Effect of nitrogen introduction methods on the microstructure and properties of gradient cemented carbides

Gradient cemented carbides with the surface depleted in cubic phases were prepared following normal powder metallurgical pro-cedures.Gradient zone formation and the influence of nitrogen introduction methods on the microstructure and performance of the alloys were investigated.The results show that the simple one-step vacuum sintering technique is doable for producing gradient cemented carbides.Gradient structure formation is attributed to the gradient in nitrogen activity during sintering,but is independent from nitrogen introduced methods.A uniform carbon distribution is found throughout the materials.Moreover,the transverse rupture strength of the cemented carbides can be increased by a gradient layer.Different nitrogen carriers give the alloys distinguishing microstructure and mechanical properties,and a gradient alloy with ultrafine-TiC0.5N0.5 is found optimal.

SOIL NITROGEN MINERALIZATION UNDER NORTHERN HARDWOOD FORESTS ALONG A SULFATE AND NITRATE DEPOSITION GRADIENT IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION

Net N mineralization (ammonification and nitrification) in the 0-10 cm mineral soil zone of five northern hardwood forest sites along a gradient of SO and NO deposition from northeastem Minnesota to central lower Michigan was measured by an in situ buried bag technique at monthly intervals from September 1987 to April 1990. Soil nitrification rates (36.9 to 46.7 kg N·ha-1·yr-1) increased from north to south among the five study sites and were strongly associated with soil temperature (r=0.87, p<0.001). The rates of soil ammonification (66.8 to 84. 1 kg N·ha-1·yr-1) and amounts of total N mineralized (103.7 to 130.6 kg N·ha-1·yr-1)did not show a clear regional trend across the gradient sites. Significant correlations between SO(r=0.82, p<0.001), No(r=0.77, p=0.003) deposition and the adjusted means of ammonium-N after removing the effects of soil temperature indicated that SO and NO deposition had significantly impacts on ammonification process. Soil pH did not correspond to the gradient of H+deposition, which was not correlated with either ammonification or nitrification rates across the study sites.

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Different Nitrogen Forms in Paddy along Soil Depth Gradient

The combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer is an effective measure to increase nutrient content of soil plough layer, which must have a profound impact on the deep soil nutrients, especially the contents of nitrogen forms. The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of soil nitrogen forms in plough layer and along depth gradient in different fertilization treatments, so as to evaluate the soil quality in spatial dimension, further providing a theoretical basis for scientific fertilization and improvement of paddy soil fertility. Here, a 34-year field experiment was conducted with three treatments: without any fertilizer (CK), pure chemical fertilizer (NPK) and chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer (NPKM). We analyzed the content of nitrogen forms in 0 - 100 cm soil depth and their ratios to total nitrogen (TN), and discussed the correlation between nitrogen forms contents and pH, CEC. Results showed that, compared with CK, both NPK and NPKM significantly increased the contents of nitrogen forms in topsoil (soil layer of 0 - 20 cm), especially nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) content increased by 70% (NPK) and 111% (NPKM), respectively. Although the contents of different nitrogen forms decreased gradually along soil depth gradient, NPKS slowed down the decline rate of TN and alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (AN) in 0 - 60 cm soil layer, compared to CK. Compared to NPK, NPKM significantly increased the NO3--N/TN ratio in 0 - 20 cm soil layer, but also decreased the content of -N in 20 - 40 cm, which was beneficial to reduce the risk of nitrogen leaching caused by nitrate leaching into deep layer. The increase of soil pH in NPKM treatment obviously alleviated the problem of soil acidification caused by long-term application of chemical fertilizer. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between soil nitrogen forms and cation exchange capacity (CEC), but no significant correlation with soil pH. In conclusion, NPKM ensured the nutrients of soil plough layer (0 - 20 cm), also reduced the risk of nitrogen infiltration and nitrogen loss, thus ensuring the fertility of soil profile.

Study on Nitrogen Distribution in Leaf, Stem and Sheathat Different Layers in Winter Wheat Canopyand Their Influence on Grain Quality

Vertical distribution of nitrogen in wheat canopy, nitrogen remobilization and their influence on grain quality of winter wheat were studied. Two winter wheat cultivars, Jingdong8, a common cultivar, and Zhongyou9507, a high quality cultivar, were selected. Leaf nitrogen showed an obvious decreasing trend from the canopy top to the ground surface for all treatments in growth duration. There was no apparent vertical nitrogen gradient in stem and sheath of Zhongyou9507 compared with Jingdong8. Zhongyou9507 had more nitrogen remobilization from leaf, stem and sheath than Jingdong8 from middle grain filling to waxening, especially the nitrogen remobilization amount in stem and sheath, which was higher than that in Jingdong8 during growth duration. Higher vertical nitrogen gradients in Jingdong8 at anthesis had disadvantages on its grain quality. But higher vertical nitrogen gradients between middle and lower layers of Jingdong8 at grain filling stage enhanced its grain quality. Higher vertical nitrogen gradients in upper layer at anthesis and upper layer leaf and middle layer stem and sheath at grain filling stage had advantages on protein accumulation in grain of Zhongyou9507. There were positive correlations between foliar nitrogen remobilization amount and grain quality at later growth stage for the two cultivars. There was a positive correlation between quality of Jingdong8 and stem and sheath nitrogen remobilization amount from anthesis to early grain filling, and that of Zhongyou9507 emerged from anthesis to early grain filling and from middle grain filling to waxening. Contribution of leaf nitrogen to the quality of Jingdong8 was larger than nitrogen from stem and sheath. High protein content of Zhongyou9507 was attributed to the nitrogen condition in its leaf, stem and sheath. Nitrogen in stem and sheath played a more important role on the grain quality of Zhongyou9507 than on that of Jingdong8.

Effects of narrow plant spacing on root distribution and physiological nitrogen use efficiency in summer maize

The objective of this study was to understand the effects of plant spacing on grain yield and root competition in summer maize(Zea mays L.). Maize cultivar Denghai 661 was planted in rectangular tanks(0.54 m × 0.27 m × 1.00 m) under 27 cm(normal) and 6 cm(narrow) plant spacing and treated with zero and 7.5 g nitrogen(N) per plant. Compared to normal plant spacing, narrow plant spacing generated less root biomass in the 0–20 cm zone under both N rates, slight reductions of dry root weight in the 20–40 cm and 40–70 cm zones at the mid-grain filling stage, and slight variation of dry root weights in the 70–100 cm zone during the whole growth period. Narrow plant spacing decreased root reductive activity in all root zones, especially at the grain-filling stage. Grain yield and above-ground biomass were 5.0% and 8.4% lower in the narrow plant spacing than with normal plant spacing, although narrow plant spacing significantly increased N harvest index and N use efficiency in both grain yield and biomass, and higher N translocation rates from vegetative organs. These results indicate that the reductive activity of maize roots in all soil layers and dry weights of shallow roots were significantly decreased under narrow plant spacing conditions, resulting in lower root biomass and yield reduction at maturity. Therefore, a moderately dense sowing is a basis for high yield in summer maize.

Characteristics of runoff processes and nitrogen loss via surface flow and interflow from weathered granite slopes of Southeast China

Rainfall intensity and slope gradient are two of the most important factors affecting the variations of runoff nitrogen(N).However,the effects of slope gradient and rainfall intensity on N loss via surface flow and interflow on weathered granite slopes are poorly understood.In this study,12 artificial rainfalls(three rainfall intensities and four slope gradients)were simulated to investigate the coupling loss characteristics of surface flow–interflow–total nitrogen(TN),nitrate nitrogen(NO_3^--N)and ammonia nitrogen(NH_4^+-N)on weathered granite slopes.The results show that slope gradient has a greater impact on the surface flow when the rainfall intensity is relatively large.The effect gradually weakens with the decrement of rainfall intensity.The interflow yield increases firstly with the prolongation of rainfall duration,then tends to be stable and finally decreases.The total surface flow percentage increases with rainfall intensity while it decreases with increasing slope gradient with a range of 10.88%-71.47%.The TN loss concentration of the surface flow continually decreases with rainfall duration while that of the interflow shows different fluctuations.However,the TN loss loads of both surface flow and interflow increase with increasing rainfall intensity and slope gradient.The NO_3^--N concentration of interflow is much higher than that of the surface flow.The NH_4^+-N concentration is always less than that of NO_3^--N with no significant difference between surface flow and interflow.The percentages of the TN,NO_3^--N,and NH_4^+-N total loss load and concentration of surface flow and interflow were analyzed.The results show that N loss via both surface flow and interflow occurs mainly in the form of NO_3^--N.Most of the N loss is caused by interflow which is the preferential path of runoff nutrient loss.These findings provide data support and underlying insights for the control of runoff and N loss on the weathered granite slopes.

Growth of gem-grade nitrogen-doped diamond crystals heavily doped with the addition of Ba(N_3)_2

Additive Ba（N3）2 as a source of nitrogen is heavily doped into the graphite-Fe-based alloy system to grow nitrogendoped diamond crystals under a relatively high pressure （about 6.0 GPa） by employing the temperature gradient method. Gem-grade diamond crystal with a size of around 5 mm and a nitrogen concentration of about 1173 ppm is successfully synthesised for the first time under high pressure and high temperature in a China-type cubic anvil highpressure apparatus. The growth habit of diamond crystal under the environment with high degree of nitrogen doping is investigated. It is found that the morphologies of heavily nitrogen-doped diamond crystals are all of octahedral shape dominated by {111} facets. The effects of temperature and duration on nitrogen concentration and form are explored by infrared absorption spectra. The results indicate that nitrogen impurity is present in diamond predominantly in the dispersed form accompanied by aggregated form, and the aggregated nitrogen concentration in diamond increases with temperature and duration. In addition, it is indicated that nitrogen donors are more easily incorporated into growing crystals at higher temperature. Strains in nitrogen-doped diamond crystal are characterized by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Measurement results demonstrate that the undoped diamond crystals exhibit the compressive stress, whereas diamond crystals heavily doped with the addition of Ba（N3）2 display the tensile stress.

太白山植物叶片和细根氮含量沿海拔梯度的变异规律

氮(N)是植物生长发育的关键性限制元素,其在植物地上、地下器官间的权衡分配是植物重要的适应策略,目前不同器官N含量的变异规律及分配机制仍不清楚。以秦岭太白山北坡为研究地点,沿海拔梯度选取落叶栎林、桦木林、巴山冷杉林、太白红杉林和高山灌丛带的74种木本和草本植物,通过野外取样、室内测定获得叶片和细根的N元素含量,旨在阐明叶片和细根N元素沿海拔梯度的变异规律及N元素在2种器官间的分配策略。结果表明:(1)在全部物种和不同生长型中,叶片N含量(21.51~24.21 mg·g^(-1))均显著高于细根(12.32~13.57 mg·g^(-1),P<0.05)。(2)木本植物细根N含量随海拔升高而逐渐呈降低趋势,而草本植物叶片和细根中的N含量则相反。(3)叶片N含量与气候和土壤因素显著相关,而细根N含量有更强的系统发育保守性,且较少受到环境因素的影响。这些结果表明,N元素的变异规律及其驱动因素在不同器官和不同生长型中均存在差异,未来在生态化学计量研究中需要综合考虑植物不同器官和不同生长型对环境变化的适应策略。

赖草草地叶片养分、碳组分和防御性化合物对氮添加的响应

本研究依托山西右玉黄土高原赖草(Leymus secalinus)草地2017年建立的氮(Nitrogen, N)添加梯度试验平台(0~32 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1)),探究N添加对优势植物赖草叶片养分[N、磷(Phosphorus, P)、钾(Potassium, K)]、非结构性碳水化合物、结构性碳水化合物和防御性化合物含量的影响。结果表明:N素输入显著提高叶片N,K含量和N∶K和N∶P比值,降低叶片P含量和P∶K比值;N素输入显著降低叶片非结构性碳水化合物和结构性碳水化合物含量;N素输入显著增加叶片总酚、单宁和黄酮类化合物含量;PCA分析表明低N(≤8 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1))和高N(>8 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1))输入下赖草叶片性状存在显著差异,土壤无机N含量、土壤有效N∶P和N∶K是其主要影响因子。以上结果表明N素输入改变了盐渍化草地赖草叶片养分-碳组分-防御性化合物的分配策略。

缓释氮肥施用量对玉米抽雄—吐丝期光合特性及干物质积累的影响

为明晰缓释氮肥不同施用量下玉米光合日变化特征及生长发育规律,利用光响应曲线拟合,以期为农牧交错区春玉米丰产栽培和氮肥高效利用提供理论依据。以广德5号为研究对象,在2018年长期定位试验基础上,于2019,2020年分别测定分析了玉米抽雄—吐丝期穗位叶在N 0(N0,CK),120(N8),180(N12),240(N16),300(N20),360(N24)kg/hm^(2)6个氮肥梯度下的SPAD值、胞间二氧化碳浓度、气孔导度、净光合速率、蒸腾速率日变化、光响应曲线及干物质积累规律。2 a结果表明,随着氮肥施用量的增加,玉米穗位叶SPAD值和净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度日变化呈先增加后降低的趋势,均以N16处理最高,且胞间二氧化碳浓度最低。净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度日变化均呈单峰曲线变化趋势。光响应曲线拟合分析得出,N16处理的最大净光合速率最高,2019,2020年N16处理分别比N0、N8、N12、N20、N24处理提高37.48%,29.51%,31.85%,18.17%,37.32%和80.04%,59.73%,50.30%,6.42%,62.51%。全株干物质及穗部干物质积累与最大净光合速率、SPAD值呈极显著正相关。综合分析得出,内蒙古西部地区最适宜的氮肥施用量为240 kg/hm^(2)。

施肥量对饲用燕麦产量及土壤有机碳库周转影响的研究

为研究施氮量对土壤碳周转的调控作用,探索在人工草地中提高产量和增效土壤养分的施氮措施,达到减肥控制碳排放的目的,在燕麦种植时,选取4个施氮梯度,收获后测定其产量,将取回的土壤采用控制试验进行培养矿化,通过矿化数据模拟土壤活性和慢性两个碳库的周转,探索饲用燕麦施肥量对土壤有机碳库的影响。结果表明,施氮可增加饲用燕麦产量,促进土壤中有机碳的活化,增加土壤有机碳的累积矿化量。低氮和中氮处理(含氮量范围为75.98~82.32 g·kg^(-1))可以提高饲用燕麦的产量,达到生态降碳的目的。施肥活化了土壤碳库的周转,随着施肥量梯度的增加,活性碳库周转速率加快,低氮和中氮处理促进土壤有机碳形成慢性碳库,降低土壤有机碳的累积矿化量。本研究为人工建植草地的精准施肥提供科学依据,以实现提高生产效益和减少碳排放的目标。综上,适宜的施氮量在增加饲用燕麦产量的同时,可以降低土壤有机碳的累积矿化量。

长白山园池湖岸湿地生态系统碳氮储量沿环境梯度空间分异规律

【目的】探究湖泊沿岸湿地生态系统碳氮储量沿湖岸至高地的空间分异规律及形成机制,将有助于减少湿地碳储量估算的不确定性。【方法】采用相对生长方程、碳/氮分析仪,同步测定长白山园池沿湖岸至高地环境梯度依次分布的6种沼泽类型(芦苇沼泽L、草丛沼泽C、杜香沼泽D、落叶松泥炭藓沼泽LN、落叶松藓类沼泽LX、落叶松苔草沼泽LT)的生态系统碳、氮储量(植被和土壤)及其相关环境因子(水位、水位波动幅度、土壤有机质、全氮和全磷等),揭示其空间分异规律及其形成机制。【结果】(1)植被碳、氮储量(2.17~69.98 t/hm^(2)和0.058~0.940 t/hm^(2))沿湖岸至高地环境梯度均呈递增规律(LT≈LX>LN>D>C>L),且均以优势植被层占主体地位(73.72%~93.37%和71.57%~85.24%);(2)土壤碳、氮储量(67.45~243.21 t/hm^(2)和2.44~13.53 t/hm^(2))沿该环境梯度呈阶梯式递减规律(L>C>D≈LN>LX≈LT)且其碳储量垂直空间分异存在先恒定后递减(L)、先增后降(C、D和LN)和递减(LX和LT)3种类型,其氮储量垂直空间分异与碳储量基本一致(仅C和LX略有不同);(3)生态系统碳、氮储量(122.20~245.38 t/hm^(2)和3.31~13.58 t/hm^(2))沿该环境梯度分别呈先降低后恒定型或阶梯式递减型变化规律,且其土壤碳、氮储量占比呈递减趋势(50.27%~99.11%和73.48%~99.57%),而植被碳、氮储量占比却呈递增趋势(0.89%~49.73%和0.43%~26.52%);(4)生态系统碳储量在湖岸至高地水分环境梯度的下、中、上部生境地段依次受水位促进、水位抑制和水位波动幅度抑制,而氮储量在相应生境地段上依次受水位促进、水位波动幅度抑制和土壤全氮促进。【结论】园池沿岸湿地生态系统碳氮储量沿湖岸至高地水分环境梯度存在明显的空间分异规律,且其形成机制为微地形引起的水位梯度和植被类型分布决定着各沼泽类型的碳氮储存能力,故准确测定湖岸带各沼泽类型碳氮储量将有助于减少集水区尺度上碳氮储量估算的不确定性。

中国退耕还草的土壤碳固持效应及影响因素

基于检索1950-2016年发表在中国知网、Google Scholar、Web of Science等数据库的文章,筛选出关于我国退耕还草工程与土壤有机碳的文献123篇(126个研究地点)。基于筛选文献,提取了农田和恢复草地的土壤有机碳含量、土壤有效养分含量、恢复时间和气候等数据735条,旨在探究我国退耕还草工程对土壤有机碳含量的影响及其主导因素。结果表明:1)农田恢复为草地后,土壤有机碳含量呈先下降后上升趋势(时间拐点约为第6年),整体上退耕还草工程使土壤有机碳含量提高了19.8%。2)土壤有机碳的正响应随土壤深度增加而减弱,且深度超过1 m时其正响应不明显。3)土壤有效氮是影响土壤有机碳恢复的主要因素,而土壤有效磷和植物功能群对其影响不大。4)沿着增加的水分梯度,土壤有机碳的恢复效果由负变正,转变阈值为25.15 (干旱指数)。总体而言,我国退耕还草工程对土壤有机碳含量的影响为正效应,此效应受环境梯度和恢复时间的共同影响。本研究能够为我国土地利用变化背景下土壤碳库管理的相关决策提供科学依据。

水分梯度对麦冬种植土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量的影响

通过麦冬盆栽试验,控制土壤水分(10%、30%、70%、100%,W/W),对麦冬生长特性、土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征、磷素形态以及磷酸酶活性等进行测定,并分析各测定参数之间的相关性。结果表明,随着水分含量的增加麦冬种植土壤总有机碳、全氮呈降低趋势,但是全磷含量呈上升趋势,土壤磷素各形态占比对水分梯度响应差异性不明显;土壤C/N、C/P、N/P分别为8.79~10.46、15.95~18.68和1.53~2.15,对水分梯度响应特性不同,均属于弱变异;30%水分处理土壤碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于其他3种水分处理(P<0.05),可以直接利用磷比例为52.76%,略高于其他水分组;在30%水分组中,麦冬生物量、总根长、叶片全磷含量显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05),根面积、叶绿素含量略高于70%水分组(P>0.05)且显著高于10%和100%水分组(P<0.05),100%水分组麦冬生长被显著抑制。30%水分梯度利于麦冬改善土壤质量,提高麦冬对土壤碳氮磷的利用,增加土壤对氮素的累积,利于其生长。

不同磷水平对土壤化学性质和棉花产量及其构成的影响

本研究探讨不同磷水平对北疆灰漠土棉田土壤化学性质和棉花产量及其构成的影响,为确定最佳施磷量和深入了解当前棉田肥力及棉花生产状况提供实践指导。以“国家灰漠土肥力与肥料效益监测站”已进行了5 a的棉田土壤磷素肥力演替特征定位施肥试验为研究对象,本研究对不施肥、不施磷、常规施化肥磷100%、化肥磷减施25%、化肥磷增施25%、化肥磷增施50%处理的土壤化学性质、磷素有效性特征和棉花产量及其构成进行分析。结果表明:随着施磷量的增加,有利于提升土壤养分含量。速效氮、有效磷、速效钾增幅分别在3.0%~16.10%、29.20%~111.77%、70.10%~72.10%之间,各速效养分含量依次与施肥初期相比,年均最高分别增长2.12、1.53、22.85 mg·kg^(-1)。全氮、全磷、全钾增幅分别在21.10%~35.10%、1.60%~54.0%、9.30%~10.90%之间,各全量养分含量依次与施肥初期相比,年均最高分别增长0.03、0.06、0.41 g·kg^(-1)。施磷150 kg·hm-2时,土壤有效磷含量和磷活化能力均显著最强,磷活化系数达2.13%,有效促进了土壤全磷向有效磷的转化。随着施磷量的增加,土壤有机质、有机碳含量均在施磷150 kg·hm^(-2)时显著提升,增幅均在11.86%~36.50%之间,有机质年均增长0.33 g·kg^(-1)左右,由于受北疆石灰性土壤自然特性和气候条件限制,结合碳氮磷比表明土壤有机质处于缺乏状态。对土壤p H和总盐分别呈下降和提升的趋势,范围分别在7.91~8.05和1.55~1.85 g·kg^(-1)之间,但效应均不显著。连续5 a施磷150 kg·hm^(-2),能在确保棉株整个生育时期养分需求的同时节约磷肥用量且对棉花增产效果最佳,籽棉产量可达4658 kg·hm^(-2),与不施肥、不施磷、常规施化肥磷100%相比,分别显著增产16.83%、15.01%、11.63%。本研究综合土壤养分、肥料投入、棉花产量指标,得出在北疆灰漠土棉田施磷150 kg·hm^(-2)较为可行。

基于无人机遥感的苹果树冠层氮含量反演研究

快速、便捷地实时获取苹果树冠层氮含量是实现精准施肥的数据基础。本研究以“秦脆”苹果树为研究对象,分别于新梢旺长期、春梢停长期、果实膨大期利用无人机遥感平台获取30、50、70 m飞行高度下的多光谱遥感图像,并同步测定冠层氮含量。从不同试验条件下的遥感图像中各提取43种植被指数,然后通过相关性分析筛选出6种敏感植被指数,利用梯度提升决策树(GBDT)算法,建立了苹果树冠层氮含量的反演模型。结果表明:GBDT算法可以在“秦脆”苹果树不同生长期的冠层氮含量反演模型建立中取得良好的效果,且降低无人机遥感试验的飞行高度可以显著提高模型的预测精度;最优模型出现在新梢旺长期30 m高度时,其R2为0.941,RMSE为0.300。本研究结果可为“秦脆”苹果树的精准施肥提供数据支撑,并为相关研究提供参考。

施氮量对小麦氮素利用的影响

为给小麦氮肥高效利用提供依据,采用大田试验,连续2个年度(2012^(-2)013、2013^(-2)014)分别在潮土(济南)和棕壤(淄博)两种土壤类型上观测了0kg·hm^(-2)(对照)、69kg·hm^(-2)、138kg·hm^(-2)、207kg·hm^(-2)、276kg·hm^(-2)(高氮处理)和345kg·hm^(-2)(富氮处理)纯氮对小麦产量、氮肥利用效率和耕层土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,在0~276kg·hm^(-2)范围内,小麦叶面积系数(LAI)和植被归一化指数(NDVI)均随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,富氮处理下LAI和NDVI开始下降。施氮量在0~276kg·hm^(-2)范围内时,穗数、穗粒数和千粒重随着施氮量的增加而增加,说明在一定范围内增施氮肥有利于小麦"库"的建成。从低施氮量开始到207kg·hm^(-2)的用量时,肥料氮的利用效率持续增加,但是继续增加施氮量时,氮肥农学利用效率出现下降,此时小麦进入氮肥的"奢侈吸收"阶段。在黄淮海麦区气候条件下,在小麦季施入氮素过量与否,对耕层土壤的肥力提升作用不明显,因此小麦养分管理应以达到作物养分吸收和土壤供求同步、土壤无机氮没有显著积累为宜。

羊草绿叶氮、磷浓度和比叶面积沿氮、磷和水分梯度的变化

全球气候变化包括氮沉降增加和降水格局改变,影响着生态系统的生物地球化学循环,进而可能会对植物的养分保持特性产生影响。研究不同氮、磷和水分梯度上植物叶片养分特性的响应格局,对于预测氮沉降增加和降水格局的改变对植物养分策略的潜在影响,具有一定的理论与实践意义。该研究通过3个盆栽控制实验(施氮肥实验:0、0.5、1、2、4、8、16、32、64和128g·m-2等10个水平;施磷肥实验:梯度同施氮肥实验;控水实验:3600、4000、4500、5143、6000、7200、9000、12000、18000和36000ml-pot-1等10个水平),探讨了羊草(Leymuschinensis)绿叶氮、磷浓度和比叶面积(Specificleafarea,SLA)对这些环境因子改变的响应。结果表明,在一定范围内,施氮肥提高了羊草绿叶比叶面积和绿叶氮浓度,但对绿叶磷浓度没有明显的影响;施磷肥显著提高了绿叶比叶面积、绿叶氮浓度和绿叶磷浓度;供水量增加提高了羊草绿叶比叶面积,降低了绿叶氮浓度,但对绿叶磷浓度无显著影响。这表明,氮、磷和水分因子的改变影响了植物叶片的养分保持能力,且不同梯度的影响程度也不同。因此,全球气候变化可能影响植物养分利用策略,进而可能对植被-土壤系统养分循环产生影响。

冬小麦冠层不同叶层和茎鞘氮素与籽粒品质关系的研究

以优质品种中优 950 7和普通品种京冬 8号为材料 ,研究了冬小麦叶片、茎鞘氮素的垂直分布、输出量及其与主要品质指标间的关系。结果表明 ,叶片含氮量随冠层层次降低而降低 ,垂直梯度分明 ,处理间、不同生育时期梯度大小不同。茎鞘氮素垂直梯度不如叶片明显 ,中优 950 7梯度大小、生育期内变化不如京冬 8号显著。中优950 7灌浆盛期至蜡熟阶段叶片和茎鞘氮素输出量分别比京冬 8号高 2 9.9%和 76.3 %。灌浆期京冬 8号冠层中下部形成较大梯度利于其品质的改善 ,中优 950 7开花期上部层次形成大的梯度 ,灌浆期上部层次叶片、中下部层次茎鞘含氮量高均利于其籽粒蛋白质的积累。两种类型品种品质的改善较多地依赖后期植株氮素的输出。京冬 8号叶片氮素对籽粒品质的形成作用明显 ,而叶片和茎鞘氮素对中优 950

一次光化学污染过程中O3和NOx的垂直梯度观测研究

为了研究2008年北京奥运会前期污染物浓度变化特征,对北京气象塔3层高度上的大气污染物（NO2和O3）进行加强观测,分析其变化特征。观测结果表明,由于北京奥运会前期采取了严格的空气质量控制措施,NO2浓度相对车辆限行前下降了45.3%,且随着高度递增逐渐降低;O3浓度最大值和日均值有所降低,其最大值出现时间较10年前提前了12 h,且有4 h左右处于相对平稳状态。O3浓度峰值主要是受NO2的控制,O3浓度峰值出现时间提前反映出北京大气氧化效率不断提高。对于观测期间出现光化学污染事件,利用同期气象资料和大气污染监测数据分析,发现造成这次大气污染的主要原因是气象因子：地面多处于弱高压场控制中,大气层结稳定,风力较弱（小于2 m/s）,并伴随着连续高温、强辐射和低湿。