An Air Defense Weapon Target Assignment Method Based on Multi-Objective Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

With the advancement of combat equipment technology and combat concepts,new requirements have been put forward for air defense operations during a group target attack.To achieve high-efficiency and lowloss defensive operations,a reasonable air defense weapon assignment strategy is a key step.In this paper,a multi-objective and multi-constraints weapon target assignment(WTA)model is established that aims to minimize the defensive resource loss,minimize total weapon consumption,and minimize the target residual effectiveness.An optimization framework of air defense weapon mission scheduling based on the multiobjective artificial bee colony(MOABC)algorithm is proposed.The solution for point-to-point saturated attack targets at different operational scales is achieved by encoding the nectar with real numbers.Simulations are performed for an imagined air defense scenario,where air defense weapons are saturated.The non-dominated solution sets are obtained by the MOABC algorithm to meet the operational demand.In the case where there are more weapons than targets,more diverse assignment schemes can be selected.According to the inverse generation distance(IGD)index,the convergence and diversity for the solutions of the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III(NSGA-III)algorithm and the MOABC algorithm are compared and analyzed.The results prove that the MOABC algorithm has better convergence and the solutions are more evenly distributed among the solution space.

Full-domain collaborative deployment method of multiple interference sources and evaluation of its deployment effect

This paper realizes the full-domain collaborative deployment of multiple interference sources of the global satellite navigation system(GNSS)and evaluates the deployment effect to enhance the ability to disturb the attacker and the capability to defend the GNSS during navigation countermeasures.Key evaluation indicators for the jamming effect of GNSS suppressive and deceptive jamming sources are first created,their evaluation models are built,and their detection procedures are sorted out,as the basis for determining the deployment principles.The principles for collaboratively deploying multi-jamming sources are developed to obtain the deployment structures(including the required number,structures in demand,and corresponding positions)of three single interference sources required by collaboratively deploying.Accordingly,simulation and hardware-in-loop testing results are presented to determine a rational configuration of the collaborative deployment of multi-jamming sources in the set situation and further realize the full-domain deployment of an interference network from ground,air to space.Varied evaluation indices for the deployment effect are finally developed to evaluate the deployment effect of the proposed configuration and further verify its reliability and rationality.

Ripple-effect analysis for operational architecture of air defense systems with supernetwork modeling

In order to solve the problem that the ripple-effect analy- sis for the operational architecture of air defense systems （OAADS） is hardly described in quantity with previous modeling approaches, a supernetwork modeling approach for the OAADS is put for- ward by extending granular computing. Based on that operational units and links are equal to different information granularities, the supernetwork framework of the OAADS is constructed as a “four- network within two-layer” structure by forming dynamic operating coalitions, and measuring indexes of the ripple-effect analysis for the OAADS are given combining with Laplace spectral radius. In this framework, via analyzing multidimensional attributes which inherit relations between operational units in different granular scales, an extended granular computing is put forward integrating with a topological structure. Then the operation process within the supernetwork framework, including transformation relations be- tween two layers in the vertical view and mapping relations among functional networks in the horizontal view, is studied in quantity. As the application case shows, comparing with previous modeling approaches, the supernetwork model can validate and analyze the operation mechanism in the air defense architecture, and the ripple-effect analysis can be used to confirm the key operational unit with micro and macro viewpoints.

Effects of Main Meteorological Disasters and Their Defense Counterm easures in Ningxia

[ Objective] The study aimed to discuss effects of major meteorological disasters on national economic construction as well as people＇s lives and property in Ningxia. [Method] Based on data about meteorological disasters over the past 50 years and their direct economic losses dur- ing 2003-2011 in Ningxia, effects of major meteorological disasters on national economic construction as well as people＇s lives and property were discussed, and some defense countermeasures of meteorological disasters were put forward. [ Result] In Ningxia, drought, rainstorm and flood, gale and dust, hail and thunderstorm had done considerable harm to national economic construction as well as people＇s lives and property. Since 2003, total direct economic losses caused by all meteorological disasters in Ningxia changed from 1.28 billion to 1.97 billion yuan and accounted for 0.8% -3.1% of GDP of Ningxia. Among them, the direct economic losses caused by drought were the highest and annual average value during 2003 -2011 reached 1.22 billion yuan, accounting for 77.6% of total direct economic losses caused by all meteorological disasters in Ningxia. The direct economic losses caused by rainstorm, flood and hail ranked second, and their annual average values were 0.11 billion and 0.12 billion yuan, accounting for 7.4% and 7.6% of total direct economic losses. Meanwhile, annual average direct economic losses caused by thunderstorm in Ningxia reached 1.18 million yuan. In addition, annual average value of the direct economic losses caused by gale and dust totaled 0.01 billion yuan, with a proportion of 1.0%. [ Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for the defense of meteorological disasters in future.

The Defense Effect of ABA against Turnip crinkle virus (TCV)

[ Objective ] The paper was to understand whether abscisic acid （ABA） participates the defense effect of hosts against Turnip crinkle virus （TCV）. [ Method] By external application of ABA and using the corresponding mutants, TCV coat protein levels of various plants were detected by western-blot, and the expression of defense-related genes was analyzed by RT-PCR. [Result] After external application of SA, JA, ET and ABA, only SA and ABA could significantly inhibit TCV accumulation. In arabidopsis-TCV interaction system, SA and ABA had antagonistic effect with each other, the defense effect against TCV induced by ABA was independent on SA pathway. [ Conclusion] The plants could activate distinct signal pathways to adjust the defense of hosts against virus.

Maternal Environment Effects on Phenolic Defenses in <i>Abutilon theophrasti</i>Seeds

A class of phenolic compounds, ortho-dihydroxyphenols (hereafter “o-DHP”), has been implicated with seed survival. Based on expectations of the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis, we predicted that seed o-DHP concentration exhibits a curvilinear response to increasing resource availability in the maternal environment, with maximum o-DHP occurring at moderate resource levels. To test this hypothesis, Abutilon theophrasti seeds were produced under field conditions at two locations. Each location included twelve maternal environments established through factorial combinations of soil compost (+/-), species assemblage (A. theophrasti with and without maize), and soil nitrogen fertilizer (0, 0.5× or 1× local recommendations for maize). Resource availability with respect to A. theophrasti growth was summarized by above-ground biomass at seed harvest (maternal biomass). Results indicated that seed o-DHP concentrations increased then decreased in response to increasing maternal biomass. This relationship was modeled with a unimodal function specific to location (Location 1, y = 1.18 + 0.03xe-0.02x, pseudo-R2 = 0.59, p = 0.003;Location 2, y = 1.40 + 0.006xe-0.005x;pseudo-R2 = 0.34, p = 0.05). Seed protein concentrations remained constant across maternal biomass levels. Because inherent vulnerability to predation and decay is considered a consequence of chemical protection relative to nutritional offering, our results suggest that A. theophrasti seed susceptibility to lethal attack is influenced by resource levels in the maternal environment. More broadly, our results suggest that the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis can be extended to maternal effects on seed phenolics.

Analysis Criteria for Defense Expenditure Performance - Economy, Efficiency, and Effectiveness

Based on the analysis of public expenditure performance,this article discusses the economy,efficiency,and effectiveness of defense expenditure performance,explains the relationship of the three,and emphasizes their unity,interaction,and priority.The defense expenditure performance evaluation system,which is a comprehensive assessment of processes and results,is put forward along with the unification of economy,efficiency,and effectiveness.This system can be used to analyze whether the allocation and use of defense funds have achieved the strategic objectives of the Department of Defense.

Multi-stage attack weapon target allocation method based on defense area analysis

For better reflecting the interactive defense between targets in practical combat scenarios,the basic weapon-target allocation(WTA)framework needs to be improved.A multi-stage attack WTA method is proposed.First,a defense area analysis is presented according to the targets’positions and the radii of the defense areas to analyze the interactive coverage and protection between targets’defense areas.Second,with the coverage status and coverage layer number,a multi-stage attack planning method is proposed and the multi-stage attack objective function model is established.Simulation is conducted with interactive defense combat scenarios,the traditional WTA method and the multi-stage WTA method are compared,and the objective function model is validated with the Monte-Carlo method.The results suggest that if the combat scenario involves interactive coverage of targets’defense areas,it is imperative to analyze the defense areas and apply the multi-stage attack method to weakening the target defense progressively for better combat effectiveness.

Intercepts allocation for layered defense

One important mission of the strategic defense is to develop an integrated, layered ballistic missile defense system（BMDS）. Considering the problem of assigning limited defense weapons to incoming ballistic missiles, we illustrate how defense weapons, ballistic missiles, kill probability and effectiveness of defense（ED） are interrelated and how to understand this relationship for achieving the best allocation plan. Motivated by the queueing theory, in which the available resources are not sufficient to satisfy the demands placed upon them at all times, the layered deployed defense weapon is modeled as a queueing system to shoot Poisson arrived targets. Simultaneously, examples, of optimum intercepts allocation problems under different constraints are presented. The four theorems determine the allocation rules of intercepts to targets that maximize ED or minimize the cost to achieve a required ED.

浅析美国高功率微波效应研究动态

简要介绍了美国国际高级研究计划局(DARPA)发布的“波形捷变射频定向能(WARDEN)”项目、空军研究实验室公布的《定向能和基地防御》和《定向能未来2060-美国国防部定向能技术未来40年远景》报告,重点分析了“WARDEN”项目、《定向能和基地防御》和《定向能未来2060-美国国防部定向能技术未来40年远景》报告中的高功率微波效应研究动态,分析归纳了当前美国高功率微波效应研究进展和研究重点是“深化无人机和巡航导弹高功率微波后门扰乱效应机理,提升高功率微波武器系统对无人机和巡航导弹的攻击距离”,这些结论可为我国高功率微波效应研究提供重要参考。

小口径定距空爆弹末端防空拦截实时模拟及开舱距离研究

针对现有小口径定距空爆弹末端防空拦截及开舱距离模拟中,无法体现开舱后子弹云团与目标的动态交会过程,并忽略了定距空爆引信实际启动规律,导致毁伤效能评估不准确的问题,开展小口径定距空爆弹末端防空拦截实时模拟及开舱距离进行研究。通过建立多束定向预制破片战斗部、弹目交会及以巡航导弹为拦截目标的等效目标数值模型,搭建小口径定距空爆弹末端防空拦截实时模拟平台。基于实时模拟平台,引入武器系统误差与定距空爆引信实测启动规律,分析炮弹在不同射击距离下开舱距离与毁伤效能的关系,并对小口径定距空爆弹引信技术发展方向进行展望。研究结果表明,引信实际启动规律使得最优毁伤效能随射击距离的增加而减少的幅度增大,在射击远距离目标时,0~20 m的开舱距离内都存在着较高的完全脱靶率。

基于节点重要性和改进效能环的防空反导预警体系能力评估

针对防空反导预警体系能力评估中存在的现实性较弱、考虑异质特性较少和能力计算不够全面等问题,提出基于节点重要性和改进效能环的体系能力评估方法。依托超网络模型对体系结构进行抽象建模,给出具有现实意义的效能环模型。从网络全局和局部节点的重要性出发,根据节点之间相互影响关系对效能边进行分析,并结合节点的重要性和可靠性提出体系的能力期望,从而改进基于效能环的体系能力评估方法。反导预警作战的案例仿真分析结果表明:新方法具有可行性与合理性,充分考虑了防空反导预警体系的现实特性和装备的异质特征,能够较全面地评估体系作战能力,为体系的能力评估和结构优化提供理论支撑。

基于大指令变化率下的防空导弹姿态控制方法

针对防空导弹的目标机动性较强带来的姿态控制品质变差的问题,提出一种事件触发控制方法。首先分析了由于目标机动性过强导致的指令变化率未知,以及指令变化率过大导致稳态误差较大的原因。针对此问题引入非线性最速跟踪微分器获取指令变化率,研究指令变化率与姿态角误差之间关系,定义稳态效应指标,并在该指标基础上设计了基于事件触发的新增控制量。采用滑模控制和扰动观测器使系统在指令变化率较大条件下的稳态误差被抑制在5%误差带之内。在工程实践的背景下,数值仿真考虑了气动参数拉偏以及执行机构限幅,仿真结果验证了设计的控制系统的有效性。

基于TOPSIS的防空预警装备体系作战效能评估方法

为了检验预警装备体系在特定条件下完成作战任务的效果和优选作战方案,对防空预警装备体系作战效能评估方法进行了研究。通过分析区域防空预警作战流程,构建了基于侦察预警能力、战场生存能力、指挥控制能力和综合保障能力的作战效能评估指标体系。针对单一赋权方法权值偏颇的不足,运用序关系分析法(G1法)和改进的标准间冲突性相关性(CRITIC)法确定指标综合权重,利用改进的逼近理想解排方法(TOPSIS)对防空预警装备体系作战效能进行定量评估。通过装备部署方案仿真试验,验证了该方法的可行性和科学性,对防空预警装备体系作战方案的设计和优化具有指导意义。

线列式破片战斗部对导弹目标毁伤效能分析

为探究线列式破片战斗部对导弹目标的毁伤效能,通过数值计算方法,研究了线列式战斗部破片排布方式及炸药材料类型对破片威力场分布特性的影响规律,分析了不同着靶姿态对破片侵彻导弹舱段等效靶板的影响,得到破片侵彻不同厚度靶板的极限速度;对导弹目标整体及各舱段毁伤程度进行定义,并对不同弹目交会条件下线列式战斗部对导弹目标的毁伤效能进行了研究。结果表明:弹目交会时,战斗部俯仰角的变化主要影响破片场命中导弹时的轴向位置;战斗部偏航角的变化会影响破片聚焦带的方向;弹目距离主要影响导弹目标附近的破片密度。

论刑事法律援助案件有效辩护的实现——以刑事案件律师辩护全覆盖改革试点为契机

刑事案件律师辩护全覆盖改革试点由审判阶段向审查起诉阶段延伸,将有效提高刑事案件律师辩护率。但从刑事案件律师辩护全覆盖与有效辩护的双重视角出发,刑事辩护率提高的同时应当同步关注刑事辩护质量的提升。囿于律师资源分配不均、统计口径不区分值班律师与辩护律师、法律援助经费不足、辩护质量评估体系阙如,刑事法律援助案件辩护质量与有效辩护的标准仍存在距离。下一步,在量上,应当借助律师人数不断增长的契机,推动刑事案件律师辩护全覆盖向侦查阶段覆盖;在质上,则应当通过提高法律援助辩护律师的经费保障、推动值班律师辩护人化、建立健全法律援助质量评估体系,以实现刑事法律援助案件从“有”辩护向“有效”辩护的目标迈进。

论法律援助中的有效辩护——基于法律援助与委托辩护的对比性分析

法律援助与委托辩护在发生基础与价值导向上存在根本差异,因此有效辩护的侧重及实现亦有所不同,应分别探讨。委托辩护以民事合同为基础,以利益为导向,其中有效辩护的界定应是“令委托人满意的辩护”,在信息公开的条件下依靠市场自发调节可以实现。法律援助是以政府指派为基础,以义务为导向,其中的有效辩护应界定为“尽职尽责的辩护”,实现路径需依靠政府的有效监管,并对法律援助相关制度予以进一步的完善。

认罪认罚案件中有效法律帮助的反思

被追诉人获得有效法律帮助乃认罪认罚从宽制度的正当性基础。从顶层设计分析,立法始终高度关注被追诉人的权益保障问题,为认罪认罚案件中有效法律帮助的实现提供规范基础。从司法实务出发,经对C市2023年116份刑事一审判决书的分析,实务中有效律师帮助尚未真正实现,需要通过惩戒机制、司法救济等手段对其予以矫正。

舰艇对岛礁巡航有效防空区域研究

世界上滨海国家拥有的岛礁的很多,而且岛礁面积一般比较小,距离本土有一定距离,岛礁上自有防御系统难以满足安全需求,各个国家通常派遣舰艇和飞机巡航协同岛礁防御。为提升巡航时对敌方力量的威慑力,通过数学推导及模型的建立,提出了舰艇对岛礁巡航的全有效威慑区域以及部分有效威慑区域概念,并通过案例进行了解算,同时对有解的边界条件进行了分析。舰艇在对岛礁巡航时在相应的求解区域内进行航路规划飞行可发挥自身武器的最大效能,增加对入侵飞机的震慑,为提升岛礁的有效防空能力、多层次防御力量部署提供参考借鉴。

律师辩护全覆盖:规范分析与实效检验

《关于开展刑事案件律师辩护全覆盖试点工作的办法》第二条规定的性质是法律拟制,这使原本不是律师辩护的其他辩护人辩护、值班律师法律帮助也被视为律师辩护。律师辩护全覆盖是指被追诉人在法律上有获得辩护律师辩护、其他辩护人辩护或值班律师法律帮助的权利。通过实证研究发现,律师辩护全覆盖试点显著提升了刑事案件的律师辩护率,尤其是新增指定辩护案件的规定效果明显。但改革试点工作也面临诸多难题,包括一些简易程序案件和速裁程序案件被告人没有获得值班律师法律帮助,指定辩护律师在举证、提出辩护意见、辩护意见采纳、定罪量刑辩护等方面发挥的作用明显弱于委托辩护律师,值班律师未能提供有效法律帮助等。律师辩护全覆盖改革的优化需要从以下方面着力:完善指定辩护的适用范围,确保通知法律帮助义务的充分履行,提高指定律师辩护的质量标准,明确有效法律帮助的认定标准。