An optimized strategy of nitrogen-split application based on the leaf positional differences in chlorophyll meter readings

Modern rice production faces the dual challenges of increasing grain yields while reducing inputs of chemical fertilizer.However,the disequilibrium between the nitrogen(N)supplement from the soil and the demand for N of plants is a serious obstacle to achieving these goals.Plant-based diagnosis can help farmers make better choices regarding the timing and amount of topdressing N fertilizer.Our objective was to evaluate a non-destructive assessment of rice N demands based on the relative SPAD value(RSPAD)due to leaf positional differences.In this study,two field experiments were conducted,including a field experiment of different N rates(Exp.I)and an experiment to evaluate the new strategy of nitrogen-split application based on RSPAD(Exp.II).The results showed that higher N inputs significantly increased grain yield in modern high yielding super rice,but at the expense of lower nitrogen use efficiency(NUE).The N nutrition index(NNI)can adequately differentiate situations of excessive,optimal,and insufficient N nutrition in rice,and the optimal N rate for modern high yielding rice is higher than conventional cultivars.The RSPAD is calculated as the SPAD value of the top fully expanded leaf vs.the value of the third leaf,which takes into account the non-uniform N distribution within a canopy.The RSPAD can be used as an indicator for higher yield and NUE,and guide better management of N fertilizer application.Furthermore,we developed a new strategy of nitrogen-split application based on RSPAD,in which the N rate was reduced by 18.7%,yield was increased by 1.7%,and the agronomic N use efficiency was increased by 27.8%,when compared with standard farmers'practices.This strategy of N fertilization shows great potential for ensuring high yielding and improving NUE at lower N inputs.

Genome-wide association study of seedling nitrogen-use efficiency-associated traits in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Nitrogen(N)fertilizer application is essential for crop-plant growth and development.Identifying genetic loci associated with N-use efficiency(NUE)could increase wheat yields and reduce environmental pollution caused by overfertilization.We subjected a panel of 389 wheat accessions to N and chlorate(a nitrate analog)treatments to identify quantitative trait loci(QTL)controlling NUE-associated traits at the wheat seedling stage.Genotyping the panel with a 660K single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)array,we identified 397 SNPs associated with N-sensitivity index and chlorate inhibition rate.These SNPs were merged into 49 QTL,of which eight were multi-environment stable QTL and 27 were located near previously reported QTL.A set of 135 candidate genes near the 49 QTL included TaBOX(F-box family protein)and TaERF(ethylene-responsive transcription factor).A Tabox mutant was more sensitive to low-N stress than the wild-type plant.We developed two functional markers for Hap 1,the favorable allele of TaBOX.

Development of a novel critical nitrogen concentration-cumulative transpiration curve for optimizing nitrogen management under varying irrigation conditions in winter wheat

Accurate nitrogen(N)nutrition diagnosis is essential for improving N use efficiency in crop production.The widely used critical N(Nc)dilution curve traditionally depends solely on agronomic variables,neglecting crop water status.With three-year field experiments with winter wheat,encompassing two irrigation levels(rainfed and irrigation at jointing and anthesis)and three N levels(0,180,and 270 kg ha1),this study aims to establish a novel approach for determining the Nc dilution curve based on crop cumulative transpiration(T),providing a comprehensive analysis of the interaction between N and water availability.The Nc curves derived from both crop dry matter(DM)and T demonstrated N concentration dilution under different conditions with different parameters.The equation Nc=6.43T0.24 established a consistent relationship across varying irrigation regimes.Independent test results indicated that the nitrogen nutrition index(NNI),calculated from this curve,effectively identifies and quantifies the two sources of N deficiency:insufficient N supply in the soil and insufficient soil water concentration leading to decreased N availability for root absorption.Additionally,the NNI calculated from the Nc-DM and Nc-T curves exhibited a strong negative correlation with accumulated N deficit(Nand)and a positive correlation with relative grain yield(RGY).The NNI derived from the Nc-T curve outperformed the NNI derived from the Nc-DM curve concerning its relationship with Nand and RGY,as indicated by larger R2 values and smaller AIC.The novel Nc curve based on T serves as an effective diagnostic tool for assessing winter wheat N status,predicting grain yield,and optimizing N fertilizer management across varying irrigation conditions.These findings would provide new insights and methods to improve the simulations of water-N interaction relationship in crop growth models.

Nitrogen Nutrition Index and Its Relationship with N Use Efficiency, Tuber Yield, Radiation Use Effi ciency, and Leaf Parameters in Potatoes

Knowledge about crop growth processes in relation to N limitation is necessary to optimize N management in farming system. Plant-based diagnostic method, for instance nitrogen nutrition index （NNI） were used to determine the crop nitrogen status. This study determines the relationship of NNI with agronomic nitrogen use efficiency （AEN）, tuber yield, radiation use efficiency （RUE） and leaf parameters including leaf area index （LAI）, areal leaf N content （NJ and leaf N concentration （N0. Potatoes were grown in field at three N levels： no N （N 1）, 150 kg N ha^-1 （N2）, 300 kg N ha^-1 （N3）. N deficiency was quantified by NNI and RUE was generally calculated by estimating of the light absorbance on leaf area. NNI was used to evaluate the N effect on tuber yield, RUE, LAI, NAL, and NL. The results showed that NNI was negatively correlated with AEN, N deficiencies （NNI〈 1） which occurred for N 1 and N2 significantly reduced LAI, NL and tuber yield; whereas the N deficiencies had a relative small effect on NAL and RUE. To remove any effect other than N on these parameters, the actual ratio to maximum values were calculated for each developmental linear relationships were obtained between NNI and tuber RUE to NNI. stage of potatoes. When the NNI ranged from 0.4 to 1, positive yield, LAI, NL, while a nonlinear regression fitted the response of

Diversity Analysis of Chlorophyll, Flavonoid, Anthocyanin, and Nitrogen Balance Index of Tea Based on Dualex

The chemical compositions of tea(Camellia sinensis)are affected by numerous factors,such as cultivar,climate,leaf position,and cultivation pattern.However,under the same conditions,the chemical compositions are mainly determined by varieties.Therefore,we investigated the genetic diversity of chemical compositions of tea tree resources in China to screen excellent germplasm resources.Three chemical compositions index(including chlorophyll index,flavonoid index,and anthocyanin index)and the nitrogen balance index of tea leaves were measured in 102 tea germplasms planted in Chinese Tea Plants Improved Variety Germplasm Resources Nursery(CTPIVGRN)by Dualex on April 152019.Results showed that the chlorophyll,flavonoid,and anthocyanin contents and the nitrogen balance index significantly differed between the 102 tea germplasms.The genetic diversity index values were 2.005,2.246,1.599,and 1.838,and the average genetic diversity was 1.922.The 102 tea germplasms can be divided into four categories by cluster analysis under the genetic distance threshold of 11.These results suggest that the genetic diversity of tea germplasm resources in China is rich.This study’s results can serve as a basis for the diversified development and utilization of tea plant.

An entirely new approach based on remote sensing data to calculate the nitrogen nutrition index of winter wheat

The nitrogen nutrition index(NNI)is a reliable indicator for diagnosing crop nitrogen(N)status.However,there is currently no specific vegetation index for the NNI inversion across multiple growth periods.To overcome the limitations of the traditional direct NNI inversion method(NNI_(T1))of the vegetation index and traditional indirect NNI inversion method(NNI_(T2))by inverting intermediate variables including the aboveground dry biomass(AGB)and plant N concentration(PNC),this study proposed a new NNI remote sensing index(NNI_(RS)).A remote-sensing-based critical N dilution curve(Nc_(_RS))was set up directly from two vegetation indices and then used to calculate NNI_(RS).Field data including AGB,PNC,and canopy hyperspectral data were collected over four growing seasons(2012–2013(Exp.1),2013–2014(Exp.2),2014–2015(Exp.3),2015–2016(Exp.4))in Beijing,China.All experimental datasets were cross-validated to each of the NNI models(NNI_(T1),NNI_(T2)and NNI_(RS)).The results showed that:(1)the NNI_(RS)models were represented by the standardized leaf area index determining index(sLAIDI)and the red-edge chlorophyll index(CI_(red edge))in the form of NNI_(RS)=CI_(red edge)/(a×sLAIDI~b),where"a"equals 2.06,2.10,2.08 and 2.02 and"b"equals 0.66,0.73,0.67 and 0.62 when the modeling set data came from Exp.1/2/4,Exp.1/2/3,Exp.1/3/4,and Exp.2/3/4,respectively;(2)the NNI_(RS)models achieved better performance than the other two NNI revised methods,and the ranges of R2 and RMSE were 0.50–0.82 and 0.12–0.14,respectively;(3)when the remaining data were used for verification,the NNI_(RS)models also showed good stability,with RMSE values of 0.09,0.18,0.13 and 0.10,respectively.Therefore,it is concluded that the NNI_(RS)method is promising for the remote assessment of crop N status.

Nitrogen nutrition diagnosis for cotton under mulched drip irrigation using unmanned aerial vehicle multispectral images

Remote sensing has been increasingly used for precision nitrogen management to assess the plant nitrogen status in a spatial and real-time manner.The nitrogen nutrition index(NNI)can quantitatively describe the nitrogen status of crops.Nevertheless,the NNI diagnosis for cotton with unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)multispectral images has not been evaluated yet.This study aimed to evaluate the performance of three machine learning models,i.e.,support vector machine(SVM),back propagation neural network(BPNN),and extreme gradient boosting(XGB)for predicting canopy nitrogen weight and NNI of cotton over the whole growing season from UAV images.The results indicated that the models performed better when the top 15 vegetation indices were used as input variables based on their correlation ranking with nitrogen weight and NNI.The XGB model performed the best among the three models in predicting nitrogen weight.The prediction accuracy of nitrogen weight at the upper half-leaf level(R^(2)=0.89,RMSE=0.68 g m^(-2),RE=14.62%for calibration and R^(2)=0.83,RMSE=1.08 g m^(-2),RE=19.71%for validation)was much better than that at the all-leaf level(R^(2)=0.73,RMSE=2.20 g m^(-2),RE=26.70%for calibration and R^(2)=0.70,RMSE=2.48 g m^(-2),RE=31.49%for validation)and at the plant level(R^(2)=0.66,RMSE=4.46 g m^(-2),RE=30.96%for calibration and R^(2)=0.63,RMSE=3.69 g m^(-2),RE=24.81%for validation).Similarly,the XGB model(R^(2)=0.65,RMSE=0.09,RE=8.59%for calibration and R^(2)=0.63,RMSE=0.09,RE=8.87%for validation)also outperformed the SVM model(R^(2)=0.62,RMSE=0.10,RE=7.92%for calibration and R^(2)=0.60,RMSE=0.09,RE=8.03%for validation)and BPNN model(R^(2)=0.64,RMSE=0.09,RE=9.24%for calibration and R^(2)=0.62,RMSE=0.09,RE=8.38%for validation)in predicting NNI.The NNI predictive map generated from the optimal XGB model can intuitively diagnose the spatial distribution and dynamics of nitrogen nutrition in cotton fields,which can help farmers implement precise cotton nitrogen management in a timely and accurate manner.

Methods on Identification and Screening of Rice Genotypes with High Nitrogen Efficiency

In order to establish methods for indentification and screening of rice genotypes with high nitrogen （N） efficiency, N absorption efficiency （NAE）, N utilization efficiency （NUE） and N harvest index （NHI） in ten rice genotypes were investgated at the elongation, booting, heading and maturity stages under six N levels in a pot experiment with soil-sand mixtures at various ratios. NAE in various rice genotypes firstly increased, peaked under a medium nitrogen rate of 0.177 g/kg and then decreased, but NUE and NHI always decreased with increasing nitrogen levels. NAE in various rice genotypes ever increased with growing process and NUE indicated a descending tendency of elongation stage〉heading stage〉maturity stage〉booting stage. N level influenced rice NAE, NUE and NHI most, followed by genotype, and the both effects were significant at 0.01 level. In addition, the interaction effects of genotype and nitrogen level on rice NAE and NUE were significant at 0.01 level, but not significant on rice NHI. Because the maximum differences of NAE and NUE were found at the elongation stage, it was thought to be the most suitable stage for identification and screening these two paremeters. Therefore, the optimum conditions for identification and screening of rice NAE, NUE and NHI in a pot experiment were the nitrogen rate of 0.157 g/kg at the elongation stage, low nitrogen at the elongation stage, and the nitrogen rate of 0.277 g/kg at the maturity stage, respectively.

Determining nitrogen status and quantifying nitrogen fertilizer requirement using a critical nitrogen dilution curve for hybrid indica rice under mechanical pot-seedling transplanting pattern

Field experiments of nitrogen(N)treatment at five different application rates(0,75,150,225,and 300 kg ha^(-1))were conducted under pot-seedling mechanical transplanting(PMT)in 2018 and 2019.Two high-quality and high-yielding hybrids of indica rice,Huiliangyou 898 and Y Liangyou 900,were used in this study.The N nutrition index(NNI)and accumulated N deficit(N_(and)),used to assess the N nutrition status in real-time,were calculated for the indica cultivars under PMT with a critical nitrogen concentration(N_(c))dilution model based on shoot dry matter(DM)during the whole rice growth stage.The relationships between NNI and N_(and) with relative yield(RY)were determined,and accurate N application schemes were developed for hybrids indica rice under PMT.The results indicated that high application rate of N-fertilizer significantly increased the concentrations of shoot DM and N in aboveground organs during the observed stages in the two cultivars for two years(P<0.05).The N_(c) dilution model of hybrid indica cultivars was N_(c)=4.02 DM^(-0.42)(R^(2)=0.97)combining the two cultivars under PMT.Root-mean-square error and normalized root-mean-square error of the curve verification were 0.23 and 10.61%,respectively.The NNI and Nand ranged from 0.58 to 1.31 and 109 to–55 kg ha^(-1),respectively,in the two cultivars for all N treatments.NNI showed a linear relationship with Nand during the entire growth stage(0.53<R^(2)<0.99,P<0.01).In addition,NNI showed a linear-plateau relationship with RY(0.73<R<0.92,P<0.01)throughout the observed stages.These results suggest that the models can accurately diagnose the N-nutrition status and support effective N-fertilizer management in real-time for hybrid indica rice under PMT.

The new Caribbean Nitrogen Index to assess nitrogen dynamics in vegetable production systems in southwestern Puerto Rico

Nutrient loss from agricultural fields is one of the main factors influencing surface-and ground-water quality.Typical fertilizer nitrogen(N)consumption rates in vegetable production systems and horticultural crops in Puerto Rico fluctuate between 112 and 253 kg N/ha.The nitrogen use efficiency of vegetable crops is low,increasing the potential for nitrogen losses and high residual soil nitrate content.Quantification of residual soil N and N losses to the environment can be a difficult task.Simulation models such as the USDA-ARS N Index can be used to identify the relative magnitude of varying N-loss pathways and to identify best management practices.Field studies were conducted to quantify residual soil N and crop N removal,and to validate the Nitrogen Index in onion,tropical pumpkin and tomato production systems in the Lajas Valley in southwestern Puerto Rico.Relationships between observed and simulated values were determined to examine the capability of the model for evaluating N losses.There was good correlation between observed and predicted values for residual soil N(r=0.88)and crop N removal(r=0.99)(p<0.05).In the production systems evaluated,the N volatilization losses ranged from 1 to 4 kg N/ha,the denitrification losses ranged from 18 to 46 kg N/ha,the leaching losses ranged from 155 to 779 kg N/ha,and the residual soil nitrate ranged from 64 to 401 kg N/ha.The N use efficiency ranged from 15% to 39%.The results obtained showed that the Nitrogen Index tool can be a useful tool for evaluating N transformations in vegetable production systems of Puerto Rico's semi-arid zone.

广东叶菜测土施肥技术指标体系氮素指标初步研究

在全省不同地点,不同肥力水平的菜田设置以小白菜和菜心为代表的叶菜田间施肥试验,对施氮量、土壤碱解氮含量、叶菜相对产量等一系列试验数据进行相关统计分析,求取相应的数学模型,初步建立广东叶菜基于土壤碱解氮含量的土壤有效氮养分丰缺指标和不同氮素肥力土壤的推荐施氮量指标。结果表明:(1)建立叶菜土壤有效氮丰缺乏指标的数学模型为y=39.433ln(x)-111.68,R=0.746;建立了叶菜推荐施氮量的数学模型,菜心:y=-4.8477ln(x)+32.77,相关系数R=0.670;小白菜:y=-6.3802ln(x)+38.062,相关系数R=0.811。(2)根据所选数学模型求取相对产量为50%、50%～75%、75%～95%、>95%的叶菜土壤有效氮丰缺范围分别为<60 mg/kg、60～115 mg/kg、115～190 mg/kg、>190 mg/kg。(3)当土壤碱解N含量<60 mg/kg时推荐的每667 m2总施氮量菜心为13.3 kg、小白菜为12.4 kg;在60～115 mg/kg时推荐的每667 m2总施氮量菜心为10.4～13.3 kg、小白菜为8.6～12.4 kg;在115～190 mg/kg时推荐总施氮量菜心为7.6～10.4 kg、小白菜为4.9～8.6kg;>190 mg/kg时要控制每667 m2总施氮量菜心不能超过6.5 kg.、小白菜不能超过4.9 kg。

水稻大配方小调整中氮素指标体系重构研究

将土壤碱解氮与施用的氮素合并为土壤速效氮,并依据配方施肥稻谷产量计算得出土壤速效氮利用率;利用大配方“3414”试验得到的函数公式计算得出无氮肥产量;依据测土配方施肥目标产量法计算得出施氮量,并建立了土壤碱解氮与氮素施用量的函数关系式。结果表明:土壤碱解氮平均含量为(103.30±13.67)mg/kg,配方施肥稻谷平均产量为(6040.65±70.62)kg/hm^(2),土壤速效氮利用率为(34.22±2.26)%,无肥区平均产量为(4939.50±228.89)kg/hm^(2);土壤碱解氮与施氮量的函数公式为:y=-0.7145x+151.71,R^(2)=0.9539,调整配方后平均施氮量为(77.9±10.0)kg/hm^(2)。研究表明,利用生产与试验相结合的方法重构配方氮素指标体系,能够实现生产大配方的快速、便捷调整。

水氮耦合对红小豆根系生理生态及产量的影响

采用盆栽称重全生育期控水法研究了不同水分（干旱胁迫与正常灌水）和施氮（纯氮用量分别为0 g·kg^-1、0.1 g·kg^-1、0.3 g·kg^-1）组合处理对红小豆根系生理生态指标及产量的影响,为红小豆在黄土高原高产优质栽培提供理论依据。结果表明：1）在干旱胁迫条件下,红小豆苗期株高、茎粗、地上部干重、总根长、根表面积、根系体积、根系平均直径、最大根长、根系干重、壮苗指数、根系可溶性蛋白质含量,开花结荚期净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度以及成熟期豆荚横径、单荚重、单荚粒数、百粒重均随施氮量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,除根表面积和荚横径外,0.1 g·kg^-1施氮处理各指标均显著高于其他处理;根系SOD和POD活性随施氮量的增加而增加,0.3 g·kg^-1施氮处理与其他处理间差异显著;根系可溶性糖含量随施氮量的增加呈先降低后升高的趋势,0.1 g·kg^-1施氮处理显著低于其他处理;但根系MDA含量、豆荚荚长和单株荚数对氮素并不敏感。在正常灌水条件下,最大根长随施氮量的增加而降低;根系SOD、POD活性和气孔导度随施氮量的增加而增加,且0.3 g·kg^-1施氮处理显著高于其他处理;根系MDA含量和可溶性糖含量随施氮量的增加呈先降低后升高的趋势,0.1 g·kg^-1施氮处理显著低于其他施氮处理;单株荚数对氮素不敏感外,其余各豆荚性状和产量指标均随施氮量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,且除荚横径外,0.1 g·kg^-1施氮处理各豆荚性状和产量指标显著高于其他处理。2）在相同施氮条件下,随着灌水量的增加,除根系SOD和POD活性、根系可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量降低,根系MDA含量、荚横径和单株荚数对水分不敏感,其余各指标均呈增加趋势,且除茎粗、地上部干重、根系平均直径、根系可溶性蛋白质含量、荚长和单荚粒数外,不同水分处理间差异均达显著水平。3）无论水分条件如何,0.1 g·kg^-1的施氮处理下红小豆产量最高,与其他施氮处理相比,在干旱胁迫和正常灌水条件下的增产幅度分别为95.2%-118.3%和63.8%-137.1%;在施氮量一定的情况下,正常灌水处理比干旱胁迫处理增产84.5%-198.7%。研究表明,合理的水氮管理有利于红小豆植株的生长发育和产量形成,红小豆在旱薄胁迫并存的山西黄土高原丘陵区更适合在低水中肥条件（土壤含水量保持在田间持水量的35%-45%,施纯氮量为0.1 g·kg^-1）下种植。

低氮胁迫下黄瓜根系相关指标的变化

以耐低氮性强的黄瓜品种D0328和耐低氮性弱的黄瓜品种东农806为试材,进行两种水平的施氮处理,对植株发育过程中根系的各项指标进行对比分析。结果表明;低氮胁迫条件下,盛果期之前两个黄瓜品种根体积、根干质量和根系活力升高,盛果期之后降低;根系伤流量在结果初期之前上升,而后下降;冠根比在整个生育期中一直呈上升的趋势。两个黄瓜品种结果初期根系伤流量差距最大,D0328明显低于东农806,因此低氮胁迫下结果初期根系伤流量可作为黄瓜耐低氮品种的筛选指标。

广东水稻测土配方施肥氮素指标体系研究初报

通过对2007～2008年广东省多个市县开展的水稻"3414"田间肥效试验结果进行统计分析,建立了广东省水稻土壤有效氮素养分低、中低、中、中高、高5级养分丰缺指标,提出了不同肥力水平下水稻土壤的推荐施氮肥量。结果表明:建立的水稻土壤有效氮丰缺指标的数学模型为y=21.914ln(x)-19.401,水稻土壤有效氮含量与推荐施氮量的数学模型为y=-0.0817x+17.026。根据模型获得的推荐施氮肥量仍需在生产中进一步验证。

中国农田氮面源污染研究:Ⅱ污染评价指标体系的初步制定

以国内现有研究成果为重要参考,初步制定了农田氮面源污染评价指标体系,包括建立了使用统计资料评价区域性氮面源污染的指数及其污染等级划分,制定了微观或小区域氮面源污染评价的若干方法,并建立了评价标准使用的优先顺序,目的在于可以使用相对统一的指标体系来比较不同的研究结果。其中,区域性氮素面源污染的指数分为五个污染等级。微观或小区域氮肥污染评价指标体系包括:根据地下水硝态氮含量划分为四类,根据土壤硝态氮绝对淋失量划分为四类,根据硝态氮淋失浓度相对数量划分为四类,根据土壤硝态氮残留量划分为四类。

苏州段京杭运河氨氮水环境容量分配研究

在排污权交易迅速发展的背景下,文章探讨了苏州高新区大运河段氨氮环境容量合理分配方法。在确定分配原则、识别影响氨氮容量分配的主要因素的基础上,构建了容量分配的指标体系,并通过改进的AHP法确定、各因素权重,运用该体系确定各企业分配比例,最后通过优化方法获得出京杭运河水环境容量最佳分配方案。该方案较为全面合理地反映了公平、公正的原则,同时追求了社会、经济、环境效益协调。该方法为合理、公平地分配环境容量提供了科学的分配框架。

缝洞型油藏单井注氮气效果评价研究

效果评价是技术应用过程中重要的环节之一,为了解决塔河缝洞型油藏单井注氮气效果评价存在指标体系不完善、评价标准不统一、经济因素未考虑等问题,引入数学统计相关理论,结合缝洞型油藏单井注氮气开发特点,以完成周期评价的单井注氮气井为研究对象,开展了缝洞型油藏单井注氮气综合效果评价方法研究。该研究首次构建起缝洞型油藏单井注氮气效果评价指标体系与经济评价模型,在此基础上,明确了各指标的评价界限,创新形成了基于模糊评判的缝洞型油藏单井注氮气效果评价标准,为塔河缝洞型油藏单井注氮气效果评价奠定了坚实的基础。

山东省冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系土壤氮素盈余指标体系的构建与评价——以德州市为例

山东省德州市是我国重要的粮食生产基地,大量施用氮肥以及氮素流失是该地氮素污染的重要原因,设定合理的氮素盈余指标体系迫在眉睫。本研究以田间试验研究和文献荟萃为基础,探究德州市冬小麦-夏玉米轮作氮素盈余情况,建立该地氮盈余指标体系,并运用欧氏距离法对德州市当前氮素管理指标进行评价。结果表明:德州市整个冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系轮作周期氮素盈余量为196.84kg N·hm^-2·a^-1,小麦季氮素盈余量为111.07kg N·hm^-2,玉米季氮素盈余量为85.77kg N·hm^-2。氮素盈余量在30~70kg N·hm^-2·a^-1时为德州市整个轮作周期氮素盈余量推荐值;德州市小麦季氮素盈余量推荐值为10~50 kgN·hm^-2;德州市玉米季氮素盈余量推荐值为20~60kgN·hm^-2。在氮素的损失方面,氨挥发以及淋洗是氮素损失的主要去向。小麦季的氮素污染程度高,玉米季氮素污染程度相对较低。运用欧氏距离法计算德州市氮素管理水平(A值)为0.63,属于中级管理水平。综上,德州市冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田氮素含量较高,从而导致氮素大量损失。加强氮素管理水平,提高氮素利用率是德州市氮素资源管理的长期任务。

平原地区复合土地利用系统中氮磷流失敏感区界定——以浙江大学华家池校区为例

为正确识别平原地区复合土地利用系统中氮磷流失敏感区,利用美国农业部水土保持局设计的水文模型中的CN值描述地表状况,反映不同土地利用条件下下垫面对土壤氮、磷流失的影响;运用等标污染负荷计算方法评估不同类型污染源强度;建立了复合土地利用系统中土壤氮、磷流失敏感区的综合指数评价体系。构建的氮、磷流失评价方法在浙江大学华家池校区的应用评价结果表明,氮磷流失敏感性高的区块主要为研究区内的居民区、畜牧场和一些施肥量大的种植区,而敏感性最低的区块集中在具有良好植被覆盖的绿化区。高的污染源和高的迁移因子叠加区构成了高的流失敏感区。