Combination of biodiesel-ethanol-diesel fuel blend and SCR catalyst assembly to reduce emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine

In this study, the efforts to reduce NOx and particulate matter （PM） emissions from a diesel engine using both ethanol-selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NOx over an Ag/Al2O3 catalyst and a biodiesel-ethanol-diesel fuel blend （BE-diesel） on an engine bench test are discussed. Compared with diesel fuel, use of BE-diesel increased PM emissions by 14% due to the increase in the soluble organic fraction （SOF） of PM, but it greatly reduced the Bosch smoke number by 60%-80% according to the results from 13-mode test of European Stationary Cycle （ESC） test. The SCR catalyst was effective in NOx reduction by ethanol, and the NOx conversion was approximately 73%. Total hydrocarbons （THC） and CO emissions increased significantly during the SCR of NOx process. Two diesel oxidation catalyst （DOC） assemblies were used after Ag/Al2O3 converter to remove CO and HC. Different oxidation catalyst showed opposite effect on PM emission. The PM composition analysis revealed that the net effect of oxidation catalyst on total PM was an integrative effect on SOF reduction and sulfate formation of PM. The engine bench test results indicated that the combination of BE-diesel and a SCR catalyst assembly could provide benefits for NOx and PM emissions control even without using diesel particle filters （DPFs）.

Performance Characteristics of n-Butanol-Diesel Fuel Blend Fired in a Turbo-Charged Compression Ignition Engine

In this study, n-butanol-diesel blends were burned in a turbo-charged, direct injection diesel engine where the brake thermal efficiency, (BTE) or brake specific fuel consumption, (BSFC) was compared with that of ethanol-diesel or methanol-diesel blends in another study by other authors. The test blends used were B5, B10 and B20 (where B5 is 5% n-butanol by volume and 95% diesel fuel-DF). In this study, the BTE was higher and the BSFC improved more than in the other study. Because of improved BTE with increasing brake mean effective pressure, BMEP, the BSFC reduced, however the increased shared volume of n-butanol in DF increased BSFC. Adding n-butanol in DF slightly derated the torque, brake power output with increasing speed, and caused a fall in exhaust gas temperatures, (EGT) which improves the volumetric efficiency and reduces compression work. Therefore, a small-shared volume of n-butanol in DF fired in a turbo-charged diesel engine performs better in terms of BTE and BSFC than that of ethanol or methanol blending in DF.

Medium-Pressure Hydro-upgrading (MHUG) Technology for Producing Clean Diesel Fuel

Abstract： This article introduces the development and application of the medium-pressure hydro-upgrading （MHUG） tech- nology developed by the Research Institute of Petroleum Processing （RIPP）. The MHUG technology based on the chemistry of diesel hydro-upgrading reactions has the advantages of flexible product slate and excellent product quality that can in- crease the cetane rating of diesel fuel up to more than 15 units. The hydrotreating and hydro-upgrading catalysts associated with the MHUG technology have outstanding performance to meet the demand of MHUG technology for hydro-saturation and selective ring-opening of aromatic rings. New MHUG process flow scheme can further increase the yield and selectivity of target products. Commercial application of multiple MHUG units has revealed that the MHUG technology designated for clean diesel production features good feedstock adaptability and operating stability.

A Fuel Economy Study in Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Lubricants

Internal combustion engines′ fuel economy is an important role for engine designers,engine manufacturers over the past 30 years,especially passenger car motor oils.In heavy duty diesel engine,over the past 20 years,fuel economy has in some cases been sacrificed for exhaust gas emission optimizations.Now,Heavy Duty Automotive and the related industries have strong interest in fuel economy and the lubricants.It is driven by competitive market forces as well as government mandates and new emission regulations.Japan was the first country in the world to establish and implement heavy duty trucks and buses fuel economy standards.Other countries also have followed either by establishing direct fuel economy standards or greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions standards which are directly tied to fuel economy.This paper is discussing that heavy duty diesel engine lubricants can contribute on fuel economy.The contribution of various aspects of engine oil formulations on fuel economy will be discussed such as lubricant viscosity grade,lubricant additives and friction modifiers.In this paper,the evaluation discussions are based on fuel economy measurements in some bench tests,standardized laboratory engine tests and field tests.

Preparation and emission characteristics of ethanol-diesel fuel blends

The preparation of ethanol-diesel fuel blends and their emission characteristics were investigated. Results showed the absolute ethanol can dissolve in diesel fuel at an arbitrary ratio and a small quantity of water(0.2%) addition can lead to the phase separation of blends. An organic additive was synthesized and it can develop the ability of resistance to water and maintain the stability of ethanol-diesel-trace amounts of water system. The emission characteristics of 10%, 20%, and 30% ethanol-diesel fuel blends, with or without additives, were compared with those of diesel fuel in a direct injection(DI) diesel engine. The experimental results indicated that the blend of ethanol with diesel fuel significantly reduced the concentrations of smoke, hydrocarbon(HC), and carbon monoxide(CO) in exhaust gas. Using 20% ethanol-diesel fuel blend with the additive of 2% of the total volume, the optimum mixing ratio was achieved, at which the bench diesel engine testing showed a significant decrease in exhaust gas. Bosch smoke number was reduced by 55%, HC emission by 70%, and CO emission by 45%, at 13 kW/1540 r/min. However, ethanol-diesel fuel blends produced a few ppm acetaldehydes and more ethanol in exhaust gas.

Miscibility of Ethanol in Diesel Fuels

The primary barrier to the use of ethanol in diesel fuel is the poor miscibility at lower temperatures. The miscibilities of ethanol in 19 diesel fuels having a wide variation in compositions were evaluated by testing their phase separation temperatures. The result shows that aromatic contents and intermediate distillate temperatures have a significant impact on miscibility limits. The FCC diesels, which contain up to 50% of aromatics, exhibit different phase behavior trends in comparison with straight-run diesels and other diesel fuels.

Application of Microwave Technology for Desulfurization of Diesel Fuel

The microwave technology was introduced for the desulfurization of diesel fuel. The atmosphericsecond side-cut diesel fraction, which was supplied by Liaohe Petrochemical Company, was desulfurized by anoxidation process under microwave irradiation. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), can oxidize the sulfur compounds indiesel fuel selectively and convert them into sulfones. Based on the rule of dissolution by similar substances,these sulfones are removed from diesel fuel because they could be dissolved in solvent phase. So the sulfurcontent of diesel fuel is decreased. The influence of the concentration of oxidizing reagent, solvent phase to oilphase volume ratio (S/O), irradiation pressure, irradiation time, and the irradiation power have been investigated.The optimum conditions for the refining process was determined. The sulfur removal rate was 59.7% under theoptimum conditions of 8%H2O2, S/O=0.25, 0.05MPa, 6 min, and 375W, respectively. When no microwave irradia-tion was applied, the removal rate was 11.5% only.

Economic Analysis of Diesel Fuel Subsidy Policy in China's Fishery

In this paper,on the basis of an overview of the evolution of diesel fuel subsidy policy in China's fishery,we perform an economic analysis of the existing diesel fuel subsidy policy,and believe that it is fishing shareholders rather than fishermen who benefit most from the diesel fuel subsidy policy. The diesel fuel subsidy policy is not conducive to fishery resources protection,it will cause no fluctuation in the supply price of aquatic products,and it can not effectively increase the income of all fishermen. It is necessary to focus on subsidy method,subsidy links and subsidy level to improve diesel fuel subsidy efficiency,lower production costs,stabilize fishery production,and increase the income of fishermen.

Simulation of a DI Diesel Engine Performance Fuelled on Biodiesel Using a Semi-Empirical 0D Model

Diesel engines have proven over the years important in terms of efficiency and fuel consumption to power generation ratio. Many research works show the potential of biodiesel as a substitute for conventional gasoil. Mainly, previous and recent researches have focused on experimental investigation of diesel engine performance fuelled by biodiesel. Researches on the mathematical description of diesel engine process running on biodiesel are scarce, and mostly about chemical and thermodynamic description of the combustion process of biodiesel rather than performance studies. This work describes a numerical investigation on the performance analysis of a diesel engine fuelled by palm oil biodiesel. The numerical investigation was made using a semi empirical 0D model based on Wiebe’s and Watson’s model which was implemented via the open access numerical calculation software Scilab. The model was validated first by comparing with experimental pressure and performance data of a one cylinder engine at rated speed and secondly by comparing with a six cylinders engine performance data at various crankshaft rotational speeds. Simulations were then made to analyze the engine performance when running on biodiesel. The calculations were made at constant combustion duration and constant coefficient of excess air. Results showed that the model matches the overall experimental data, such as the power output and peak cylinder pressure. The ignition delay was somehow underestimated by the model for the first experiment, which caused a slight gap on in cylinder pressure curve, whereas it predicted the average ignition delay fairly well for the second set of validation. The simulations of engine performance when running on biodiesel confirmed results obtained in previous experimental researches on biodiesel. The model will be further investigated for engine control when shifting to biodiesel fuel.

Renewable Diesel Fuel from Processing of Vegetable Oil in Hydrotreatment Units: Theoretical Compliance with European Directive 2009/28/EC and Ongoing Projects in Spain

Oil hydrotreating units in refineries are aimed at reducing the sulfur content of fuels to accomplish standard par-ticular specifications. However, this process is currently one of the best available technologies to produce biofuels from vegetable oil in a refinery. Vegetable oils can be processed or co-processed in these units if several adaptations are performed, so some properties could be improved in comparison with conventional fuel such as density and cetane number. This study highlights the theoretical greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions (using a life cycle assessment–LCA-approach) of a hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) from bibliographical data. Results were compared with other biofuel production processes, such as those obtained by transesterification of vegetable oil (FAME, fatty acid methyl ester). It has also been included the comparison with conventional fossil diesel as a benchmark in order to assess the theoretical compliance with GHG savings proposed in European Directive 2009/28/EC. Finally, ongoing projects and future perspectives in Spain are mentioned.

Experimental Investigation of Upgraded Diesel Fuel with Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Diesel Engine

The enhancement of the physicochemical characteristics of fossil fuel has been the subject of extensive research to achieve better efficiency and reduced emissions. Diesel is one of the fossil fuels that are highly consumed in daily life. This paper focuses on the behavior of a refined diesel fuel when copper oxide nanoparticles are added. The resulting blend ofnano-diesel has been analyzed using a four-stroke engine under two loads indicating light vehicles and heavy duty vehicles. The nano-diesel was prepared by the aid of an ultrasonicator and a mechanical homogenizer. A base diesel was taken as a reference to distinguish the effect of the nanoparticles additives. Three different samples with different concentrations are utilized in this study. As a result, the fuel consumption, exhaust temperature, brake power, power losses and engine efficiency have been evaluated and compared to the base diesel in order to demonstrate and access the enhanced performance of the nano-fuel blend. The three concentrations conducted were 100 ppm, 200 ppm and 300 ppm of copper oxide nanoparticles. The results represented that the pure refinery diesel has low exhaust temperatures, high brake power and high efficiency as compared to the commercial diesel supplied from a gas station. In addition, 300 ppm copper oxide nano-diesel showed improvement in engine performances as compared to the other concentrations and pure diesel. In this context, lowest fuel consumption for both passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles was achieved, brake power for passenger cars only was improved and input power showed improvement however, exhaust temperature was the highest as for this fuel.

No.0柴油水溶组分海洋浮游植物生态效应研究

应用现场和实验室培养方法,研究了No.0柴油水溶组分海洋浮游植物生态效应.提出了摄食条件下的海洋浮游植物生长模型和不同浓度No.0柴油水溶组分下浮游植物生长效应模型,分析了不同浓度No.0柴油水溶组分下浮游植物生长效应.结果表明,摄食条件下的海洋浮游植物生长模型较传统Logistic模型能更好地反映海洋生态系统,同时应用非线性拟合技术得到了不同浓度No.0柴油水溶组分下海洋浮游植物终止生物量(Bf).根据海洋浮游植物生长效应模型进一步分析表明,在现场和实验室条件下,低浓度No.0柴油水溶组分对浮游植物生长有明显促进作用,生长促进率最大分别约为180%和120%,然而,在高浓度No.0柴油水溶组分条件下,石油烃对浮游植物生长效应不甚显著,甚至有明显抑制作用.

Experimental Study of Diesel-NG Dual Fuel Electronic System for F6L912Q Engine

In order to improve the diesel engine emission performance and convert the diesel engine to dual fuel engine, a dual fuel (diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG)) electronic system was developed, in which electromagnetic valves were used to control multi point natural gas injection. The system was designed for type F6L912Q diesel engine and the function of the system was testified on test cell. The test results showed that the system had great advantages in power ability and emission performance. The average CNG substitution at rated load was over 80%. The dual fuel system was practical. To adopt dual fuel system was a good way to improve the engine's emission performance.

2004 Mack MD11柴油机燃料加氢后NO_x与微粒排放特性

为了降低柴油机的排放,氢作为柴油机燃料的研究正在引起研究者的关注。该文进行了在2004 Mack MD11柴油机中添加不同比例氢气(最高氢气比例达7%)与柴油形成混合燃料的NOx、微粒(PM,particulate matter)排放特性研究。研究表明:负荷工况不同,添加氢气对NOx排放特性的影响不同;随着添加氢的增加,有NO转化为NO2现象;NOx排放很大程度还与发动机可变截面涡轮增压系统(VGT,variable-geometry gas turbine)和废气再循环系统(EGR,exhaust gas recirculation)工作状况有关;添加氢气后即使在大、全负荷下,NOx排放量也没有明显增加。这主要归因于2004 Mack MD11采取了EGR,并且随着负荷增加,EGR率也在增加。在各种负荷工况下,添加氢气对降低PM排放量的作用明显,PM排放量减小率一般达50%以上,最高达75%。

Ionic Conduction and Fuel Cell Performance of Ba0.98Ce0.8Tm0.2O3-α Ceramic

The perovskite-type oxide solid solution Ba0.98Ce0.8Tm0.2O3-α was prepared by high temperature solid-state reaction and its single phase character was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The conduction property of the sample was investigated by alternating current impedance spectroscopy and gas concentration cell methods under different gases atmospheres in the temperature range of 500-900 ℃. The performance of the hydrogen-air fuel cell using the sample as solid electrolyte was measured. In wet hydrogen, the sample is a pure protonic conductor with the protonic transport number of 1 in the range of 500-600 ℃, a mixed conductor of proton and electron with the protonic transport number of 0.945-0.933 above 600 ℃. In wet air, the sample is a mixed conductor of proton, oxide ion, and electronic hole. The protonic transport numbers are 0.010-0.021, and the oxide ionic transport numbers are 0.471-0.382. In hydrogen-air fuel cell, the sample is a mixed conductor of proton, oxide ion and electron, the ionic transport numbers are 0.942 0.885. The fuel cell using Ba0.98Ce0.8Tm0.2O3-α as solid electrolyte can work stably. At 900 ℃, the maximum power output density is 110,2 mW/cm2, which is higher than that of our previous cell using Ba0.98Ce0.8Tm0.2O3-α （x〈≤1, RE=Y, Eu, Ho） as solid electrolyte.

Diesel and Jet Fuels from Bitumen-derived Middle Distillates

Narrow fractions of light gas oils obtained from various upgrading processes of Athabasca oilsands bitumen were investigated as diesel and jet fuels. The relationship among the boiling range, cetane number, smoke point, and other properties such as aromatics content, aniline point, and the sulfur and nitrogen content was also studied. The study reveals that when appropriate processes and distillation boiling ranges are selected, oilsands bitumen can produce diesel and jet fuels that meet stringent environmental regulations and future product specifications. New correlations to predict CN and smoke point were developed as a function of density, boiling ranges by simulated distillation, and mono- and total aromatics by supercritical fluid chromatography. The correlations apply to bitumen-derived middle distillates that have a wide range of boiling points.

Desulfurization of Diesel Fuel by Extraction with [BF4]^--based Ionic Liquids

The extractive removal of sulfur compounds （S-compounds） from Dongying and Liaohe diesel fuels with [BF4]^--based ionic liquids were systematically investigated. The results show that the absorption capacity of an ionic liquid for the S-compounds in diesel fuels relies on its structure and its size. In the case of the two examined diesel fuels, both elongating the cation tail length and increasing the mass ratio of ionic liquid/diesel fuel promote the desulfurization ability of the examined ionic liquids. The results also show that imidazolium-based ionic liquids display higher extraction efficiencies than pyridinium-based ionic liquids, presumably owing to the fact that the rings of the S-compounds are similar to the imidazolium head ring. With the 1 ： 1 mass ratio of ionic liquid/diesel fuel, the rates of the first desulfurization of Dongying and Liaohe diesel fuels using [C8mim][BF4] amount to 29.96% and 39.76%, suggesting that [C8mim][BF4] is a promising extractant for desulfurization of these diesel fuels.

Influence of Pre-injection Control Parameters on Main-injection Fuel Quantity for an Electronically Controlled Double-valve Fuel Injection System of Diesel Engine

A simulation model of an electronically controlled two solenoid valve fuel injection system for a diesel engine is established in the AMESim environment.The accuracy of the model is validated through comparison with experimental data.The influence of pre-injection control parameters on main-injection quantity under different control modes is analyzed.In the spill control valve mode,main-injection fuel quantity decreases gradually and then reaches a stable level because of the increase in multi-injection dwell time.In the needle control valve mode,main-injection fuel quantity increases with rising multi-injection dwell time;this effect becomes more obvious at high-speed revolutions and large main-injection pulse widths.Pre-injection pulse width has no obvious influence on main-injection quantity under the two control modes;the variation in main-injection quantity is in the range of 1 mm3.

Eco-Friendly Selection of Diesel Generator Based on Genset-Synchro Technology for Off-Grid Remote Area Application in the North of Quebec

For most of their energy requirements, greater part of remote communities and small islands around the world rely on imported fossil fuels. The economical cost of energy is therefore very high not only due to inherent cost of fuel, but also due to transportation and due to maintenance costs. One solution for saving fuel in a diesel generator is to allow the engine to operate directly in relation to the request for electrical load at variable speeds. Genset-Synchro Technology has developed an innovative variable speed?generator technology (patent pending) that allows applications where power demand varies widely to benefit from the new technology that maintains constant voltage and frequency while adjusting the generator stator speed to power demand. This paper will present an innovative approach for optimizing the energy production based from the fact that the structure that contains the stator windings of the generator is mounted on roller bearings, which allows its free rotation around the axis of the rotor, consequently stopping the stator structure from being static and aims to minimize the unit cost of electricity. Case study on application in remote area in the north of Quebec is described. A saving of 7%?-?9% on fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) under low winter ambient temperatures has been registered.

MECHANISM ON DISTRIBUTION OF PILOT FUEL SPRAY AND COMPRESSING IGNITION IN PREMIXED NATURAL GAS ENGINE IGNITED BY PILOT DIESEL

Numerical simulations of pilot fuel spray and compressing ignition forpre-mixed natural gas ignited by pilot diesel are described. By means of these modeling, the dualfuel and diesel fuel ignition mechanism of some phenomena investigated on an optional engine bytechnology of high-speed CCD is analyzed. It is demonstrated that the longer delay of ignition indual fuel engine is not mainly caused by change of the mixture thermodynamics parameters. Theanalysis results illustrate that the ignition of pre-mixed nataral gas ignited by pilot dieseltaking place in dual fuel engine is a process of homogenous charge compression ignition.