Calculus bovis inhibits M2 tumor-associated macrophage polarization via Wnt/β-catenin pathway modulation to suppress liver cancer

BACKGROUND Calculus bovis(CB),used in traditional Chinese medicine,exhibits anti-tumor effects in various cancer models.It also constitutes an integral component of a compound formulation known as Pien Tze Huang,which is indicated for the treatment of liver cancer.However,its impact on the liver cancer tumor microenvironment,particularly on tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs),is not well understood.AIM To elucidate the anti-liver cancer effect of CB by inhibiting M2-TAM polarization via Wnt/β-catenin pathway modulation.METHODS This study identified the active components of CB using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS,evaluated its anti-neoplastic effects in a nude mouse model,and elucidated the underlying mechanisms via network pharmacology,transcriptomics,and molecular docking.In vitro assays were used to investigate the effects of CB-containing serum on HepG2 cells and M2-TAMs,and Wnt pathway modulation was validated by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis.RESULTS This study identified 22 active components in CB,11 of which were detected in the bloodstream.Preclinical investigations have demonstrated the ability of CB to effectively inhibit liver tumor growth.An integrated approach employing network pharmacology,transcriptomics,and molecular docking implicated the Wnt signaling pathway as a target of the antineoplastic activity of CB by suppressing M2-TAM polarization.In vitro and in vivo experiments further confirmed that CB significantly hinders M2-TAM polarization and suppresses Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation.The inhibitory effect of CB on M2-TAMs was reversed when treated with the Wnt agonist SKL2001,confirming its pathway specificity.CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that CB mediates inhibition of M2-TAM polarization through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway,contributing to the suppression of liver cancer growth.

Promise and challenges of traditional Chinese medicine,specifically Calculus bovis,in liver cancer treatment

Liver cancer,one of the most common malignancies worldwide,ranks sixth in incidence and third in mortality.Liver cancer treatment options are diverse,inclu-ding surgical resection,liver transplantation,percutaneous ablation,transarterial chemoembolization,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,targeted therapy,immuno-therapy,and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).A multidisciplinary team(MDT)is essential to customize treatment plans based on tumor staging,liver function,and performance status(PS),ensuring individualized patient care.Treatment decisions require a MDT to tailor strategies based on tumor staging,liver function,and PS,ensuring personalized care.The approval of new first-line and second-line drugs and the establishment of standard treatments based on immune checkpoint inhibitors have significantly expanded treatment options for advanced liver cancer,improving overall prognosis.However,many patients do not respond effectively to these treatments and ultimately succumb to the disease.Modern oncology treatments,while extending patient survival,often come with severe side effects,resistance,and damage to the body,negatively impacting quality of life.Huang et al's study published at World Journal of Gastroenterology rigorously validates the anticancer properties of Calculus bovis,enhancing our understanding of TCM and contributing to new liver cancer treatment strategies.For over 5000 years,TCM has been used in East Asian countries like China to treat various diseases,including liver conditions.Analysis of real-world clinical data suggests that for patients with advanced-stage tumors lacking effective treatments,integrated TCM therapies could provide significant breakthroughs.

Calculus bovis in hepatocellular carcinoma:Tumor molecular basis,Wnt/β-catenin pathway role,and protective mechanism

In this editorial,we comment on the recent article by Huang et al.The editorial focuses specifically on the molecular mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),mechanism of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in HCC,and protective mechanism of Calculus bovis(CB)in HCC.Liver cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths globally.The most prevalent kind of primary liver cancer,HCC,is typically brought on by long-term viral infections(hepatitis B and C),non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,excessive alcohol consumption,and other conditions that can cause the liver to become chronically inflamed and cirrhotic.CB is a wellknown traditional remedy in China and Japan and has been used extensively to treat a variety of diseases,such as high fever,convulsions,and stroke.Disturbances in lipid metabolism,cholesterol metabolism,bile acid metabolism,alcohol metabolism,and xenobiotic detoxification lead to fatty liver disease and liver cirrhosis.Succinate,which is a tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate,is vital to energy production and mitochondrial metabolism.It is also thought to be a signaling molecule in metabolism and in the development and spread of liver malignancies.The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is made up of a group of proteins that are essential for both adult tissue homeostasis and embryonic development.Cancer is frequently caused by the dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.In HCC liver carcinogenesis,Wnt/β-catenin signaling is activated by the expression of downstream target genes.Communication between the liver and the gut exists via the portal vein,biliary tract,and systemic circulation.This"gutliver axis"controls intestinal physiology.One of the main factors contributing to the development,progression,and treatment resistance of HCC is the abnormal activation of the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway.Therefore,understanding this pathway is essential to treating HCC.Eleven ingredients of CB,particularly oleanolic acid,ergosterol,and ursolic acid,have anti-primary liver cancer properties.Additionally,CB is important in the treatment of primary liver cancer through pathways linked to immune system function and apoptosis.CB also inhibits the proliferation of cancer stem cells and tumor cells and controls the tumor microenvironment.In the future,clinicians may be able to recommend one of many potential new drugs from CB ingredients to treat HCC expression,development,and progress.

Anti-tumor efficacy of Calculus bovis: Suppressing liver cancer by targeting tumor-associated macrophages

Despite significant advances in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of liver cancer and the availability of novel pharmacotherapies,liver cancer remains the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide.Tumor relapse,resistance to current anti-cancer drugs,metastasis,and organ toxicity are the major challenges that prevent considerable improvements in patient survival and quality of life.Calculus bovis(CB),an ancient Chinese medicinal drug,has been used to treat various pathologies,including stroke,convulsion,epilepsy,pain,and cancer.In this editorial,we discuss the research findings recently published by Huang et al on the therapeutic effects of CB in inhibiting the development of liver cancer.Utilizing the comprehensive transcriptomic analyses,in vitro experiments,and in vivo studies,the authors demonstrated that CB treatment inhibits the tumor-promoting M2 phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages via downregulating Wnt pathway.While multiple studies have been performed to explore the molecular mechanisms regulated by CB,this study uniquely shows its role in modulating the M2 phenotype of macrophages present within the tumor microenvironment.This study opens new avenues of future investigations aimed at investigating this drug’s efficacy in various mouse models including the effects of combination therapy,and against drug-resistant tumors.

From traditional Chinese medicine formulations to effective anticancer agents:Insights from Calculus bovis

This editorial examines the therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for aggressive cancers,particularly liver cancer.It highlights the study by Huang et al,which shows how Calculus bovis,a component of the TCM Pien Tze Huang,suppresses liver cancer by inhibiting M2 macrophage polarization via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.This research emphasizes the importance of transitioning from effective TCM formulations to isolating active components and understanding their mechanisms.While the study provides valuable insights,it primarily focuses on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and does not delve deeply into the mechanisms of individual components.Future research should aim to comprehensively study these components,explore their interactions,and validate findings through clinical trials.This approach will integrate traditional wisdom with modern scientific validation,advancing the development of innovative cancer treatments based on TCM formulations.

Niuhuang(Bovis Calculus)-Shexiang(Moschus)combination induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway

Objective To investigate the effects of Niuhuang(Bovis Calculus,BC)and Shexiang(Moschus)(BC-Moschus)on human hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)cells SMMC-7721 and a nude mouse model of subcutaneous xenografts,and to explore its anti-HCC mechanism.Methods The BC-Moschus combination was applied to two liver cancer models in vivo and in vitro.SMMC-7721 was divided into the BC-Moschus group and the control group,and different doses(rude drug dosage 0.625,1.25,2.5,and 5 mg/m L)of BC-Moschus extract were used for the intervention.The proliferation ability of HCC cells was detected using the Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)assay,and the migration ability was detected by a wound healing assay.A subcutaneous xenograft model was prepared using nude mice with human HCC.Specific pathogen-free-grade BALB/c nude mice(5-week-old)were randomly divided into the following groups(n=6 per group):control(0.9%physiological saline 0.2 m L/d),BC-Moschus[BC 45.5 mg/(kg·d)+Moschus 13 mg/(kg·d)],and cisplatin(DDP,intraperitoneal injection5 mg/kg per week)groups.All groups were administered for 14 d.The volume and mass of the subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice were observed.The expression levels of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin(PI3K/AKT/mTOR)pathway,apoptosis-associated factor p70 S6 Kinase(S6K),Bax,Bcl-2,caspase-3,and caspase-9 in nude mice subcutaneous xenografts were measured by real-time quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)and Western blot.Terminal Deoxynucleotidy Transferase-Mediated d UTP NickEnd Labeling(TUNEL)was used for quantitative analysis of apoptotic cells.Results The CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the BC-Moschus combination inhibited HCC cell proliferation in a superior manner to the use of BC and Moschus alone,and the inhibition effect was dose-and time-dependent(P<0.01).The wound healing assay showed that the BC-Moschus combination inhibited HCC cell migration(P<0.01).In the subcutaneous xenograft model of nude mice with human HCC,we found that the tumor volume and weight of the BC-Moschus group were lower than those of the control group(P<0.01).The levels of the PI3K/AKT/m TOR signaling pathway and S6K protein in the BC-Moschus and DDP groups were significantly decreased(P<0.01).The expression level of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 was downregulated(P<0.05),and the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Baxand apoptosis-related factors caspase-3 and caspase-9 were significantly upregulated(P<0.01).The TUNEL assays further confirmed that the combination of the BC-Moschuas could promote HCC(P<0.01).Conclusion The BC-Moschus combination inhibited the proliferation and migration ability of HCC cells SMMC-7721 and effectively inhibited the growth of subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice.The mechanism may be closely related to the downregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway,regulation of apoptosis-related protein caspase-3,caspase-9,Bcl-2,and Bax expression,and promotion of apoptosis.

牛支原体能量耦合因子转运蛋白S组件Mb BioY摄取外源生物素的功能分析

牛支原体(M.bovis)感染与生存依赖于外界微环境提供的各类营养代谢因子。开展M.bovis外源生物素摄取的机制研究,将对M.bovis防控具有极其重要的意义。通过对M.bovis PG45 Mb BioY(MBOVPG45_0349)基因进行系统发育分析、分子对接分析,筛选M.bovis PG45 Mb BioY突变株,比较PG45和PG45ΔMb BioY的生物素敏感性,异源构建Mb BioY功能性克隆验证其功能。结果表明,PG45染色体上存在一种崭新的生物素膜转运蛋白,全长996 bp,GC含量30.95%,蛋白长度为332个氨基酸,是由7个跨膜结构域组成的能量偶合因子(ECF)转运蛋白S成分Mb BioY。进一步验证后发现,当M.bovis缺失Mb BioY会影响其生长,表现出生物素代谢营养缺陷的表型。通过异源敲入生物素代谢营养缺陷大肠杆菌MG1655,表明Mb BioY单独存在时,就能够恢复生物素代谢营养缺陷大肠杆菌缺失株的生理功能。初步证明,Mb BioY编码的是能量偶合因子(ECF)转运蛋白的S成分具有摄取外源生物素的能力,该研究结果将补充细菌生物素代谢调控的多样性和复杂性,为M.bovis的有效防控提供独特视角。

牛支原体NM001株单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

为获得抗牛支原体NM001株单克隆抗体,并评价其特性,以牛支原体分离株NM001作为抗原免疫6周龄BALB/c小鼠,利用杂交瘤技术和间接ELISA方法筛选到2株能稳定分泌抗牛支原体的单克隆抗体细胞,命名为2C5和7G3。其细胞上清的间接ELISA抗体效价分别为6.4×10^(3)和1.2×10^(4)。经亚型测定,单抗2C5和7G3均属于IgG1类,轻链均是λ型。制备腹水并对单抗进行纯化和特性鉴定,两株单抗的间接ELISA抗体效价分别为1.02×10^(5)和4.09×10^(5),且两株单抗与无乳支原体、山羊支原体山羊肺炎亚种、丝状支原体山羊亚种、绵羊肺炎支原体、牛巴氏杆菌均无交叉反应。Western Blot结果显示,2株单抗均能特异性识别牛支原体全菌蛋白中的相应蛋白。试验表明,单抗2C5和7G3能够与牛支原体发生特异性反应,从而为牛支原体血清学检测提供一定的物质基础。

安宫牛黄丸干预新型冠状病毒感染的回顾性临床研究

目的分析安宫牛黄丸的使用与新型冠状病毒感染重症结局的相关性。方法采用病例对照试验设计,收集新型冠状病毒感染患者基本信息、中医辨证信息、安宫牛黄丸的治疗信息、疾病进展信息等。以是否转重症为结局变量,采用二元非条件逐步Logistic回归方法进行安宫牛黄丸是否用药以及安宫牛黄丸不同用药时机的相关性分析。结果纳入最终诊断为营血分证并具有发热症状者156例,倾向性评分匹配,安宫牛黄丸用药组35例,未用药组35例;Logistic分析结果未发现服用安宫牛黄丸与重症结局有相关性(P=0.330);进一步对安宫牛黄丸不同用药时间与重症结局的相关性进行分析,用药时间对重症结局可能存在影响(P=0.002),营血分证后用药组发生重症的风险是营血分证前用药组的9.308倍。结论安宫牛黄丸早期干预新型冠状病毒感染可能降低疾病转重症的风险。

以精准化监管为导向的牛黄与其临床急重病症用药中替代品的判别研究

目的:研究实现牛黄、培植牛黄和体外培育牛黄的准确判别,为实现此类型品种的精准化监管提供技术支持。方法:首先使用快速蒸发离子化质谱(REIMS)技术对牛黄、培植牛黄和体外培育牛黄样品进行测定,然后通过机器学习中的逻辑回归模型对测得的样品数据进行特征降维,得到仅有22个特征离子通道的数据。使用特征降维后的数据训练经过超参数优化后的逻辑回归模型。结果:该逻辑回归模型对测试集中3种牛黄类药材样品的判别准确率为0.94,精确度为0.90,F1得分为0.93,AUC值为0.99。结论:REIMS技术和逻辑回归模型相结合的分析方法可快速而准确地实现牛黄、培植牛黄和体外培育牛黄的品种判别,对此类型品种精准化监管提供技术支撑。

牛黄解毒片中重金属及有害金属元素测定及健康风险评估

目的测定牛黄解毒片中重金属及有害金属元素残留情况,并将风险评估引入中药外源性污染评价。方法样品经微波消解后,采用ICP-MS法对60批牛黄解毒片中重金属及有害金属元素含量进行测定,按照危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露评估和风险描述的程序,对健康风险进行初步评估。结果所测得4种元素在各自范围内线性关系均良好(r≥0.997),回收率为87.3%~93.1%(RSD≤3.1%)。60批样品中Cu﹑Cd﹑Pb均未超标,Hg超标率为48.3%。结论该方法灵敏准确,考察了牛黄解毒片中重金属及有害元素残留情况,科学评估了重金属对人体的健康风险,为中药牛黄解毒片的安全性评价提供研究思路。

经典藏药如意珍宝片多次给药的靶器官-脑组织的成分探究

目的:探讨经典藏药如意珍宝片多次给药后,其靶器官脑组织的活性成分,分析其可能的作用特点。方法:6只斯泼累格·多雷(SD)雄性大鼠分为对照组和观察组2组,连续给药7 d,在最后一次给药后1 h处死动物,取血浆和脑组织,分析入血成分,并对潜在入脑成分进行检测和验证。结果:采用Full mass/dd-MSMS模式,以目标峰的一级谱图的分子量的组成及二级质谱图的分子离子峰进行定性分析;并依据入血成分作为潜在入脑成分,将其输入到包含列表内,进行样品检测。结合数据库mzcloud和ChemSpider的结果,对潜在入脑成分进行搜索,根据保留时间、一级质量数和二级质谱数据,共发现了13个入脑成分,其中大豆苷、胆酸、紫苜蓿酮、3′-O-methylviolanone、胡椒碱已用标准品验证。色氨酸、茴香脑、异木香酸和腺苷已通过mzCloud数据库进行二级碎片信息比对。结论:如意珍宝片中的降香、荜茇、甘草膏、肉桂、木香、黄葵子、牛黄、红花等药物的有效成分能够进入靶器官脑组织中,发挥其疗效作用。

不同厂家牛黄解毒片中24种无机元素ICP-MS检测与质量评价

目的:建立牛黄解毒片中无机元素指纹图谱,结合化学计量学探究不同厂家产品中无机元素差异,评价他们质量的均一性。方法:对全国21个生产企业的牛黄解毒片,采用微波消解后-ICP-MS法测定样品中K、Mn、Zn等24种无机元素的含量,绘制无机元素质量分数分布图,通过主成分分析法对质量均一性进行评价。结果:24种元素ICP-MS测定在各自范围内线性关系均良好(r≥0.9996),回收率在86.9%~112.2%之间(RSD≤1.6%)。建立了牛黄解毒片无机元素指纹图谱,从指纹图谱相似度及PCA结果看,牛黄解毒片中无机元素的质量均一性较好,主要特征元素为K、Mn、Zn、B、Ni、Al、V、Cr、Ba、Sn。结论:本研究建立的无机元素指纹图谱可为牛黄解毒片质量评价提供研究基础。

安宫牛黄丸辅助再灌注治疗重症急性缺血性卒中的疗效研究

目的探讨安宫牛黄丸辅助再灌注治疗重症急性缺血性卒中(AIS)的疗效。方法回顾性选取2021年5月至2023年5月绍兴市人民医院收治的60例再灌注治疗时间窗内重症AIS患者为研究对象,采用安宫牛黄丸辅助再灌注治疗30例,为观察组;采用单纯再灌注治疗30例,为对照组。观察并比较两组患者治疗后病情及神经功能指标[包括美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)、改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分以及梗死后加重、梗死后出血、脑疝、神经功能恢复、治疗期间2周内死亡比例]、炎症指标[包括C反应蛋白(CRP)、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(PLR)、全身免疫炎症指数(SII)]等。结果观察组患者在90 d NIHSS评分,14、30 d GCS评分,90 d mRS评分以及神经功能恢复比例方面均优于对照组(均P<0.05)。两组患者治疗前后CRP、NLR、PLR、SII等炎症指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论安宫牛黄丸辅助再灌注治疗AIS有助于促进患者早期意识的恢复和远期神经功能缺损的改善,但对炎症指标影响不大。

开颅血肿消除术联合安宫牛黄丸治疗重症脑出血的疗效及对患者认知功能的影响

目的 探究临床将开颅血肿消除术联合安宫牛黄丸应用于重症脑出血治疗中的效果,并观察对患者认知功能的影响。方法 筛选63例重症脑出血患者,应用随机表法分成对照组(30例)和观察组(33例)。对照组采用开颅血肿消除术治疗,观察组在对照组基础上联合安宫牛黄丸治疗。比较两组临床疗效及治疗前后脑血流动力学指标(脑血管临界力、平均血流速度、平均血流量)、神经元因子[神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、S100钙化蛋白β(S100β)]、神经功能[改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分]、认知功能[蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评分]。结果 观察组治疗总有效率为93.94%,较对照组的73.33%高(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组脑血管临界力(9.60±1.27)kPa低于对照组的(10.38±1.52)kPa,血流速度(97.42±1.39)cm/s、血流量(14.95±4.30)ml/s高于对照组的(86.54±1.60)cm/s、(12.07±4.23)ml/s(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组血清NSE(15.26±1.63)ng/ml、S100β(0.96±0.27)μg/L低于对照组的(18.78±2.34)ng/ml、(1.18±0.31)μg/L(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组mRS评分(2.17±0.15)分低于对照组的(2.91±0.26)分(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组MoCA评分(19.56±2.87)分高于对照组的(16.71±3.15)分(P<0.05)。结论 临床将开颅血肿消除术联合安宫牛黄丸应用于重症脑出血治疗中方法可行,其能够提高临床疗效,改善脑血流动力学,调节神经元因子,使患者神经功能及认知功能逐渐恢复。

牛支原体兔体攻毒模型的建立

牛支原体是引起牛呼吸疾病综合征(bovine respiratory disease, BRD)的重要病原之一,对养牛业造成了不可估量的经济损失。牛支原体对大多数抗生素都具有耐药性,目前没有较好的药物可以进行治疗,因此疫苗免疫是最有效的防控方法。缺乏小动物评价模型是牛支原体疫苗研发的重要制约因素之一。建立小动物攻毒模型,为后续疫苗的研究与制备提供一定的研究基础,并降低后续试验的科研成本。为建立牛支原体小动物感染模型,本研究以2月龄日本大耳白兔作为研究对象,分为4组:1)单独攻击HB0801株牛支原体,2)注射地塞米松后攻击HB0801株牛支原体,3)攻击HB0801株牛支原体后注射KLH和巯基乙酸盐培养基;4)空白对照组。通过PCR检测牛支原体排菌情况,检测血清中抗体水平,第31天后取肺制作病理切片。研究结果显示,注射地塞米松后攻击HB0801株牛支原体组的牛支原体检出率和抗体均最高,牛支原体检出率为42.11%,91.67%的动物被检测为抗体阳性。显著高于其它各组。除空白对照组外,其它攻毒组均出现了肺泡壁增厚,巨噬细胞浸润以及肺部不同程度的纤维素性渗出,符合牛支原体导致的间质性肺炎的病变特征。本研究建立了牛支原体HB0801株攻毒日本大耳白兔的感染及评价模型,地塞米松造成免疫抑制后攻毒HB0801株具有最好的造模效果。

小儿牛黄清心散治疗热性惊厥患儿的疗效观察

目的 观察小儿牛黄清心散治疗热性惊厥患儿的疗效及对其血糖、乳酸及外周血神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平的影响。方法 选择2022年1月至2023年1月商水县人民医院诊治的90例热性惊厥患儿为研究对象,采用抛掷硬币法分为对照组和实验组,两组各45例。对照组给予退热、抗感染、消除痉挛、补充营养及维持水电解质等常规治疗,实验组在常规治疗的基础上加用小儿牛黄清心散治疗。比较两组的临床疗效、惊厥反复次数、发热持续时间、血糖指标、乳酸及血清NSE、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、中枢神经特异蛋白(S-100β)水平。结果 实验组治疗有效率(95.56%)高于对照组(77.78%),差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。治疗后,实验组反复惊厥次数明显少于对照组,发热持续时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。治疗后,两组血糖水平均降低,且实验组血糖水平低于对照组,两组钠离子水平均升高,且实验组钠离子水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。治疗后,两组乳酸及血清NSE、BDNF、S-100β水平均下降,且实验组水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。治疗期间,两组患儿不良反应发生率对比差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。结论 小儿牛黄清心散对儿童热性惊厥有较好的治疗作用,能降低惊厥次数,缩短发热时间,降低血糖、乳酸及血清NES、BDNF、S-100β水平,且安全性良好,值得临床推广。

牛支原体黏附相关因子的研究进展

牛支原体是严重危害世界养牛业的重要病原之一,可导致牛患肺炎、乳腺炎、关节炎等疾病,在全球范围内流行,给全球养牛业造成了较大经济损失。牛支原体的致病机理尚不清楚,黏附是牛支原体感染宿主并影响宿主细胞膜功能的关键步骤,而黏附相关因子是牛支原体黏附不同宿主细胞的主要参与者,与牛支原体的致病性相关。本文主要论述了牛支原体黏附相关因子及其作用研究进展,以期为牛支原体致病机制的阐释提供参考。

体外培育牛黄的基础和临床研究进展

牛黄是我国传统名贵中药材,药用历史已超过两千年。但是,牛黄产量低,价格昂贵。体外培育牛黄是天然牛黄的理想代用品,其性状、成分、临床疗效等方面与天然牛黄几乎相同。研究体外培育牛黄的基础和临床研究有助于更好的运用,挖掘其临床价值。通过分析结果显示,体外培育牛黄对人体的消化系统、中枢神经系统、免疫系统、内分泌系统等多个系统的疾病具有作用,新的研究发现其可以调控胆汁酸,有助于在临床上精准调控牛黄的用药剂量,治疗肝胆疾病。体外培育牛黄还具有抗肿瘤、抗衰老的作用,可以为治疗癌症、延长人的寿命领域提供重要的研究内容和参考价值,临床应用价值大。由于纳入的研究较少,今后还需要更多的文献进一步验证体外培育牛黄的价值。

Paenibacillus bovis BD3526产胞外多糖的培养条件优化

利用单因素试验和响应面法对Paenibacillus bovis BD3526产胞外多糖发酵条件工艺参数进行优化。结果表明:培养温度、时间、培养基装量与Paenibacillus bovis BD3526胞外多糖产量存在显著的相关性。当麸皮质量浓度为30 g/L时,BD3526产胞外多糖的优选条件为:培养温度29.91℃、培养时间23.96 h、培养基装量59.58m L/250 m L锥形瓶,采取上述优选条件进行培养,理论预测最大胞外多糖产量为11.11 g/L。验证试验实际测得多糖平均产量为10.92 g/L,比理论预测值低1.71%。