Effects of Application of Nitrogen, Potassium and Glycinebetaine on Alleviation of Water Stress to Summer Maize

A pot experiment was conducted under water deficit and adequate water-supplied conditions with two maize genetypic varieties （Shaandan 9 and Shaandan 911） to study the effects of nitrogen, potassium and glycinebetaine （GlyBet） on the dry matter and grain yields as well as water use efficiency （WUE）. Determinations were made at different stages of the two varieties for revealing the function of these factors in increasing plant resistance to drought. Results showed that under a water-stressed condition, dry matter and grain yield were significantly reduced. However, the response of the two varieties to water stress was different： Shaandan 9 was significantly higher in dry matter and grain yields, and therefore could be regarded as a drought-resistant variety compared to Shaandan 911.Application of nitrogen, potassium and glycinebetaine raised dry matter and grain yield to different levels, and thereby alleviated the water stress and increased water use efficiency. These effects were higher for Shaandan 911 than for Shaandan 9. Under water-stressed conditions application of N fertilizer, either at low rate or at high rate, significantly increased dry matter, grain yield and water use efficiency. A significant different effect was found for Shaandan 911 between N rates, but not so for Shaandan 9. However, with supplemental water supply, effects of N fertilization were obviously decreased, showing that in addition to supplying nutrient, N fertilizer has a function in increasing drought-resistance of the crop. Potassium and glycinebetaine exhibited a remarkable function in increasing dry matter and grain yields as well as water use efficiency under water stress while such effects were obviously declined, even vanished, with supplemental water supply, indicating the important contribution of these factors in rise of drought-resistance ability of a crop.

氮、钾、甜菜碱对减缓夏玉米水分胁迫的效果

采用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫和正常供水条件下,氮、钾和甜菜碱对2种不同基因型夏玉米(陕单9号和陕单911)各生育期干物质、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的影响,确定这些因子在增强作物抗旱性方面的功能。结果表明,水分胁迫条件下玉米干物质和籽粒产量明显降低,但各品种反应不同:陕单9号干物质和籽粒产量高,抗旱性强;陕单911相反。施用氮、钾和甜菜碱能不同程度提高玉米干物质和籽粒产量以及水分利用效率,减缓水分胁迫,提高程度与品种关系密切。施用氮肥后,在水分胁迫条件下陕单911干物质和籽粒产量显著增加,水分利用效率明显提高,2种氮肥用量有显著差异;陕单9号在低氮用量时增产,增加氮量并未进一步提高产量,低、高氮肥用量间无显著差异。正常供水时,氮肥作用明显下降,表明氮肥不仅能供应养分,还有增强抗旱的功能。施用钾肥和喷施甜菜碱对受水分胁迫的玉米有同样功能,且效果更突出。在供水条件下这些效果下降更明显,甚至消失,表明它们对增强作物抗旱性的贡献更大。

氮、钾、甜菜碱对水分胁迫下夏玉米叶片膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫和适量供水条件下,氮、钾和甜菜碱对2种不同基因型夏玉米陕单9号(抗旱品种)和陕单911(不抗旱品种)各生育期叶片膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性的影响,旨在揭示这些因子通过提高上述酶活性而增强作物抗旱性的生理功能。结果表明,水分胁迫下夏玉米超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著降低,不抗旱品种更甚;而丙二醛(MDA)含量有不同程度升高,抗旱品种的MDA含量和变幅小于不抗旱品种。苗期2个品种对水分胁迫响应较弱,SOD、POD、CAT和MDA均较低;拔节和抽雄期响应强烈,酶活性增高。SOD和POD达到最大值的时间比CAT晚,MDA在全生育期中呈现“升—降—升”的变化规律。施用氮、钾肥和甜菜碱能不同程度地提高夏玉米SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低MDA含量,减缓水分胁迫下膜脂过氧化作用。不抗旱品种施用氮肥增强了水分胁迫条件下叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性,降低了MDA含量,氮肥用量的影响有显著差异;抗旱品种施用低氮效果显著,施用高氮则降低了生育前期酶活性,增加了MDA含量,但生育后期氮肥用量的影响间无显著区别。钾肥和甜菜碱对受水分胁迫的夏玉米表现出比氮肥更突出的效果。而对适量供水条件下的夏玉米,氮、钾肥的作用明显下降,甜菜碱的效果甚至消失。说明施用氮、钾肥和甜菜碱对改善水分胁迫下玉米叶片膜脂过氧化作用和提高保护酶活性有重要贡献。

长期水分胁迫下氮、钾对夏玉米叶片光合特性的影响

采用2种不同夏玉米基因型(陕单9号,抗旱品种;陕单911,不抗旱品种)的盆栽试验,研究了长期水分胁迫下氮、钾对各生育期叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度和叶绿素含量的影响,旨在从光合生理特性揭示这些因子的抗旱机理。结果表明,长期水分胁迫下叶片净光合速率,蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度(除成熟期)和叶绿素含量显著降低,不抗旱品种降幅更甚。抗旱品种的净光合速率和叶绿素含量大于不抗旱品种,而蒸腾速率和胞间二氧化碳浓度则相反。两品种苗期光合作用较弱,净光合速率和叶绿素含量均较低,抽雄期达到高峰。施氮能不同程度降低水分胁迫下玉米叶片的蒸腾速率,增加叶绿素含量.提高净光合速率,从而减缓水分胁迫对光合作用的伤害。随氮肥用量增加,不抗旱品种净光合速率和叶绿素含量显著升高,蒸腾速率和胞间二氧化碳浓度明显降低,两种氮肥用量间有显著差异;抗旱品种在低氮用量时效果显著,但高低氮用量间无显著区别。钾对受水分胁迫的玉米表现出比氮肥更突出的效果。相反,在适量供水条件下,氮、钾肥的作用明显下降。以上结果表明,适当用量的氮、钾肥可以有效地改善水分胁迫下作物叶片的光合特性,从而增强作物的抗旱性。

水分胁迫下氮、钾对不同基因型夏玉米氮代谢的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫和适量供水条件下,氮、钾对2种基因型夏玉米陕单9号(抗旱品种)和陕单911(不抗旱品种)各生育期体内硝酸还原酶活性、脯氨酸、甜菜碱和可溶性蛋白质积累的影响,旨在从氮代谢方面揭示这些因子的抗旱机理。试验结果表明,水分胁迫下,硝酸还原酶活性显著降低,不抗旱品种降低更甚;脯氨酸、甜菜碱和可溶性蛋白质有不同程度累积,抗旱品种含量和变幅大于不抗旱品种。2品种苗期对水分胁迫响应较弱,脯氨酸、甜菜碱和可溶性蛋白质含量低;拔节和抽雄期响应强烈,这些化合物含量增高,其中甜菜碱含量达到高峰时间比脯氨酸晚。水分胁迫下,施用氮肥能显著提高硝酸还原酶活性及脯氨酸、甜菜碱和可溶性蛋白质含量,改善氮代谢。不抗旱品种2种氮肥用量的效果有显著差异;抗旱品种在低氮用量时效果显著,低、高氮肥用量间无显著区别。适量供水下,氮肥作用明显下降,表明氮肥不仅在于供应养分,而且还能通过改善氮代谢而增强作物的抗旱性能。钾肥对受水分胁迫的夏玉米表现出比氮肥更突出的效果,而在适量供水时效果消失,表明在作物受旱条件下,显著改善作物氮代谢是钾增强作物抗旱性的主要机理之一。