Optimization of Diesel and Crude Oil Degradation in a Ghanaian Soil Using Organic Wastes as Amendment

Soil contamination by hydrocarbons poses numerous environmental, health and agricultural problems. The degradation of these pollutants can occur naturally but very slowly. It is therefore generally necessary to stimulate this degradation by different means. Thus, this study aimed to improve the bio-degradation of diesel and crude oil in a Ghanaian soil by biostimulation. For this, the sampled soil was characterized by standard methods and contaminated with diesel and crude oil at a proportion of 1% (w/w). Then, contaminated soil samples were supplemented with biochar-compost, poultry manure or cow dung at the proportion of 10% (w/w). Periodically, fractions of these samples were taken to evaluate the density of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) and the residual quantities of diesel or crude oil. The characteristics of the soil used show the need for supplementation for better degradation of hydrocarbons. The results of the study show that supplementing the soil with organic substrates increases HUB loads in soils contaminated by diesel and crude oil. They also show that the residual quantities of diesel and crude oil are generally significantly lower in supplemented soils (p = 0.048 and p < 0.0001 respectively). In addition, the study shows that degradation was generally greater in soils contaminated by diesel compared to those contaminated by crude oil, especially at the end of the study.

The Role of Diesel Soot in the Tribological Behavior of 150SN Base Oil

The diesel soot was collected from diesel engine exhaust pipe. The morphology and structure of the collected diesel soot was characterized by HRTEM, XRD and XPS and its tribological behavior was investigated by a SRV IV oscillating reciprocating friction and wear tester. Test results showed that the tribological behavior of diesel soot was largely influenced by the test load. Under a low load, the diesel soot could reduce the wear volume of the disc. While under a high load, the diesel soot could reduce the friction coefficient of base oil. Based on the characterization of the worn scars by the SEM technique, the 3D surface profiler and the Raman spectroscopy, it was assumed that the core-shell structure of diesel soot with several graphitic layers played important roles. On one hand, its spherical and special structure could make it roll between friction pairs to reduce wear under a low load. On the other hand, its outer-shell graphite layers could be peeled off to form lubrication film to reduce friction under a high load and shear force.

Effect of Palm Oil Biodiesel Blends on Engine Emission and Performance Characteristics in an Internal Combustion Engine

Increasing global environmental issues and depleting fossil fuel reserves has necessitated the need for alternative and sustainable fuel. In this paper, the effects of biodiesel and its blend on engine emission and performance characteristics in an internal combustion engine were analyzed. Biodiesel derived from the transesterification of raw palm oil was blended with diesel fuel at different proportions designated as PO5 (5% Biodiesel and 95% Diesel), PO10 (10% Biodiesel and 90% Diesel), PO15 (15% Biodiesel and 85% Diesel), PO20 (20% Biodiesel and 80% Diesel), PO50 (50% Biodiesel and 50% Diesel), PO85 (85% Biodiesel and 15% Diesel), and PO100 (100% Biodiesel). A Lombardini 2-cylinder, four-stroke direct injection diesel engine with a compression ratio of 22.8 was developed using Ricardo Wave software in which diesel, palm oil biodiesel blends and pure biodiesel are used in the model, and the obtained results were analysed and presented. The simulation was done under varying engine speeds of 1200 rpm to 3200 rpm at full load condition. Biodiesel and its blends are more environment-friendly and non-toxic when compared to diesel fuel;it also improves the mechanical efficiency of the engines, and above all can also lead to a reduction in poverty among rural dwellers. The obtained results showed that brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency increased with palm oil biodiesel blends as compared to diesel fuel which might be a result of biodiesel’s lower heating value, and the increase in thermal energy may be a result of the oxygenation of the biodiesel blend as compared to pure diesel. In terms of brake torque, palm oil biodiesel blends were lesser than diesel fuel. The CO, HC, and NOx emissions of palm oil biodiesel blends decreased significantly compared to that of pure diesel. From this study, palm oil biodiesel emits lesser emissions than diesel fuel and its performance characteristics are similar to diesel fuel. Therefore, palm oil biodiesel can be used without any modifications directly in a diesel engine. In addition, it can also be used as blends as an alternative and sustainable fuel, decreasing air pollution, and increasing environmental sustainability.

Combined Effect of a Catalytic Reduction Device with Waste Frying Oil-Based Biodiesel on NOx Emissions of Diesel Engines

Internal combustion engines with application in automobiles and other relevant industries constitute significant environmental pollution via the release of toxic exhaust gasses like carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), particulate matter (PM), and nitrogen oxide (NOx). Engine researchers and manufacturers are challenged to develop external and internal measures to ensure environmentally friendly solutions to accommodate and conform to the growing list of emission standards. Therefore, this work presents an experimental investigation of the NOx emission profile of a diesel engine that is fuelled and fitted with waste frying oil-based biodiesel and catalytic converter. Using a single-cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled CI engine at a constant speed of 1900 rpm and different loadings of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%;fitted with a catalytic converter at the exhaust outlet of the engine and linked to a dynamometer and a gas analyser, an experiment was conducted at biodiesel/diesel volume blends of B0 (0/10), B5 (5/95), B20 (20/80), B30 (30/70), B70 (70/30), B100 (100/0);and 30% concentration (v/v), 0.5 litre/hr flow rate of aqueous urea from the catalytic converter. The results show an increasing NOx emission as the biodiesel component increased in the blend. The catalytic converter showed a downward NOx reduction with a significant 68% reduction in efficiency at high exhaust gas temperatures. It is concluded that the combined utilisation of waste frying oil-based biodiesel and the catalytic converter yields substantial NOx emission reduction.

Renewable Diesel Fuel from Processing of Vegetable Oil in Hydrotreatment Units: Theoretical Compliance with European Directive 2009/28/EC and Ongoing Projects in Spain

Oil hydrotreating units in refineries are aimed at reducing the sulfur content of fuels to accomplish standard par-ticular specifications. However, this process is currently one of the best available technologies to produce biofuels from vegetable oil in a refinery. Vegetable oils can be processed or co-processed in these units if several adaptations are performed, so some properties could be improved in comparison with conventional fuel such as density and cetane number. This study highlights the theoretical greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions (using a life cycle assessment–LCA-approach) of a hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) from bibliographical data. Results were compared with other biofuel production processes, such as those obtained by transesterification of vegetable oil (FAME, fatty acid methyl ester). It has also been included the comparison with conventional fossil diesel as a benchmark in order to assess the theoretical compliance with GHG savings proposed in European Directive 2009/28/EC. Finally, ongoing projects and future perspectives in Spain are mentioned.

2023年我国炼油和成品油市场回顾及2024年展望

2023年,国内成品油行业完成疫后复苏的爬坡过坎。随着宏观经济回暖、用油行业需求逐步恢复及出行活动回归正常,成品油消费迎来复苏,整体消费超疫情前水平;而供应侧,产能增长放缓,企业生产负荷在需求回升、效益好转的带动下大幅回升,攀升至历史高位;同时,替代资源强势发展,气价下行带动车用LNG经济性好转,新能源汽车自主扩张动力全面形成。2024年,成品油产业链在继续修复的基础上深化转型发展。预计国内成品油消费徘徊于低速增长通道,汽油小幅增长,航煤继续恢复,柴油略降;国内炼油产能继续增长;市场经营环境有望在政策持续系统化、全面化的基础上得到进一步优化。

Series 190 Diesel Engines Used in China's Oil Drilling

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No.0柴油水溶组分海洋浮游植物生态效应研究

应用现场和实验室培养方法,研究了No.0柴油水溶组分海洋浮游植物生态效应.提出了摄食条件下的海洋浮游植物生长模型和不同浓度No.0柴油水溶组分下浮游植物生长效应模型,分析了不同浓度No.0柴油水溶组分下浮游植物生长效应.结果表明,摄食条件下的海洋浮游植物生长模型较传统Logistic模型能更好地反映海洋生态系统,同时应用非线性拟合技术得到了不同浓度No.0柴油水溶组分下海洋浮游植物终止生物量(Bf).根据海洋浮游植物生长效应模型进一步分析表明,在现场和实验室条件下,低浓度No.0柴油水溶组分对浮游植物生长有明显促进作用,生长促进率最大分别约为180%和120%,然而,在高浓度No.0柴油水溶组分条件下,石油烃对浮游植物生长效应不甚显著,甚至有明显抑制作用.

0~#柴油和流花原油对斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)幼体的急性毒性效应

溢油污染导致的原油和燃料油入海,会对海洋生物的生长发育过程产生影响。为研究溢油污染对海洋虾类的毒性效应,以斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)为研究对象,比较了不同浓度0#柴油和南海流花原油(LH原油)乳化液对斑节对虾不同发育阶段幼体的急性毒性效应。结果表明,3.59 mg·L^(-1)0#柴油和0.77 mg·L^(-1)LH原油乳化液可以显著降低斑节对虾无节幼体变态率(P<0.05),且对无节幼体变态具有延迟效应。较之0#柴油,LH原油乳化液对斑节对虾无节幼体发育的影响更为明显。0#柴油对斑节对虾无节幼体、蚤状幼体、糠虾和仔虾的48或96小时半致死浓度(48 h/96 h-LC50)分别为0.55 mg·L^(-1)、0.42 mg·L^(-1)、0.95 mg·L^(-1)和1.09 mg·L^(-1),其对应的安全浓度分别为0.05 mg·L^(-1)、0.04 mg·L^(-1)、0.10 mg·L^(-1)和0.11 mg·L^(-1);LH原油对上述幼体的48 h/96 h-LC50则依次为0.62 mg·L^(-1)、0.51 mg·L^(-1)、1.05 mg·L^(-1)和1.42 mg·L^(-1),对应的安全浓度分别为0.06 mg·L^(-1)、0.05mg·L^(-1)、0.11 mg·L^(-1)和0.14 mg·L^(-1)。斑节对虾不同发育阶段幼体对0#柴油和LH原油的耐受力依次为:仔虾>糠虾>无节幼体>蚤状幼体,0#柴油和LH原油乳化液对斑节对虾的毒性大小为0#柴油>LH原油。上述结果为深入研究石油类污染对海洋生物的毒性效应提供了基础数据和理论依据。

中国成品油市场2022年回顾与2023年供需预测

2022年疫情防控工作贯穿全年社会生活,消费属性突出的汽油和航空煤油消费被抑制,替代能源持续增加,中国成品油消费量为3.26亿吨,与上年相比减少7%,创历史最大降幅。受需求萎缩、出口配额从紧管理等影响,成品油生产侧出现产能上升但产量下降的情况。汽柴油替代能源超过6500万吨,其中LNG占比达到63%。2023年,经济建设重新成为社会发展重心,消费修复,成品油增长动力回归;新炼厂产能释放,成品油市场将呈现供需两旺局面。预计2023年中国成品油消费量为3.60亿吨,与上年相比增长10.5%,汽油和煤油消费量将在低基数上实现两位数的高增长,柴油消费量微增;汽柴油替代能源消费量预计增长14%以上,增量主要来自电动力。

150BS基础油空间位阻和自氧化效应对柴油机油清净性的影响

采用曲轴箱模拟试验法考察了150BS基础油对柴油机油清净性能的影响,利用^(13)C NMR和凝胶渗透色谱对柴油机油组分进行了结构表征。实验结果表明:加入1%150BS基础油时清净性效果最优,加入5%150BS基础油时清净性效果最差。150BS基础油与柴油机油所用Ⅱ类基础油相比,其分子粒径更大。低含量150BS基础油空间位阻效应降低了机油组分自由基碰撞结合的概率,进而提高了柴油机油清净性能;而高含量150BS基础油在空间位阻效应抑制机油组分自由基碰撞概率的同时,自身产生更多自由基,反而提高了自由基碰撞结合概率,致使柴油机油清净性变差。

Diana700自动馏程仪在石油产品馏程测定中的应用研究

文章主要对安东帕Diana700自动馏程仪准确测定汽油、柴油馏程的影响因素进行了实验探讨,优化了操作参数。实验结果表明:在规定的实验条件下,安东帕Diana700自动馏程仪对汽油、柴油馏程测定结果的重复性和再现性均能够满足现行有效的方法GB/T 6536—2010的要求。

面向2035年的氢燃料与柴油重型商用车全生命周期环境影响预测研究

氢燃料电池重型商用车(fuel cell heavy commercial vehicles,FCHCV)在推广交通领域碳减排方面具有广阔的应用前景,但对环境是否友好仍需进一步研究.为准确衡量FCHCV相对于柴油重型商用车(diesel heavy commercial vehicles,DHCV)的环境效益,基于生命周期评价理论和《节能与新能源汽车技术路线图2.0》,构建面向2035年基于不同氢能路径的FCHCV与DHCV的材料消耗、能源消耗、碳排放和污染物排放预测评价模型,科学量化预测不同氢能路径下FCHCV相较于DHCV的全生命周期环境影响和节能减排潜力,梳理并搭建了FCHCV与DHCV的物质流、能量流和排放流的数据清单,采用GaBi软件与CML2001方法体系对数据清单进行了计算,并对比分析了全生命周期环境影响预测结果.结果表明:目前,FCHCV的全生命周期材料消耗量高于DHCV,主要原因是锂电池的材料消耗量较高,基于光伏电解水制氢路径的FCHCV的节能减排效果较好,对环境产生的负面效益较低.到2035年,基于光伏电解水制氢的FCHCV的全生命周期化石能源消耗量、碳排放和酸化潜值较DHCV分别低41.78%、79.09%、55.30%,但基于混合电力电解水制氢的FCHCV的全生命周期化石能源消耗量、碳排放量和酸化潜值较DHCV分别高56.80%、10.47%和45.01%.研究显示,以可再生能源制氢为基础的FCHCV在未来具有较大的节能减排和降低环境负面效益潜力,但以混合电力制氢为基础的FCHCV未来与DHCV在节能减排和环境保护方面竞争力较小.

Infiltration characteristics of non-aqueous phase liquids in undisturbed loessal soil cores

The widespread contamination of soils and aquifers by non-aqueous phase liquids （NAPL）, such as crude oil, poses serious environmental and health hazards globally. Understanding the infiltration characteristics of NAPL in soil is crucial in mitigating or remediating soil contamination. The infiltration characteristics of crude and diesel oils into undisturbed loessal soil cores, collected in polymethyl methacrylate cylindrical columns, were investigated under a constant fluid head （3 era） of either crude oil or diesel oil. The infiltration rate of both crude and diesel oils decreased exponentially as wetting depth increased with time. Soil core size and bulk density both had significant effects on NAPL infiltration through the undisturbed soil cores; a smaller core size or a greater bulk density could reduce oil penetration to depth. Compacting soil in areas susceptible to oil spills may be an effective stratage to reduce contamination. The infiltration of NAPL into soil cores was spatially anisotropic and heterogeneous, thus recording the data at four points on the soil core is a good stratage to improve the accuracy of experimental results. Our results revealed that crude and diesel oils, rather than their components, have a practical value for remediation of contaminated loessal soils.

Influence of biosurfactant on the diesel oil remediation in soil-water system

There were six high diesel oil degrading bacteria strains isolated from the oil contaminated soil that collected from Linzi City. The strain YI was able to produce biosurfactant rhanmolipid when cultivated on diesel oil as carbon source. The critical micelle concentrations （CMC） of rhanmolipid in water and in the soil were measured respectively according to the correlation between the surface tension of the medium and the added rhamnolipid concentration. The results showed that the CMC of rhanmolipid in water was 65 mg/L, and was 185 mg/L in soil. The tests on diesel oil biodegradation were conducted with the addition of different concentrations of rhamnolipid in water and in soil respectively. When 0.01% rhanmolipid was added to water, the diesel oil degradation was enhanced. On the contrary, when the same concentration of rhanmolipid was added to the soil, the degradation of diesel oil was inhibited. The results suggested that the rhamnolipid could enhance the diesel oil biodegradation, indicating that the concentration of rhamnolipid was higher than the corresponding CMC in the medium. Kinetics parameters for the diesel oil biodegradation parameters such as biodegradation constant （λ）, coefficient of correlation （r） and half life （t1/2） in both tests were numerically analyzed in this paper, indicating that the moderate concentration of rhamnolipid in the medium could not only enhance the extent of diesel oil biodegradation but also shorten the time for oil remediation.

Volatilization behaviors of diesel oil from the soils

The volatilization of diesel oil, Shengli crude oil and 90# gasoline on glass surface of petri dishes were conducted at the ambient temperature of 25℃. Diesel oil evaporates in a power manner, where the loss of mass is approximately power with time. 90# gasoline evaporates in a logarithmic with time. Where as the volatilization of Shengli crude oil fit either the logarithmic or power equation after different time, and has similar R2. And the effects of soil type and diesel oil and water content on volatilization behavior in unsaturated soil were studied in this paper. Diesel oil and water content in the soils play a large role in volatilization from soils. Appropriate water helps the wicking action but too much water stops it. The wicking action behaves differently in four different types of soils in the same volatilization experiment of 18% diesel oil content and air-dry condition.

CI-415W-40柴油发动机油在工程机械上的应用研究

工程机械发动机常常在长时间、超负荷、大功率、低速工况下工作,运行工况十分苛刻,选用合适的发动机油并进行定期换油保养是其正常工作的基本保障。针对工程机械使用工况复杂、对发动机油性能要求高的特点,研制了综合产品性能优异的CI-415W-40柴油发动机油。通过在重型工程机械上使用试验,结果表明,研制的CI-415W-40柴油发动机油与原用某进口品牌CI-415W-40柴油发动机油的性能相当,完全能够满足重型工程机械的润滑要求,换油周期可以达到500 h以上。工程机械OEM可放心进行进口CI-415W-40柴油发动机油的国产化替代,以降本增效,进一步提高市场竞争力。

Engineering property test of kaolin clay contaminated by diesel oil

Engineering property of kaolin clay contaminated by diesel oil was studied through a series of laboratory experiments.Oil contents(mass fraction) of 4%,8%,12%,16% and 20% were selected to represent different contamination degrees,and the soil specimens were manually prepared through mixing and static compaction method.Initial water content and dry density of the test kaolin clay were controlled at 10% and 1.58 g/cm^3,respectively.Test results indicate that since part of the diesel oil will be released from soil by evaporation,the real water content should be derived through calibration of the quasi water content obtained by traditional test method.As contamination degree of the kaolin clay increases,both liquid limit and plastic limit decrease,but there's only a slight increase for plasticity index.Swelling pressure of contaminated kaolin clay under confined condition will be lowered when oil-content gets higher.Unconfined compressive strength(UCS) of the oil-contaminated kaolin clay is influenced by not only oil content but also curing period.Increase of contamination degree will continually lower UCS of the kaolin clay specimen.In addition,electrical resistivity of the contaminated kaolin clay with given water content decreases with the increase of oil content.However,soil resistivity is in good relationship with oil content and UCS.Finally,oil content of 8% is found to be a critical value for engineering property of kaolin clay to transit from water-dominated towards oil-dominated characteristics.

Analysis of Oil Consumption in Cylinder of Diesel Engine for Optimization of Piston Rings

The performance and particulate emission of a diesel engine are affected by the consumption of lubricating oil. Most studies on oil consumption mechanism of the cylinder have been done by using the experimental method, however they are very costly. Therefore, it is very necessary to study oil consumption mechanism of the cylinder and obtain the accurate results by the calculation method. Firstly, four main modes of lubricating oil consumption in cylinder are analyzed and then the oil consumption rate under common working conditions are calculated for the four modes based on an engine. Then, the factors that affect the lubricating oil consumption such as working conditions, the second ring closed gap, the elastic force of the piston rings are also investigated for the four modes. The calculation results show that most of the lubricating oil is consumed by evaporation on the liner surface. Besides, there are three other findings： （1） The oil evaporation from the liner is determined by the working condition of an engine; （2） The increase of the ring closed gap reduces the oil blow through the top ring end gap but increases blow-by; （3） With the increase of the elastic force of the ring, both the left oil film thickness and the oil throw-off at the top ring decrease. The oil scraping of the piston top edge is consequently reduced while the friction loss between the rings and the liner increases. A neural network prediction model of the lubricating oil consumption in cylinder is established based on the BP neural network theory, and then the model is trained and validated. The main piston rings parameters which affect the oil consumption are optimized by using the BP neural network prediction model and the prediction accuracy of this BP neural network is within 8%, which is acceptable for normal engineering applications. The oil consumption is also measured experimentally. The relative errors of the calculated and experimental values are less than 10%, verifying the validity of the simulation results. Applying the established simulation model and the validated BP network model is able to generate numerical results with sufficient accuracy, which significantly reduces experimental work and provides guidance for the optimal design of the piston rings diesel engines.

Synthesis of Ni_2P promoted trimetallic NiMoW/γ-Al_2O_3 catalysts for diesel oil hydrotreatment

The Ni2P promoted and γ-Al2O3 supported NiMoW sulfide catalyst consisting of 4 wt% Mo, 22 wt% W, 2 wt% Ni and 2.5 wt% Ni2P was synthesized by a co-impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform （DRIFT） spectroscopy, NH3 temperature-programmed desorption （NH3-TPD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The results showed that Ni2P, Ni, Mo and W species were highly dispersed over γ-Al2O3. The hydrodesulfurization （HDS） of dibenzothiophene （DBT） showed that the presence of Ni2P brought a strong promotional effect on the HDS activity, which was further confirmed by the HDS and hydrodenitrogenation （HDN） of diesel oil under industrial conditions. The enhancement in HDN activity and stability by Ni2P addition could be attributed more to the effect of new active sites of Ni2P than that of acidity modification. The as-prepared Ni2P-NiMoW/γ-Al2O3 catalyst showed better hydrotreating performance than NiMoW/γ-Al2O3 and commercial catalysts.