Heterogeneous information phase space reconstruction and stability prediction of filling body–surrounding rock combination

Traditional research believes that the filling body can effectively control stress concentration while ignoring the problems of unknown stability and the complex and changeable stress distribution of the filling body–surrounding rock combination under high-stress conditions.Current monitoring data processing methods cannot fully consider the complexity of monitoring objects,the diversity of monitoring methods,and the dynamics of monitoring data.To solve this problem,this paper proposes a phase space reconstruction and stability prediction method to process heterogeneous information of backfill–surrounding rock combinations.The three-dimensional monitoring system of a large-area filling body–surrounding rock combination in Longshou Mine was constructed by using drilling stress,multipoint displacement meter,and inclinometer.Varied information,such as the stress and displacement of the filling body–surrounding rock combination,was continuously obtained.Combined with the average mutual information method and the false nearest neighbor point method,the phase space of the heterogeneous information of the filling body–surrounding rock combination was then constructed.In this paper,the distance between the phase point and its nearest point was used as the index evaluation distance to evaluate the stability of the filling body–surrounding rock combination.The evaluated distances(ED)revealed a high sensitivity to the stability of the filling body–surrounding rock combination.The new method was then applied to calculate the time series of historically ED for 12 measuring points located at Longshou Mine.The moments of mutation in these time series were at least 3 months ahead of the roadway return dates.In the ED prediction experiments,the autoregressive integrated moving average model showed a higher prediction accuracy than the deep learning models(long short-term memory and Transformer).Furthermore,the root-mean-square error distribution of the prediction results peaked at 0.26,thus outperforming the no-prediction method in 70%of the cases.

Experimental Study on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Sprayed Concrete-Surrounding Rock Combined Body

To investigate the dynamic response problem of the double medium formed by the adherence of sprayed concrete and surrounding rock in the tunnel,a split Hopkinson pressure bar of 75 mm in diameter was adopted at the ages of 3,7 and 10 d.Experimental results showed that dynamic compressive strength and dynamic increase factors(DIF)of the combined bodies increase with the strain rate.With the growth of strain rate,the critical strain of the combined bodies first increases,then deceases.Furthermore,the combined bodies of 3 d reveal the plastic property and brittle property for 7 d and 10 d when the strain rate is over 80/s.The failure characteristic of the sprayed concrete changes from tearing strain damage to crushing damage as the growth of strain rate,and the failure characteristic of rock presents the tensile failure mode as demonstrated by the scanning electron microscope(SEM).

Research on attenuation characteristic of sound wave in coal or rock body

In order to using power sound wave increase permeability of coal, rules of attenuation of sound wave in coal should be studied. In this paper, characteristic and mechanism of attenuation of sound wave in coal was researched according to acoustic theory and attenuation coefficients was estimated by acoustic parameter of coal. The research results show that the main attenuation mechanism of sound wave in coal is absorption attenuation and scattering attenuation. The absorption attenuation includes viscous absorption, thermal conduction absorption and relaxation absorption. Attenuation coefficient of sound wave in gaseous coal is 38.5 Np/m. Researches on attenuation characteristic of sound wave will provide the theoretical basis for power sound wave improving permeability of coal and accelerating desorption of coal bed gas.

Failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body with a weak coal interlayer

Using an MTS 815 testing machine,the deformation and failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body containing a weak coal interlayer has been investigated and described in this paper.Uniaxial loading leads to the appearance of mixed cracks in the coal body which induce instability and lead to bursts in coal.If the mixed crack propagates at a sufficiently high speed to carry enough energy to damage the roof rock,then coal and rock bursts may occur-this is the main mechanism whereby coal bumps or coal and rock bursts occur after excavation unloading.With increasing confining pressure,the failure strength of a rock-coal-rock combined body gradually increases,and the failure mechanism of the coal interlayer also changes,from mixed crack damage under low confining pressures,to parallel crack damage under medium confining pressures,and finally to single shear crack damage or integral mixed section damage under high confining pressures.In general,it is shown that a weak coal interlayer changes the form of overall coal damage in a rock-coal-rock combined body and reduces the overall stability of a coal body.Therefore,the whole failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body in large cutting height working faces is controlled by these mechanisms.

Theory and test research on permeability of coal and rock body influenced by mining

Stress distribution rules and deformation and failure properties of coal and rockbodies influenced by mining were analyzed.Experimental research on permeability of coaland rock samples under different loading conditions was finished in the laboratory.In-situmeasurement of coal permeability influenced by actual mining was done as well.Theoryanalysis show that permeability varied with damage development of coal and rock understress,and the influence of fissure on permeability was greatest.Laboratory results showthat under different loading conditions permeability was different and it varied with stress,which indicated that permeability was directly related to the loading process.In-situ testsshowed that permeability is related to abutment stress to some degree.The above resultsmay be referenced to gas prevention and drainage.

Ground subsidence mechanism of a filling mine with a steeply inclined ore body

Long-term field monitoring finds that serious surface subsidence can still occur even if the high strength cemented fill method is adopted.Combining the results of numerical simulations with global position system(GPS)monitoring,we took a typical filling mining mine with a steeply inclined ore body as an example,and explored its ground subsidence mechanism.The results show that the ground subsidence caused by the mining of steep ore body is characterized by two settlement centers and a significantly uneven spatial distribution,which is visibly different from ground subsidence characteristic of the coal mine.The subsidence on the hanging wall is much larger than that on the footwall,and the settlement center tends to move to the hanging wall with the increase of mining depth.The backfill improves the strength and surrounding rock bearing capacity,which leads to a lag of about 3 years of the subsidence.However,under the actions of continuous and repeated mining disturbances,the supporting effect of the backfill can only reduce the amplitude of the deformation,but it cannot prevent the occurrence of settlement.

底板动压巷道压裂弱结构体应力转移控制技术

为了满足煤矿安全生产的需要,许多巷道都会布置在煤层底板中,如部分运输大巷、排水巷道、瓦斯抽采巷道等。采动应力容易造成底板巷道围岩应力升高,加剧底板巷道围岩变形,造成支护永久失效、顶板下沉、巷道底鼓、两帮收敛等破坏。针对此,提出了在应力传递路径上实施水力压裂,在指定的区域制造出一定空间形态的水压裂缝网,形成压裂弱结构体,实现区域范围内的应力转移,从而降低巷道区域范围内的应力,控制巷道的围岩稳定性的控制技术,并通过理论分析及现场工程验证等方式,揭示了底板动压巷道压裂弱结构体应力转移的力学机制,建立了相应的力学模型,对压裂弱结构体的合理位置、范围等影响因素进行了求解。得出:(1)压裂弱结构体使局部应力场发生明显变化,出现应力升高区和应力降低区,应力降低区主要分布在弱结构体与采动应力连线的方向上,主要集中在一个拱形的范围内;由于膨胀效应,在与应力来源垂直的方向上产生应力集中,出现应力升高区。(2)最大主应力变化幅度与压裂弱结构体的长轴长L、短轴长H、到巷道的距离P、与巷道连线的水平夹角β、压裂层的强度C及内摩擦角α、压裂的损伤变量D等有关。其中到巷道的距离P对卸压效果影响最大,损伤变量D对卸压效果影响最小。(3)采用提出的计算方法设计了淮北矿业集团袁店一矿的103运输集中巷的卸压方案,工程应用结果表明,底板动压巷道变形速率明显减缓,验证了底板强动压巷道压裂弱结构体应力转移模型的合理性。

塔里木盆地寒武系盐下白云岩成藏条件分析与勘探部署方向

塔里木盆地寒武系盐下具有优质的生储盖组合,是盆地级重大战略接替领域,但由于埋深大、层系古老,寒武系盐下勘探面临烃源岩、沉积储层与油气保存等基础地质方面诸多认识问题。本文在前人研究基础上,通过野外露头、钻井分析与区域地震大剖面解释,重新认识寒武系盐下烃源岩、沉积储层、盖层与油气保存条件,结合已钻井分析,指出寒武系盐下有利勘探方向,优选有利勘探区带。结果表明:1)下寒武统玉尔吐斯组烃源岩分布受控于前寒武纪裂坳体系,主要分布在北部坳陷及周缘、塔西南地区,总面积约26.8×10^(4) km^(2)。2)寒武系盐下发育肖尔布拉克组内—中缓坡丘滩体、吾松格尔组礁后滩两套储层。肖尔布拉克组内—中缓坡丘滩体沿塔南古陆周缘分布,面积4.5×10^(4) km^(2);吾松格尔组礁后滩发育在轮南—古城台缘带内侧,面积5.3×10^(3) km^(2)。3)中寒武统膏盐岩盖层发育膏盐湖、膏云坪、泥云坪3个相带,由巴楚隆起—阿瓦提凹陷膏盐湖中心向四周呈环带状展布,总面积大约25×10^(4) km^(2)。4)基于已钻井分析,提出近源、规模优质储盖组合与古隆起背景是寒武系盐下勘探突破的方向。优选塔中北斜坡、古城—肖塘南、温宿周缘、轮南地区4个Ⅰ类有利区与麦盖提斜坡1个Ⅱ类有利区,总面积5.4×10^(4) km^(2)。研究成果对于塔里木盆地寒武系盐下勘探部署具有一定的指导意义。

循环水岩作用下煤岩组合体力学响应及劣化机制

煤矿地下水库的建立解决了我国西部干旱-半干旱生态脆弱区的缺水问题。地下水库不断进行着蓄水-抽水,地下水库水位的反复升降对水库坝体产生反复损伤作用,而半煤岩坝体、煤岩夹矸坝体为地下水库常见的坝体。基于此,设计进行了不同“干燥-饱和”循环次数的砂岩-煤组合体不同围压下的轴向压缩试验,分析循环浸水作用下煤岩组合体力学特性劣化规律和劣化机制。结果表明:(1)随着循环次数的增加,组合体的饱和含水率逐渐增大。饱和含水率与循环次数呈对数关系。(2)随着循环次数的增加,应力-应变曲线压密阶段增长,弹性阶段斜率减小,峰值应力降低,峰值应变增大,屈服阶段愈加明显,应力跌落变缓。(3)随着循环次数的增加,组合体抗压强度逐渐降低,循环1~3次,抗压强度劣化幅度较为明显。抗压强度阶段劣化度具有非均匀性。(4)循环1~5次,黏聚力下降了70.87%,内摩擦角下降了60.65%。(5)循环1~3次,组合体弹性模量下降了53.06%,变形模量下降了61.10%。(6)循环浸水作用下,试样微观裂纹逐渐发育,矿物颗粒由原来的棱角分明的多边形向浑圆形逐渐发展,大的矿物颗粒逐渐崩解为小颗粒,颗粒间胶结作用逐渐弱化,由紧凑致密结构向松散软弱结构转变。(7)循环浸水作用下,水岩发生反复的物理、化学、力学作用,对煤岩产生反复损伤,最终导致宏观力学特性的劣化。

裂隙煤岩组合体单轴压缩力学响应及失稳机制

煤岩系统中煤层与岩层之间的层间薄弱带是裂隙分布的主要区域,这些裂隙贯穿于两岩层,严重影响着煤岩系统的力学性质与工程稳定。为探究贯穿裂隙对煤岩系统力学性质的影响,对5种裂隙长度、5种裂隙角度的裂隙煤岩组合体开展轴向加载试验,结果表明:(1)随裂隙长度的增加,抗压强度、弹性模量、峰值能量、冲击能量指数呈线性减小。随裂隙角度的增大,抗压强度、弹性模量、峰值能量、冲击能量指数先减小后增大。(2)试样破坏声发射活动均经历平静期、活跃期、剧烈期3个阶段。随裂隙长度的增加,声发射累计能量先增加后减小。随裂隙角度的增大,声发射峰值能量和累计能量先增大后减小。(3)裂隙长度和角度对翼裂纹、次生倾斜裂纹、次生共面裂纹、斜裂纹、次生衍生裂纹、翼裂纹衍生裂纹、远场裂纹以及剥落现象有一定影响。(4)随裂隙长度的增加,黏聚力和内摩擦角逐渐降低。随裂隙角度的增加,黏聚力和内摩擦角先减小后增大。(5)构建了考虑裂隙长度和裂隙角度的Drucker-Prager强度准则,合理性验证发现:试样误差在1.367%~5.055%合理范围之内。(6)基于耗散结构理论,分析了组合体失稳破坏机制,组合体破坏主要经历了准稳态、亚稳态、失稳、新稳态4个阶段;构建了裂隙煤岩组合体能量运移模型,分析了裂隙煤岩组合体失稳破坏过程中的能量运移规律。裂隙两端是能量积聚的主要区域,煤组分裂隙端破坏时,一部分能量运移到岩石组分裂隙端,以岩石组分破坏或变形的形式释放出去。研究结果可为探究深部煤岩力学性质、揭示煤岩动力灾害发生机制提供有益参考。

喀斯特区土石工程堆积体坡面植被恢复评价

[目的]对喀斯特区土石工程堆积体坡面植被恢复进行评价,以期为喀斯特区工程堆积体生态修复提供基础理论支撑,并为生态文明建设提供参考依据。[方法]选取喀斯特区不同恢复年限(3,5,7 a)及不同植被类型(草地及草灌混交)的公路线性土石工程堆积体为研究对象,运用主成分分析法,选取石砾含量、土壤物理参数、土壤化学指标、水力学参数及植物群落指标构建评价指标体系,分析了土石工程堆积体坡面植被恢复特征与各生态影响因子之间的互作关系。[结果](1)喀斯特区土石工程堆积体坡面植被恢复过程是一个不断对资源和空间重新分配的过程,随着恢复时间的增加,坡面植被物种丰富度逐渐降低,群落的优势种越来越明显。(2)土壤有机质、自然含水率和饱和导水率是影响土石工程堆积坡面植被恢复初期的主要因子,而植被恢复又有助于改善其坡面土壤结构状况及养分含量,其坡面植被恢复的前期重点是如何改善坡面土壤水力学特性。(3)喀斯特区土石工程堆积体坡面先锋植被群落构建阶段的植被恢复模式可采取草灌混交,后逐步考虑增加乔木,同时适当搭配一定的深根植物。[结论]改善坡面土壤水力学特性有助于喀斯特区土石工程堆积体坡面初期植被恢复,可采取先草灌混交、后逐步搭配深根乔木的植被恢复模式。

三维静载与循环冲击共同作用下组合煤岩体力学特性试验研究

为进一步研究循环冲击载荷下煤岩体的力学特性,以岩-煤-岩结构试样为研究对象,利用改进后霍普金森压杆试验系统,开展三维静载与循环动态冲击试验,研究冲击入射能及围压对岩-煤-岩结构试样的强度、变形及破坏特征的影响。研究结果表明:相同围压下,总循环次数随冲击入射能的增加而逐渐减少;相同入射能下,总冲击次数随围压的增大而增加;相同围压下,平均应变率随着冲击次数、冲击入射能的增加而逐渐增加;相同入射能下,围压9 MPa时应变率较低且前期增长幅值较为缓慢,围压3 MPa时应变率较高且增长速度较快;峰值应力、变形模量随入射能增加而逐渐递增,随冲击次数增加而逐渐递减;相同入射能下,峰值应力及变形模量随围压的增大而增加;相同围压下,峰值应力与应变率呈幂函数递减,变形模量与应变率呈线性函数递减;循环冲击下,煤岩体破碎程度明显高于单次冲击,破坏主体是煤,破坏形式为剪切-拉伸复合破坏,并且具有明显的率相关性,随着冲击入射能的增加或者围压的减少,煤碎块尺寸较小且块数较多。研究结果可为深部煤岩体动力灾害控制提供理论参考。

可可西里地区北部湖泊水体中铷和铯分布特征及其形成机制

可可西里盐湖中富集的铷和铯在保障我国资源安全中具有极其重要的战略地位。为了解可可西里湖泊水体中铷和铯资源元素的分布规律及其富集机制,本研究测试了湖水、地下水、河水以及降水的水化学、稳定同位素(δD和δ18O)以及元素含量,研究结果表明:(1)可可西里北部湖泊水的总溶解固体(TDS)值变化范围较大,介于0.42~31.99 g/L之间。铷和铯的含量范围分别为2.32~2467.7μg/L(均值:210.85μg/L)和0.65~945.53μg/L(均值:98.23μg/L)。在空间分布上,铷和铯的含量与TDS呈现中部最低、西部高于东部的趋势。其中,勒斜武担湖的铷和铯含量及其TDS值最高。然而,湖水存在明显的淡化现象,这将对未来盐湖铷和铯资源的开发利用带来挑战。(2)氢氧同位素组成显示可可西里北部湖水受大气降水、岩浆水以及河流和地下水共同补给,泉在上升过程中受到降水的混合作用与河水汇集补给湖区。除了饮马湖、盐湖以及库赛湖东部,其他湖泊中铷含量均高于铯含量,即Rb/Cs>1,物源和迁移过程共同控制了可可西里北部湖泊水体中铷和铯含量的差异。湖水中铷和铯的富集主要受高铷铯含量的热泉补给、水体蒸发浓缩作用和水岩作用影响。本研究一方面丰富了对可可西里盐湖铷和铯稀有金属富集机制的理论认识,另一方面为提升盐湖铷和铯资源持续保障能力提供了科学依据和基础支撑。

鄂尔多斯盆地古峰庄地区疑似侵入岩体的发现及其地质意义

鄂尔多斯盆地内部岩浆岩体的发现对于构造-热事件重建、古地温场恢复及油气地质作用解析有重要意义。基于高精度三维地震资料的处理与解释,首次在盆地内部古峰庄地区发现疑似浅层侵入岩体,刻画了其空间展布并探讨了油气地质意义。研究显示,古峰庄地区存在6个疑似侵入岩体,在平面上多呈环状或云朵状,剖面上愈临近岩体核部,地层杂乱反射和丘状构造特征愈明显。据岩体分布形式和地震反射特征,可将其分为“岩浆深分散浅集中上涌型”疑似侵入岩体和“岩浆浅集中上涌型”疑似侵入岩体。前者由深及浅均有杂乱反射现象,与围岩反射特征明显有别,产状近直立,伴生断裂发育。后者仅在1 000 ms等时切片以上的浅部层系呈杂乱丘状反射,其下地层呈正常的层状反射、几乎不见地层扰动现象。分析认为先存断裂的存在及其数量、规模、垂向叠置程度、核部与端部断距以及地层压力,是造成岩浆差异式上涌的主因。结合盆内其他岩浆岩体发育特征和形成时代,认为古峰庄疑似侵入岩体形成于早白垩世晚期,与古生界-中生界油气规模成烃期和成藏期一致,此阶段的热液活动对该区油气生成、保存和成藏具有重大意义。

基于响应面法的废石-细尾砂充填性能优化试验

为获得满足矿山采矿强度要求的废石-细尾砂充填最佳配比,首先根据混合骨料的堆积密实度和料浆浓度初探试验,初步获得配比范围;在此基础上利用响应面法建立了以废石-细尾砂充填体的3、7、28 d抗压强度为响应值的回归模型,揭示了骨料配比、浓度和灰砂比三因素对充填体强度的影响规律,并通过回归模型优选出充填最佳配比,进行半工业试验验证。结果表明,当充填体养护至3、7 d时,浓度和灰砂比两因素的交互作用影响显著;当充填体养护至28 d时,骨料配比与浓度的交互作用影响显著。当骨料配比1∶3、浓度82%、灰砂比1∶4时,废石-细尾砂充填性能完全满足矿山的充填需求,为废石-细尾砂混合骨料膏体充填性能优化提供了理论基础。

小天体表面着陆区岩石目标检测算法

针对暗弱环境下小天体表面岩石轮廓特征不明显及岩石尺寸小而造成的难检测问题,提出了一种小天体表面着陆区岩石目标检测方法及模型。将多头自注意力机制融入YOLOv8x框架,用于提高模型获取图片全局视野的能力,增强模型对深空环境中不同光照条件下岩石特征的自适应性;在此基础上增加小目标检测层,用于提升模型对小尺寸岩石的关注度,增强模型对不同尺寸岩石的自适应性。对比实验结果表明,方法相较于改进前算法,岩石检测准确率、召回率和平均检测精度分别提升了6.4%、3%、5%,与其他主流目标检测算法相比,指标也得到明显提升。该方法为暗弱环境下小天体表面着陆区岩石的自主识别提供了理论和技术基础。

柴达木盆地英雄岭构造带小断层和碳酸盐岩缝洞体识别地震勘探关键技术

针对柴达木盆地英雄岭构造带深层小断层和碳酸盐岩缝洞体识别,提出配套的地震勘探关键技术。首先,从资料采集方面,扩大观测方位,采用小组合激发和接收,炮、检点均匀布设,可提高小断层成像精度;在地震资料数据处理方面,采用OVT域多维保真压噪技术和巨厚表层Q补偿处理技术,可以提高地震资料信噪比、保真度,有效拓宽频带,提高分辨率;在地震资料解释方面,利用分方位数据体和人工智能断层识别技术,可有效提高小断层识别精度,利用各向异性强度属性可有效识别缝洞体。该技术可为其他类似地区提供参考。

强冲击地压矿井煤层顶板覆岩结构研究——以孟村煤矿为例

矿井工作面上覆坚硬厚层顶板对冲击地压的产生具有重要影响,顶板坚硬厚层砂岩通常因沉积相的变化在横向和纵向上呈现出厚度、顶底板起伏和岩石力学性质等方面的变化。陕西彬长矿区孟村煤矿地质条件复杂,主采煤层顶板发育多层厚砂岩,矿井长期受冲击地压灾害威胁。为准确掌握工作面顶板坚硬厚层砂体层位及展布状态等信息,对其进行压裂弱化,保障矿井安全高效开采,基于孟村煤矿工程地质条件,通过井下工作面巷道顶板钻孔取心编录和钻孔电视测井方法,进行工作面顶板覆岩结构探查,对顶板主要砂体采样,进行岩石学、沉积相和岩石物理力学性质等特征分析,得到如下主要成果:①孟村煤矿401103工作面顶板100m内可对比划分出5层连续的砂体,工作面沉积微相变化导致各砂体厚度和顶底板标高不稳定;②401103工作面顶板延安组二段、直罗组、安定组底部均为河流相沉积,河流微相中的天然堤相细粒砂岩和粉砂岩的岩石力学强度相对最大,随着岩石粒径的逐渐增大,边滩相和河床滞留相中、粗粒砂岩的强度相对降低。不同沉积环境同一粒级砂岩的岩石力学强度因石英含量增高、硅质胶结物含量增高、颗粒支撑结构等因素而增大;③井田现今构造应力和顶板坚硬厚层砂岩等是矿井冲击地压灾害的主要诱因,对上覆高位坚硬厚层砂体进行区域水力致裂弱化,可显著降低矿井冲击地压风险。

面向深层干热岩体的全波形速度反演建模方法

随着勘探深度增加,地震信号衰减严重,常规速度建模方法精度较低,无法满足深层干热岩体高精度勘探的需求。为提高速度建模的精度,采用全波形反演方法,但受局部优化算法的限制,其应用存在收敛速度慢、反演深度浅以及容易陷入局部极值等问题。为此,对梯度应用预条件处理和平滑处理,并使用共轭梯度优化算法,以解决地下照明不均匀问题,提高反演深度、精度和收敛速度。同时,为缓解局部极小值问题,引入局部相似性全波形反演方法来更新初始模型,并对构建的干热岩模型进行数值测试。结果表明:即使在初始模型极不准确的情况下,该方法仍能避免周波跳跃的不利影响,实现稳健的迭代更新;该方法能够显著增加反演深度和精度,并且对高速岩体有较好的刻画,最终能获得浅、中、深全层系高精度速度模型;提出的全波形反演方法为深层高温花岗岩体的勘探提供了一个切实可行的建模流程。

营盘山隧道水文地质条件及岩土体特征分析

通过对隧址区的地表水和地下水特征的研究刻画,确定本区域水文地质条件对岩土工程的影响。结合岩土体特征的研究来确定隧址区围岩变形预测结果,借此确定隧址区的围岩级别并划分出不良地质区域及特殊岩土区域。通过对营盘山隧道区域水文地质条件勘查并确定其岩土体特征,以期为隧道选址工作及施工技术的选择提供有效地质依据。