Statics, vibration, and buckling of sandwich plates with metamaterial cores characterized by negative thermal expansion and negative Poisson's ratio

This paper proposes a three-dimensional(3D)Maltese cross metamaterial with negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)and negative thermal expansion(NTE)adopted as the core layers in sandwich plates,and aims to explore the relations between the mechanical responses of sandwich composites and the NPR or NTE of the metamaterial.First,the NPR and NTE of the metamaterial are derived analytically based on energy conservation.The effective elastic modulus and mass density of the 3D metamaterial are obtained and validated by the finite element method(FEM).Subsequently,the general governing equation of the 3D sandwich plate under thermal environments is established based on Hamilton’s principle with the consideration of the von Kármán nonlinearity.The differential quadrature(DQ)FEM(DQFEM)is utilized to obtain the numerical solutions.It is shown that NPR and NTE can enhance the global stiffness of sandwich structures.The geometric parameters of the Maltese cross metamaterial significantly affect the responses of the thermal stress,natural frequency,and critical buckling load.

Warm hydroforming of magnesium alloy tube with large expansion ratio

Process of warm tube hydroforming was experimentally investigated for forming an AZ31B magnesium alloy tubular part with a large expansion ratio.Effects of temperature on the mechanical properties and formability were studied by uniaxial tensile test and hydraulic bulge test.Total elongation increases with temperature up to 250 °C,but uniform elongation and maximum expansion ratio get the highest value at 175 °C.Different axial feeding amounts were applied in experiments to determine the reasonable loading path.A preform with useful wrinkles was then realized and the tubular part with an expansion ratio of 50% was formed.Finally,mechanical condition to produce useful wrinkles is deduced and the result illustrates that useful wrinkles are easier to be obtained for tube with higher strain hardening coefficient value and tubular part with smaller expansion ratio.

Investigation on Noise Control Technology of Ultra-High Expansion Ratio Turbine

Aerodynamic noise control is one of the key technologies in the development of stealth technology of torpedo. The noise producing mechanism in an ultra-high expansion ratio turbine with partial admission were discussed. Wide wakes originating from non-outlet region between elliptical nozzles,circumferential non-uniformity owing to partial admission design and complex shock system formed in narrow space between nozzles and rotors are three main sources of aerodynamic noise in this turbine. Thus,two kinds of aerodynamic noise control methods were put forward,namely adding axial gap between the nozzle and rotor,nozzle-down,bilateral repair and trailing edge blowing. Steady annulus simulation results showed that the aerodynamic noise was significantly reduced by more than 10 dB after optimization,which had little impact on the aerodynamic performance of the turbine.

Experimental and Numerical Research on Deformation Behavior of Thin-Walled and Large Expansion Ratio Guide Vane Liner in Hydroforming Process

Some tube hydroforming process tests and further research work were conducted to manufacture hollow guide vane liners( made of super alloy GH3030).The relative thickness( t0/ OD) of the tubular blank is approximately 0. 01,and the maximum expansion ratio( Dmax/ OD) of the needed part is more than 40%,and the length to diameter ratio of the expansion regionis more than 3. 0. It is very hard to manufacture this kind of ultra-thin-wall,curved axis and large expansion ratio tubular part without fracture and wrinkles. The success of the process is highly dependent on useful wrinkles with appropriate internal pressure and axial feeding. A simplified finite element model and a theoretical model are used for detecting the deformation behavior and forming laws. Further study results demonstrate that the useful wrinkles do not appear at the same time and middle-wrinkles need bigger axial force than tube-end-wrinkles and feeding-wrinkles. The wrinkles can transfer bigger axial force after its wave peak has come into contact with the die inner surface. The thickness thinning rate of the element at the peak is bigger than that at the trough. With the increase of the axial and hoop stress ratio,the critical buckling stress also increases. Microstructure examination results show that the grain size in the maximum thinning zone has been stretched and refined after the large deformation and annealing treatment.The process is feasible and the finished part is qualified.

Development and evaluation of a hot-rolled 780 MPa steel sheet with an ultra-high expansion ratio

This paper explores the development of a 780 MPa hot-rolled high-strength steel with an ultra-high hole expansion ratio(HER) by using a nanoprecipitation-controlled technology.Systematic analysis and evaluation of an industrially produced steel sheet have been performed to investigate the microstructure, nanoprecipitates, tensile properties, HER,bendability, and forming limit diagram.The newly developed 780 MPa hot-rolled high-strength steel sheet is composed of a fully ferritic microstructure of approximately 5 μm with precipitates of approximately 4-5 nm in ferrite grain interiors.The yield strength and tensile strength can reach above 700 and 780 MPa, respectively.Moreover, the fractured elongation is higher than 19% in the transversal direction, and the average HER exceeds 70%.Furthermore, the newly developed 780 MPa high-strength steel has good bendability reaching R/t=0.2 at 90°.Compared with the conventional 780 MPa high-strength steel, the newly developed 780 MPa high-strength steel exhibits superior forming ability, which is suitable for the production of complex components.High-cycle fatigue indicates that the fatigue limit of the newly developed high-strength steel is 430 MPa under a stress ratio of r=-1,indicating good fatigue properties.The excellent combined mechanical properties of the newly developed 780 MPa high-strength steel are attributed to the grain-refined ferritic microstructure with nanoprecipitates in ferrite grain interiors.

An experimental study of salt expansion in sodium saline soils under transient conditions

Salt expansion in sulfate saline soils that are widely distributed in northwestern China causes serious infrastructural damages under low-temperature conditions. However, the mechanism of salt expansion under low temperatures is not clear. In this study, we conducted a series of cooling experiments combined with salt crystallization to study this mechanism, and employed an ionic model to calculate the supersaturation ratio of the solution. During the experiments, the strength and the process of salt expansion were examined under different cooling rates and various crystal morphologies. The relationship between temperature and supersaturation ratio under transient conditions was also considered. Results indicate that the initial supersaturation ratio of a sodium sulfate solution is closely related to environmental conditions, and that this ratio decreases with slowing the cooling rates and stabilizing the crystal forms. Higher initial supersaturation ratios lead to an increased non-steady-state zone, resulting in less salt expansion. On the other hand, chloride ion content has a distinct influence on the crystallization supersaturation ratio of the sodium sulfate solution, and higher chloride ion content can inhibit salt expansion in sodium saline soils. These findings help explain salt expansion mechanisms in complex conditions such as seasonally frozen soils, and thus help search for improved methods of preventing salt expansion in sulfate saline soils.

Experimental study on expansion and cracking properties of static cracking agents in different assembly states

Rolled static cracking agent(RSCA)can solve the intractable problem of traditional bulk static cracking agent(BSCA)in engineering applications.This paper innovatively studies the rational water-cement ratio of BSCA and the immersion soaking time of RSCA under the condition of controlling temperature.Through the expansion and cracking performance experiments,the development characteristics of expansion pressure,the cracking effect of the single-hole specimen and the performance of hole spraying prevention under the action of BSCA and RSCA were compared and analyzed.The results show that:(1)The volume growth rate of static cracking agent decreases with the increase of water-cement ratio,and the fluidity increases with the increase of water-cement ratio.The rational water-cement ratio for BSCA application is 0.3,and the rational immersion time of RSCA is 2-2.5 min;(2)Under the bore diameters of 30,35,40 and 45 mm,the expansion pressure of BSCA with a water-cement ratio of 0.3 is 38.2,52.3,61.5 and 68 MPa,and the expansion pressure of RSCA immersed in water for 2.5 min is 43.5,58.8,69.5 and 75.1 MPa,respectively.Among them,the development speed of expansion pressure of BSCA is higher than that of RSCA,and the arrival time of the peak expansion pressure of RSCA is 1.7 times that of BSCA;(3)The crack initiation speed of single-hole specimen under the action of RSCA is 10.3%lower than that under the action of BSCA,but the cracking speed of the former is 72.6%higher than that of the latter;(4)The hole spraying occurs in BSCA under the bore diameter of 50,55 and 60 mm,while the hole spraying occurs in RSCA under the bore diameter of 60 mm.In terms of bore diameter,the hole spraying prevention of the RSCA is better than that of BSCA.The research results enrich the static blasting technology and provide data support and theoretical reference for field application.

Experimental research on the mixed sand ratio and initial dry density of weathered sand improved expansive soil free load swelling rate

In this paper, through the indoor free load swelling rate test, expansive soil in a section of a first- class highway reconstruction project in Yichang City was studied. It emphatically analyzed the interrelations among free load swelling rate, non-load time, the proportion of mixed sand and initial dry density. Experimen- tal studies have shown that： Free load swelling deformation is mainly divided into three stages of rapid expan- sion, slow expansion and final stability; when the initial dry density is constant, free load swelling rate of the weathered sand modified soil will reduce rapidly before they slow down with the increase of sand proportion, and weathered sand modified soil free load swelling rate is not sensitive to the large amount of sand mixed; in the same mixed sand ratio, weathered sand modified soil free load swelling rate increases rapidly with the in- crease of initial dry density, there is a good linear correlation between them. To take appropriate control of the initial dry density during the expansive soil subgrade construction helps to reduce its swelling deformation and ensures the stability of the embankment.

Experimental Study on the Expansion Behavior of Full Aggregate Steel Slag Concrete

To improve the utilization rate of steel slag,this paper investigates the expansion behavior of Full Aggregate Steel Slag Concrete(FASSC).Orthogonal experiment was performed to analyze the effects of sand ratio,water-cement ratio,steel slag sand content,replacement particle size of steel slag sand,coarse steel slag content,and replacement particle size of coarse steel slag on the expansion rate of FASSC.Test results demonstrated that the expansion rate of FASSC decreased with a gradual increase in the replacement particle size of steel slag sand or the coarse steel slag content.With a gradual increase in the water-cement ratio or the steel slag sand content,the expansion rate of FASSC first increased and then decreased.As the sand ratio increased,the expansion rate of FASSC first decreased and then increased.Among these,the steel slag sand content and the replacement particle size of steel slag sand significantly affected the expansion rate of FASSC.The mix proportions of SSC for self-stressing CFST and shrinkage compensating SSC were suggested according to the experimental research.Additionally,a formula for approximately predicting the expansion rate of FASSC was proposed based on the single factor weighted fitting.

单组分湿固化型聚氨酯混合料的体积膨胀特性

为研究单组分湿固化型聚氨酯混合料的体积膨胀特性,提出了基于游标卡尺的体积膨胀特性表征方法,分析了体积膨胀后的宏微观形貌,研究了不同因素作用下体积膨胀的变化规律,以及体积膨胀对空隙率的影响,并提出了抑制体积膨胀的方法.结果表明:聚氨酯混合料会因空隙率较小,致使固化反应产生的二氧化碳气体难以完全逸出,在混合料内部会产生数量较多的宏微观气孔结构,1个马歇尔试样可产生高达1.5 mm的膨胀变形;提高压实温度、采用二次压实或添加氢氧化钙,均会显著降低混合料的体积膨胀,且对路用性能也有一定提升;增大胶石比,混合料的体积膨胀单调递增,空隙率则先减小后增大.为控制体积膨胀,建议压实温度为45~65℃,且胶石比不宜过大,添加氢氧化钙时,其质量分数不宜超过1%.

CFB飞灰压浆料的制备及高强微膨胀机理研究

利用循环流化床燃煤固硫灰(CFB飞灰)的活性与膨胀性制备压浆料,研究了CFB飞灰掺量和水胶比对压浆料工作性能、强度和膨胀率的影响;CFB飞灰与矿粉以不同比例复配,对比研究了CFB飞灰压浆料的高强微膨胀特性,并采用XRD与SEM分析验证。结果表明,随CFB飞灰替代水泥掺量的增加,压浆料的需水性增强,抗压强度降低,20%(质量分数)CFB飞灰的试样28 d抗压强度与基样接近,可达85.8 MPa,而抗折强度先升高后降低,膨胀率一直升高。随用水量的增加,压浆料的膨胀率降低但均为正值。随CFB飞灰取代矿粉率的提高,压浆料的工作性能降低,28 d抗压强度先升高后降低,其中20%(质量分数)CFB飞灰、10%(质量分数)矿粉复合的试样28 d抗压强度最高,为99.8 MPa,膨胀率一直升高。通过CFB飞灰与矿粉复合配制了各项性能均满足铁标要求的压浆料。CFB飞灰不仅自身水化产生膨胀,还能激活矿粉活性,产生复合增强作用。

扩底桩竖向承载特性及群桩效应研究

为探明扩底群桩竖向承载特性,采用扩底桩筏结构,开展单桩(扩径比分别为1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0)和桩筏(扩径比为2)基础静载模型试验,分析其荷载传递规律,并建立桩间距为3.75、4.00、4.50、5.00倍桩直径时扩底桩筏基础有限元模型,研究桩间距对群桩效应影响。结果表明:扩底单桩和扩底桩筏结构荷载沉降曲线均为缓变型;扩底桩极限承载力随扩径比增大而逐渐增大,扩径比2.5~3.0时极限承载力增幅变缓,建议扩底桩扩径比取2.5~3.0;由于桩土共同沉降,桩间土压缩,桩土作用更充分,扩底桩筏基础中心桩侧摩阻力荷载分担比比扩底单桩增大了17.71%;群桩效应系数随桩间距增大而逐渐增大,桩间距为4.5~5.0倍桩直径时群桩效应系数增幅较小,群桩效应较弱,建议扩底桩筏基础桩间距取值不小于4.5倍桩直径。

某试验台高温高压管道结构设计研究

针对某型号燃烧室压力模化试验台高温高压管道展开设计,管道试压过程发生膨胀节变形,根据现场实际变形情况开展原因分析,提出膨胀节及试验台管道优化改进方案,通过开展有限元分析,论证了方案的可行性。根据优化改进方案进行现场调整,并开展高温高压联调测试,验证了优化改进方案的可行性。

不同应力水平对支架降解影响的有限元分析

目的建立多种腐蚀因素共同作用的支架降解模型,探究不同应力水平对可降解支架的降解行为及服役性能的影响。方法基于连续损伤力学原理,通过在有限元框架下为独立单元设置腐蚀属性和材料属性,对支架降解过程中的力学强度和几何变化进行模拟,由此建立均匀腐蚀、应力腐蚀及点腐蚀多种因素共同作用下的支架动态降解模型。分别将支架扩张至血管直径的1.05、1.1、1.2倍为支架提供不同的应力水平,对三种不同工况的降解过程进行数值模拟,分析降解过程中的支架形态、质量损失率及服役时间等。结果支架植入后的应力水平会对其服役性能产生显著影响。随着扩张比的增加,三种应力水平下支架断裂的时间分数分别为0.95、0.82和0.78,断裂时的质量损失率分别为73%、63%和60%。降解过程中由应力腐蚀主导移除的单元数量分别为112、125和139;应力腐蚀作为主导因素的时间分数分别为0.93、0.82和0.78。血管塌陷的时间分数分别为0.83、0.72和0.68,并且血管塌陷发生在支架失去其几何完整性之前。结论对于可降解支架,选择恰当的扩张比对获得良好的支架治疗效果有重要影响。高扩张比在更好维持管腔通畅性的同时也通过提高花冠处的应力水平使局部应力腐蚀作用增加,从而缩短了支架的服役时间,导致其更容易发生不均匀降解。

基于响应面法的膨胀性充填体强度演化规律及配比优化

针对某铁矿采场充填接顶率低和接顶效果差的问题,通过添加复合膨胀剂可实现采场主动接顶.采用响应面法,借助Design-Expert软件中的Box-Behnken design(BBD)方法,开展了膨胀性充填体强度配比试验,研究了料浆质量分数、胶固粉质量分数和复合膨胀剂质量分数对膨胀性充填体抗压强度的影响规律.结果表明,单一因素及各因素间交互作用对膨胀性充填体抗压强度均有显著影响,其中胶固粉质量分数影响最大,复合膨胀剂质量分数次之,料浆质量分数最小;料浆质量分数与胶固粉质量分数的交互作用对充填体的早、中期抗压强度影响最为显著,胶固粉质量分数与复合膨胀剂质量分数的交互作用对充填体的后期抗压强度影响最为显著.通过目标规划法确定了膨胀性充填体最优配比:料浆质量分数为69%,胶固粉质量分数为10%,复合膨胀剂质量分数为3×10^(-4).利用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析发现,复合膨胀剂可使充填体的内部结构疏松而引起膨胀,提高充填接顶率.

部分排水条件下静力触探试验力学机理研究

在自然状态下,大部分土体的约束条件介于完全排水和不排水两者之间。在孔压静力触探试验(piezocone penetrationtest,CPTU)的贯入过程中,受探头尺寸、贯入速度和岩土材料等因素的影响,将发生部分排水现象。为研究排水条件对CPTU试验数据的影响,开展三轴压缩试验。引入应变增量比,建立考虑渐近状态的修正剑桥(Modified Cam-Clay,MCC)模型。推导考虑渐近状态MCC模型的柱孔扩张理论,提出CPTU测试数据的力学模型。通过数值模拟和模型槽试验,研究归一化贯入速度与排水系数的规律。结合CPTU数据的力学模型,获得应变增量比与排水系数的数理关系。最后以上海市苏州河地区深层排水调蓄管道系统工程的测试数据为背景,验证力学模型的正确性。结果表明:在部分排水条件下,利用考虑渐近状态的MCC模型,能够描述土体的应力-应变关系,合理解释CPTU贯入的力学机理。

固废再利用改良膨胀土性能研究及效果评价

依托荆州城北快速路穿越膨胀土发育区工程,通过室内试验和现场试验,分析水泥、石灰和建筑垃圾对膨胀土的改良效果。结果显示:改良土最佳含水率与水泥、石灰的掺量呈正相关,与建筑垃圾掺量呈负相关;水泥、石灰、建筑垃圾均能显著提高改良膨胀土的CBR值、无侧向抗压强度,水泥改良土提升幅度最大;现场试验得出三种改良材料均能显著降低土样膨胀率。基于应用实践效果,确定不同改良措施的松铺系数、摊铺厚度、压实工艺等关键技术参数。

OFDM系统PAPR和OOB辐射联合抑制算法研究

正交频分复用(OFDM)技术具有频谱效率高和抗多径衰落能力强的优点,但存在高峰值平均功率比(PAPR)和高带外(OOB)辐射的固有缺点。部分PAPR抑制算法会导致OOB辐射升高,因此需要一种联合抑制OFDM系统的PAPR和OOB辐射的算法。本文提出了一种新的结合线性压扩和简化限幅滤波的混合式PAPR和OOB辐射联合抑制算法,该算法采用连续分段线性压扩(CPLC)算法抑制信号PAPR,并对压扩后的信号进行频域滤波;然后采用简化限幅滤波(SCF)算法降低频域滤波导致的峰值再生,保证信号的OOB辐射不再升高。接收端采用迭代接收算法提高系统的误码率性能。仿真结果表明,与CPLC、SCF方案相比,所提算法可以达到更好的PAPR和OOB辐射联合抑制性能,同时通过迭代接收算法获得与原始信号相近的误码率(BER)性能。

基于橇载喷管背压控制的引射装置设计与研究

为解决火箭橇试验橇载喷管背压过高的问题,验证引射装置设计的可行性,建立了二维引射性能预估模型,利用Fluent软件,并采用k-ε湍流模型,研究引射装置及其关键设计参数对喷管内部流场的影响,揭示了试验装置内外流场掺混机理。数值分析结果表明:引射装置适用于大扩张比、低Ma数试验工况;引射装置总压、引射流量越大,引射效应越明显,引射装置与喷管尾端的距离、引射角度大小与引射效率呈负相关,设计中应保证引射装置燃气/空气流量比为0.75以上,引射位置在中部和后部时激波前的试验面积分别增加了0.42、0.75 m2;引射装置的加入使得试验段平均马赫数由2.6提升至3.3,均匀度提高约72%。

软模成型工艺中软模的膨胀行为及压力平衡研究

软模的膨胀加压行为匹配性是复合材料软模成型的关键,为了实现软模成型工艺中软模压力的可控,本文研究了软模材料的压缩泊松比、膨胀行为及压力平衡特性。将软模成型工艺中软模膨胀加压过程分为软模自由膨胀、半自由膨胀加压、体积受限膨胀加压三个阶段,对软模不同阶段进行变形及压力理论分析,采用软模升温测试系统测试软模的尺寸及压力变化。基于上述理论设计了软模尺寸,优化了固化工艺,采用优化后的软模成型工艺制备了C形梁和工字梁,并表征了C形梁和工字梁内部质量和尺寸精度。结果表明,软模材料的压缩泊松比为0.495,软模不同阶段的的膨胀行为及压力平衡特性与理论分析相符,通过软模尺寸设计及固化工艺优化实现了软模成型过程中压力的精确控制,由此制备出了内部质量好、尺寸精度高的复合材料C形梁和工字梁。