配方肥2的温郁金产量最高,与常规施肥比较,温郁金地下部分根茎、块根分别增产11.3%、17.9%。配方肥1和3相较常规施肥也提高了温郁金的产量,但统计上无显著差异。与常规施肥相比,配方肥处理提高了温郁金中氮和磷含量。同时,基施配方肥还可以提高根茎、块根中Ca、Mg及微量元素Zn、B等含量。综上,基肥施用配方肥2既能提高温郁金产量,又能提高根茎、块根中的大量元素及中微量元素含量,具有较好的推广应用价值。

氮肥和钾肥减施对沙地马铃薯生长及产量的影响

利用田间试验探讨氮肥和钾肥减施对马铃薯生长和产量的影响,为榆林北部风沙区马铃薯绿色高效栽培的科学施肥提供理论基础。本试验设置N_(95)K_(100)(N95%、K100%)、N_(90)K_(100)(N90%、K100%)、N_(100)K_(95)(N100%、K95%)、N_(100)K_(90)(N100%、K90%)、N_(100)K_(100)(N100%、K100%)五个处理。结果表明:在马铃薯整个生育期,N_(100)K_(100)处理的株高、叶片SPAD值、叶片净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO_(2)浓度(Ci)和气孔导度(Gs)均为最高。在苗期-块茎形成期,两种减氮处理(N_(95)K_(100)和N_(90)K_(100))的株高、叶片SPAD值、叶片Pn值和Ci值低于两种减钾处理(N_(100)K_(90)和N_(100)K_(90));在块茎膨大期-成熟期,两种减氮处理的茎粗、叶片SPAD值、叶片Pn值、Ci值和Gs值均高于两种减钾处理,且N_(90)K_(100)处理的上述指标显著高于两种减钾处理(P<0.05)。N_(90)K_(100)处理的马铃薯产量略低于N_(100)K_(100)处理,但显著高于其他处理8.01%~18.53%(P<0.05),且N_(90)K_(100)处理的马铃薯的商品薯率显著高于其他处理5.99%~17.58%(P<0.05)。因此,N_(90)K_(100)处理可减少氮肥投入,有助于马铃薯产量稳定和商品薯率提高。

不同施肥处理对谷子光合指标及产量性状的影响

为了提升谷子产量和品质,采用大田试验并测定不同施肥量条件下谷子叶片的光合指标及产量构成因素,通过隶属函数公式计算综合评价值对各施肥处理进行综合评价。结果表明,施肥后谷子叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度均比对照处理有所增加,胞间二氧化碳浓度基本上呈减少趋势,各处理间在各指标上均具有显著性差异且以N 3P 1K 2处理最优;产量随着无机肥施入量的增加出现先上升后下降的动态趋势,N 3P 1K 2处理下谷子穗粗、穗长、穗重、穗粒重、千粒重以及产量均高于其他处理,其净光合速率较未施肥处理提升42.06%,蒸腾速率提升105.91%,气孔导度提升87.04%,胞间CO 2浓度降低29.37%,产量提升31.03%。正交分析得出,N对产量影响最大,K 2O次之,P 2O 5的影响作用最小。综上,氮肥施用量为225 kg·hm^(-2),磷肥施用量为50 kg·hm^(-2),钾肥施用量为60 kg·hm^(-2)时,谷子的光合能力较高,产量较为理想。