Stability analysis of longwall top-coal caving face in extra-thick coal seams based on an innovative numerical hydraulic support model

The relationship between support and surrounding rock is of great significance to the control of surrounding rock in mining process.In view of the fact that most of the existing numerical simulation methods construct virtual elements and stress servo control to approximately replace the hydraulic support problem,this paper establishes a new numerical model of hydraulic support with the same working characteristics as the actual hydraulic support by integrating numerical simulation software Rhino,Griddle and FLAC3D,which can realize the simulation of different working conditions.Based on this model,the influence mechanism of the supporting strength of hydraulic support on surrounding rock stress regulation and coal stability in front of the top coal caving face in extra thick coal seam were researched.Firstly,under different support intensity,the abutment pressure of the bearing coal and the coal in front of it presents the “three-stage”evolution characteristics.The influence range of support intensity is 15%–30%.Secondly,1.5 MPa is the upper limit of impact that the support strength can have on the front coal failure area.Thirdly,within a displacement range of 2.76 m from the coal wall,a support strength of1.5 MPa provides optimal control of the horizontal displacement of the coal.

Theory,technology and application of grouted bolting in soft rock roadways of deep coal mines

The grouted bolt,combining rock bolting with grouting techniques,provides an effective solution for controlling the surrounding rock in deep soft rock and fractured roadways.It has been extensively applied in numerous deep mining areas characterized by soft rock roadways,where it has demonstrated remarkable control results.This article systematically explores the evolution of grouted bolting,covering its theoretical foundations,design methods,materials,construction processes,monitoring measures,and methods for assessing its effectiveness.The overview encompassed several key elements,delving into anchoring theory and grouting reinforcement theory.The new principle of high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative active control is introduced.A fresh method for dynamic information design is also highlighted.The discussion touches on both conventional grouting rock bolts and cable bolts,as well as innovative grouted rock bolts and cables characterized by their high pretension,strength,and sealing hole pressure.An examination of the merits and demerits of standard inorganic and organic grouting materials versus the new inorganic–organic composite materials,including their specific application conditions,was conducted.Additionally,the article presents various methods and instruments to assess the support effect of grouting rock bolts,cable bolts,and grouting reinforcement.Furthermore,it provides a foundation for understanding the factors influencing decisions on grouted bolting timing,the sequence of grouting,the pressure applied,the volume of grout used,and the strategic arrangement of grouted rock bolts and cable bolts.The application of the high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative control technology in a typical kilometer-deep soft rock mine in China—the soft coal seam and soft rock roadway in the Kouzidong coal mine,Huainan coal mining area,was introduced.Finally,the existing problems in grouted bolting control technology for deep soft rock roadways are analyzed,and the future development trend of grouted bolting control technology is anticipated.

基于ROCK/NOX4信号通路探究刺芒柄花素对2型糖尿病大鼠内质网应激损伤及肾功能的影响

目的基于RAS同源基因家族成员相关激酶(ROCK)/烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶(NOX)4信号通路探究刺芒柄花素对2型糖尿病大鼠内质网应激损伤及肾功能的影响。方法SPF级健康8周龄雄性C57BL/6大鼠60只,随机分为5组,各12只,健康组、模型组、刺芒柄花素低、中、高组,除健康组外均建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,刺芒柄花素低组、刺芒柄花素中组、刺芒柄花素高组分别给予20、40、100 mg/kg刺芒柄花素灌胃,其余组别灌胃等体积生理盐水。采用自动生化分析仪测定肾功能指标。苏木素-伊红(HE)染色与Masson染色观察大鼠肾组织病形态。TUNEL检测肾小管上皮细胞凋亡。免疫组化检测RAS同源基因家族成员(Rho)A、NOX4、ROCK阳性表达。Western印迹检测内质网应激相关蛋白表达。结果HE染色结果显示:健康组肾脏组织结构正常;模型组肾小球有一定程度萎缩,组织结构排列不均匀,并且有肿胀、脱落现象、还存在空泡样变性、鲍曼囊腔扩,而经过刺芒柄花素干预后,上述情况有所改善,且呈现出明显的剂量依赖性。Masson染色结果显示:健康组肾组织正常;模型组肾小球、肾小管基底膜增厚,产生空泡样病变,肾间质胶原纤维沉积明显;在经过刺芒柄花素干预后上述状况明显改善,且呈现出明显的剂量依赖性。健康组24 h MAU、SCr、BUN、细胞凋亡率、RhoA、NOX4、ROCL、eIF2α、GRP78水平显著低于模型组(P<0.05)。模型组24 h MAU、SCr、BUN、细胞凋亡率、RhoA、NOX4、ROCL、eIF2α、GRP78水平显著高于刺芒柄花素低组(P<0.05)。刺芒柄花素低组24 h MAU、SCr、BUN、细胞凋亡率、RhoA、NOX4、ROCL、eIF2α、GRP78水平显著高于刺芒柄花素中组(P<0.05)。刺芒柄花素中组24 h MAU、SCr、BUN、细胞凋亡率、RhoA、NOX4、ROCL、eIF2α、GRP78水平显著高于刺芒柄花素高组(P<0.05)。结论刺芒柄花素可能是通过调控Rho/ROCK/NOX4信号通路抑制了2型糖尿病大鼠内质网应激,改善肾功能,对肾脏起保护作用。

Surrounding Rock Failure Mechanism and Control Technology of Gob-Side Entry with Triangle Coal Pillar at Island Longwall Panel in 15 m Extra-Thick Coal Seams

Taking the return air roadway of Tashan 8204 isolated island working face as the background, the evolution law of the stress field in the surrounding rock of the widened coal pillar area roadway during the mining period of the isolated island working face is obtained through numerical simulation. The hazardous area of strong mine pressure under different coal pillar widths is determined. Through simulation, it is known that when the width of the coal pillar is less than 20 m, there is large bearing capacity on the coal side of the roadway entity. The force on the side of the coal pillar is relatively small. When the width of the coal pillar ranges from 25 m to 45 m, the vertical stress on the roadway and surrounding areas is relatively high. Pressure relief measures need to be taken during mining to reduce surrounding rock stress. When the width of the coal pillar is greater than 45 m, the peak stress of the coal pillar is located in the deep part of the surrounding rock, but it still has a certain impact on the roadway. It is necessary to take pressure relief measures to transfer the stress to a deeper depth to ensure the stability of the triangular coal pillar during the safe mining period of the working face. This provides guidance for ensuring the stability of the triangular coal pillar during the safe mining period of the working face.

基于阵列声波测井估算碳酸盐岩储层岩石力学和地应力参数——以顺北4号带为例

地质力学分析在油气藏勘探开发过程中发挥着重要作用,顺北油气田中—下奥陶统一间房组—鹰山组储层地应力研究相对滞后。对比分析了顺北4号带下古生界中—下奥陶统一间房组—鹰山组碳酸盐岩不同类型储层的岩石力学和地应力特征,同时探讨了微观颗粒结构对碳酸盐岩储层地应力和岩石力学参数的控制作用,为顺北地区超深层碳酸盐岩储层评价提供了基础地质依据。基于弹簧组合模型,通过岩石力学实验和阵列声波测井确定了岩石力学和地应力特征,通过铸体薄片和X射线CT扫描表征碳酸盐岩的微观孔隙结构。研究结果表明:顺北4号带一间房组—鹰山组杨氏模量分布在50~89 GPa,抗压强度在99~136 MPa,泊松比在0.25~0.32;地层最大水平主应力为200~225 MPa,最小水平主应力为125~160 MPa。一间房组—鹰山组碳酸盐岩不同类型储层的岩石力学参数和地应力存在明显差异,从Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类到非储层段碳酸盐岩的杨氏模量、抗压强度和最大水平主应力明显增大,而泊松比和最小水平主应力变化不大。相比于一间房组—鹰山组泥晶灰岩,砂屑-生屑灰岩方解石颗粒较大,颗粒黏结程度降低,导致岩石抗压强度和杨氏模量减小;砂屑-生屑灰岩部分方解石颗粒呈次圆状或圆状,颗粒三维空间球度较大,颗粒之间咬合作用减弱,使得岩石的抗压强度和杨氏模量减小;砂屑-生屑灰岩存在大量的孔隙和裂缝,灰岩易沿着潜在的微裂缝面或者颗粒接触面摩擦滑动甚至破裂,同样导致岩石抗压强度和杨氏模量减小。此外,一间房组—鹰山组泥晶灰岩受热液作用影响,部分白云石交代为石英,导致泥晶灰岩的抗压强度和杨氏模量增加。岩石的宏观力学特征和岩石力学参数受岩石微观颗粒结构的制约,一间房组—鹰山组杨氏模量、抗压强度和最大水平主应力低值区即为顺北4号带优势储层发育区带。

Geological characteristics and exploration breakthroughs of coal rock gas in Carboniferous Benxi Formation,Ordos Basin,NW China

To explore the geological characteristics and exploration potential of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation coal rock gas in the Ordos Basin,this paper presents a systematic research on the coal rock distribution,coal rock reservoirs,coal rock quality,and coal rock gas features,resources and enrichment.Coal rock gas is a high-quality resource distinct from coalbed methane,and it has unique features in terms of burial depth,gas source,reservoir,gas content,and carbon isotopic composition.The Benxi Formation coal rocks cover an area of 16×104km^(2),with thicknesses ranging from 2 m to 25 m,primarily consisting of bright and semi-bright coals with primitive structures and low volatile and ash contents,indicating a good coal quality.The medium-to-high rank coal rocks have the total organic carbon(TOC)content ranging from 33.49%to 86.11%,averaging75.16%.They have a high degree of thermal evolution(Roof 1.2%-2.8%),and a high gas-generating capacity.They also have high stable carbon isotopic values(δ13C1of-37.6‰to-16‰;δ13C2of-21.7‰to-14.3‰).Deep coal rocks develop matrix pores such as gas bubble pores,organic pores,and inorganic mineral pores,which,together with cleats and fractures,form good reservoir spaces.The coal rock reservoirs exhibit the porosity of 0.54%-10.67%(averaging 5.42%)and the permeability of(0.001-14.600)×10^(-3)μm^(2)(averaging 2.32×10^(-3)μm^(2)).Vertically,there are five types of coal rock gas accumulation and dissipation combinations,among which the coal rock-mudstone gas accumulation combination and the coal rock-limestone gas accumulation combination are the most important,with good sealing conditions and high peak values of total hydrocarbon in gas logging.A model of coal rock gas accumulation has been constructed,which includes widespread distribution of medium-to-high rank coal rocks continually generating gas,matrix pores and cleats/fractures in coal rocks acting as large-scale reservoir spaces,tight cap rocks providing sealing,source-reservoir integration,and five types of efficient enrichment patterns(lateral pinchout complex,lenses,low-amplitude structures,nose-like structures,and lithologically self-sealing).According to the geological characteristics of coal rock gas,the Benxi Formation is divided into 8 plays,and the estimated coal rock gas resources with a buried depth of more than 2000 m are more than 12.33×10^(12)m^(3).The above understandings guide the deployment of risk exploration.Two wells drilled accordingly obtained an industrial gas flow,driving the further deployment of exploratory and appraisal wells.Substantial breakthroughs have been achieved,with the possible reserves over a trillion cubic meters and the proved reserves over a hundred billion cubic meters,which is of great significance for the reserves increase and efficient development of natural gas in China.

Formation and distribution of coal measure source rocks in the Eocene Pinghu Formation in the Pinghu Slope of the Xihu Depression,East China Sea Shelf Basin

The Xihu Depression in the East China Sea Shelf Basin is a large petroliferous sedimentary depression,in which oil and gas reservoirs were mainly discovered in the Pinghu Slope and the central inversion zone.The oil-gas source correlation in the Xihu Depression was analyzed by hydrocarbon generating thermal simulation data via gold-tube pyrolysis experiments.The results indicated that the oil and gas in the Xihu Depression were mainly derived from coal measure source rocks of the Eocene Pinghu Formation.Therefore,the identification of coal seams is extremely crucial for evaluating coal measure source rocks in the Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Depression.Geochemical and petrological characterization pointed to input of terrigenous organic matter and redox conditions of the depositional environment as factors that govern the ability of the coal measure source rocks in hydrocarbon generation in the Xihu Depression.In this regard,the sedimentary organic facies in the Pinghu Formation were classified into four predominantly terrigenous and one mixed-source subfacies,which all varied in carbon and hydrogen content.The coal measure source rocks in the carbon-and hydrogen-rich tidal flat-lagoon exhibited the highest hydrocarbon generation potential,whereas the mudstone in the neritic facies was the poorest in its hydrocarbon yield.These results suggested that the coal measure source rocks in the Pinghu Formation likely developed in the Hangzhou Slope and the Tiantai Slope,both representing promising sources for oil and gas exploration.

Monitoring of coal-mine goaf based on 4D seismic technology

The range of coal-mine underground goaf has continuously expanded over time.Caving,fracture,and deformation zones have also changed,thereby inducing coal-mine water inrush and other environmental disasters.In this study,4 D seismic monitoring technology that is effective in reservoir development was used to monitor abnormal changes in coal-mine underground goaf to explore the feasibility of the method.Taking a coal mine in Hancheng,Shaanxi as an example,we used the aforementioned technology to dynamically monitor the abnormal changes in the goaf.Based on the 4 D seismic data obtained in the experiment and the abnormal change characteristics of the coal-mine goaf,the method of 4 D seismic data processing in reservoir was improved.A set of 4 D data processing flow for the goaf was established,and the anomalies in the surface elevation and overlying strata velocity caused by collapse were corrected.We have made the following improvements to the method of 4 D seismic data processing in the reservoir:(1)the static correction problem caused by the changes of surface elevation and destruction of the low-velocity layer has been solved through fusion static correction to comb the low-frequency components of elevation statics with the high-frequency components of refraction statics;(2)the problem of overlying strata velocity changes in the goaf caused by collapse has been solved through the velocity consistency method;(3)the problem of reflection event pull-down in the disturbance area has been solved through space-varying moveout correction based on cross-correlation;and(4)amplitude anomalies in the coal seam caused by the goaf have been addressed using the correction method of space-varying amplitude.Results show that the 4 D seismic data processing and interpretation method established in this study is reasonable and effective.

改性天然沸石对煤化工废水中高浓度NH_(4)^(+)的吸附和再生研究

针对目前常用的蒸氨法和吹脱法去除煤化工废水中高浓度氨氮带来的能耗高、处理成本高、操作复杂等实际问题,对天然沸石进行改性,探究改性沸石对煤化工废水中高浓度氨氮的吸附性能和化学再生性能。结果表明,相较于未改性天然沸石,经300℃热处理与1.5 mol/L NaCl溶液协同改性后,沸石的比表面积由18.541 m^(2)/g增加至32.198 m^(2)/g,吸附容量提升了74%,NH_(4)^(+)去除率达88.94%。吸附动力学和等温线分析表明,改性沸石对煤化工废水中高浓度NH_(4)^(+)的吸附过程符合化学多层吸附过程。0.100 mol/L NaClO溶液对改性沸石再生效果最好,再生率高达94.5%,且可将再生NH_(4)^(+)转化为无毒、无害的N_(2),实现了沸石的高效、可持续再生,且无二次污染。

低温阶段煤吸附C_(2)H_(4)的吸附特性研究

为研究煤矿采空区封闭区遗煤吸附C_(2)H_(4)的演化特征,以宁夏灵新煤矿不粘煤为研究对象,采用容量法进行煤吸附C_(2)H_(4)试验,分析温压与粒径对煤吸附C_(2)H_(4)过程中的吸附量、吸附速率和吸附热力学等特征变化的影响。研究表明:当温度为30~60℃、压力为0.15~0.45 MPa、粒径为20~120目时,无论是温度降低、压力升高还是粒径减小,C_(2)H_(4)的吸附量均增加;吸附过程随时间由快变慢,进而趋于平衡,吸附速率快速趋于0;温度与粒径不变,平衡压力越大吸附速率越大;温度与压力不变,粒径越小吸附速率越快。吸附量相同,粒径越小等量吸附热越低;各粒径煤样吸附C_(2)H_(4)的等量吸附热为0.69~40.23 kJ/mol,属于物理吸附。引入压力修正系数进行拟合,温度不变,压力和粒径与吸附自由能降低值呈正比关系;粒径不变,温度与吸附自由能降低值呈反比关系。各粒径煤样吸附C_(2)H_(4)的吸附熵均为负值,吸附量增大,温度降低,吸附熵值均增大;吸附量相同条件下,粒径越大,吸附熵值越大。

Numerical analysis on the factors affecting post-peak characteristics of coal under uniaxial compression

The post-peak characteristics of coal serve as a direct reflection of its failure process and are essential parameters for evaluating brittleness and bursting liability.Understanding the significant factors that influence post-peak characteristics can offer valuable insights for the prevention of coal bursts.In this study,the Synthetic Rock Mass method is employed to establish a numerical model,and the factors affecting coal post-peak characteristics are analyzed from four perspectives:coal matrix mechanical parameters,structural weak surface properties,height-to-width ratio,and loading rate.The research identifies four significant influencing factors:deformation modulus,density of discrete fracture networks,height-to-width ratio,and loading rate.The response and sensitivity of post-peak characteristics to single-factor and multi-factor interactions are assessed.The result suggested that feasible prevention and control measures for coal bursts can be formulated through four approaches:weakening the mechanical properties of coal pillars,increasing the number of structural weak surfaces in coal pillars,reducing the width of coal pillars,and optimizing mining and excavation speed.The efficacy of measures aimed at weakening the mechanical properties of coal is successfully demonstrated through a case study on coal burst prevention using large-diameter borehole drilling.

Mechanical properties and energy evolutions of burst-prone coal samples with holes and fillings

During the mining process of impact-prone coal seams,drilling pressure relief can reduce the impact propensity of the coal seam,but it also reduces the integrity and strength of the coal mass at the side of the roadway.Therefore,studying the mechanical properties and energy evolution rules of coal samples containing holes and filled structures has certain practical significance for achieving coordinated control of coal mine rockburst disasters and the stability of roadway surrounding rocks.To achieve this aim,seven types of burst-prone coal samples were prepared and subject to uniaxial compression experiments with the aid of a TAW-3000 electro-hydraulic servo testing machine.Besides,the stress–strain curves,acoustic emission signals,DIC strain fields and other data were collected during the experiments.Furthermore,the failure modes and energy evolutions of samples with varying drilled hole sizes and filling materials were analyzed.The results show that the indexes related to burst propensity of the drilled coal samples decline to some extent compared with those of the intact one,and the decline is positively corelated to the diameter of the drilled hole.After hole filling,the strain concentration degree around the drilled hole is lowered to a certain degree,and polyurethane filling has a more remarkable effect than cement filling.Meanwhile,hole filling can enhance the strength and deformation resistance of coal.Hole drilling can accelerate the release of accumulated elastic strain energy,turning the acoustic emission events from low-frequency and high-energy ones to high-frequency and low-energy ones,whereas hole filling can reduce the intensity of energy release.The experimental results and theoretical derivation demonstrate that hole filling promotes coal deformability and strength mainly by weakening stress concentration surrounding the drilled holes.Moreover,the fillings can achieve a better filling effect if their elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio are closer to those of the coal body.

Microstructural and thermal properties of coal measure sandstone subjected to high temperatures

To study the microscopic structure,thermal and mechanical properties of sandstones under the influence of temperature,coal measure sandstones from Southwest China are adopted as the research object to carry out high-temperature tests at 25℃-1000℃.The microscopic images of sandstone after thermal treatment are obtained by means of polarizing microscopy and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Based on thermogravimetric(TG)analysis and differential scanning calorimetric(DSC)analysis,the model function of coal measure sandstone is explored through thermal analysis kinetics(TAK)theory,and the kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition and the thermal decomposition reaction rate of rock are studied.Through the uniaxial compression experiments,the stress‒strain curves and strength characteristics of sandstone under the influence of temperature are obtained.The results show that the temperature has a significant effect on the microstructure,mineral composition and mechanical properties of sandstone.In particular,when the temperature exceeds 400℃,the thermal fracture phenomenon of rock is obvious,the activity of activated molecules is significantly enhanced,and the kinetic phenomenon of the thermal decomposition reaction of rock appears rapidly.The mechanical properties of rock are weakened under the influence of rock thermal fracture and mineral thermal decomposition.These research results can provide a reference for the analysis of surrounding rock stability and the control of disasters caused by thermal damage in areas such as underground coal gasification(UCG)channels and rock masses subjected to mine fires.

Whole petroleum system in Jurassic coal measures of Taibei Sag in Tuha Basin,NW China

Based on the latest results of near-source exploration in the Middle and Lower Jurassic of the Tuha Basin,a new understanding of the source rocks,reservoir conditions,and source-reservoir-cap rock combinations of the Jurassic Shuixigou Group in the Taibei Sag is established using the concept of the whole petroleum system,and the coal-measure whole petroleum system is analyzed thoroughly.The results are obtained in three aspects.First,the coal-measure source rocks of the Badaowan Formation and Xishanyao Formation and the argillaceous source rocks of the Sangonghe Formation in the Shuixigou Group exhibit the characteristics of long-term hydrocarbon generation,multiple hydrocarbon generation peaks,and simultaneous oil and gas generation,providing sufficient oil and gas sources for the whole petroleum system in the Jurassic coal-bearing basin.Second,multi-phase shallow braided river delta–shallow lacustrine deposits contribute multiple types of reservoirs,e.g.sandstone,tight sandstone,shale and coal rock,in slope and depression areas,providing effective storage space for the petroleum reservoir formation in coal-measure strata.Third,three phases of hydrocarbon charging and structural evolution,as well as effective configuration of multiple types of reservoirs,result in the sequential accumulation of conventional-unconventional hydrocarbons.From high structural positions to depression,there are conventional structural and structural-lithological reservoirs far from the source,low-saturation structural-lithological reservoirs near the source,and tight sandstone gas,coal rock gas and shale oil accumulations within the source.Typically,the tight sandstone gas and coal rock gas are the key options for further exploration,and the shale oil and gas in the depression area is worth of more attention.The new understanding of the whole petroleum system in the coal measures could further enrich and improve the geological theory of the whole petroleum system,and provide new ideas for the overall exploration of oil and gas resources in the Tuha Basin.

Geochemical characteristics of Lower Permian coal-measure source rocks in Northeast Ordos Basin

General characteristics and biomarker distributions of Lower Permian coal-measure source rocks in northeastern Ordos Bsain have been analyzed in this paper. The results show that the source rocks are type Ⅲ kerogen, thermally mature, with high content of total organic carbon. The extracts of the source rock samples with different lithologies from Well Su 27 feature high Pr/Ph ratios, high C19 TT and C24 Te, high rearranged hopanes, a predominance of C29 sterane in regular steranes, and the absence of C30 4-methylsteranes. These data suggest that the source rocks were deposited in suboxic to oxic conditions with dominantly terrigenous higher plant input. In contrast, the source rocks from wells Shuang 1 and Yu 20, are characterized by low Pr/Ph ratios, low C19 TT and C24 Te, high C23 TT, similar content of C27 sterane and C29 sterane, and the presence of C30 4-methylsteranes, showing that the source rocks were deposited in reducing environment with algae and/or microorganisms and terrigenous higher plant input.

磁性Fe_(3)O_(4)/莫来石陶粒复合材料制备研究

煤矸石是煤炭开采和洗选过程排放的固体废弃物,是我国目前年排放量和累计堆存量最大的工业废渣。煤矸石可用于制备重金属吸附材料,实现以废治废。试验将煤矸石在1200℃温度下烧结制成陶粒,然后将陶粒在不同浓度的硝酸铁溶液中浸渍,分离陶粒并烘干,用管式炉对其进行氢气还原处理,得到磁性Fe_(3)O_(4)/莫来石陶粒复合材料,研究陶粒复合材料的物相、微观形貌、磁性能及密度。结果表明,陶粒负载物的物相组成为Fe_(3)O_(4),作为前驱体溶液,硝酸铁溶液浓度越大,陶粒复合材料磁性越强,证实负载工艺可行。

高压注入条件下N_(2)对含水煤中CH_(4)置换效应的影响

为了揭示高压注入条件下N_(2)对不同含水率煤中CH_(4)置换效应影响,基于含水率为0.75%、1.5%和3%的3种煤样,开展了高压注N_(2)置换CH_(4)实验。实验结果表明:随着煤含水率的增加,煤吸附CH_(4)和N_(2)的能力表现出逐渐减弱的趋势,N_(2)的吸附量始终小于CH_(4)的吸附量,且N_(2)置换CH_(4)的能力逐步下降;在本实验压力条件下,CH_(4)预吸附平衡压力超出0.75 MPa越大,其N_(2)利用率越低。同时随煤含水量的增加,CH_(4)置换率、N_(2)注置比均出现逐步减小的趋势,因此可得CH_(4)置换率、N_(2)注置比均与煤的含水量呈负相关关系。实验含水煤样更好的还原井下处于潮湿环境中的原煤,通过CH_(4)置换率和N_(2)注置比的反馈得出,过大的注气压力并不能得到良好的注气效果,反而会降低该置换源气体的利用率,因此对井下注N_(2)置换煤层CH_(4)的工程技术来说,为避免盲目提高注气压力而造成N_(2)的置换效率下降的现象,建议井下煤层注N_(2)置换CH_(4)时,CH_(4)吸附平衡压力控制在0.75 MPa最佳。

蒲白建庄矿业4^(-2)403运输巷支护设计及应用

针对建庄矿业4^(-2)煤层厚度大,回采巷道断面尺寸大、支护困难等问题,采用理论计算、数值模拟等方法,确定了回采巷道支护参数。在4^(-2)403运输巷进行了现场试验。现场矿压监测结果显示:仅在距离工作面10 m范围内巷道围岩变形量急剧增大,整体看来巷道围岩变形量及顶板离层量在允许范围内,锚杆支护状态良好,支护方案设计合理、可行。

煤电基地CO_(2)和CH_(4)遥感监测及时空特征分析

【目的】CO_(2)和CH_(4)是煤电基地能源生产活动中的主要温室气体排放种类,其监测与时空分布是研究区碳监测体系建设的重要内容。【方法】以安徽淮南市为例,利用GOSAT、OCO-2和Sentinel-5P这3种卫星数据进行研究区CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度监测,得到CO_(2)、CH_(4)柱浓度(XCO_(2)和XCH_(4))变化和分布情况,采用源清单法分析CO_(2)行业和区域排放特征,同时采用Pearson相关系数和多元回归方法分析影响研究区XCO_(2)和XCH_(4)浓度的主控因素。【结果和结论】结果表明:(1)基于GOSAT和OCO-2卫星融合数据分析显示,淮南市2016-2020年XCO_(2)和XCH_(4)浓度整体呈增长趋势,期间XCO_(2)浓度增加12×10^(-6)、XCH_(4)浓度增加23×10^(-9);XCO_(2)浓度和累计发电量的Pearson相关系数为0.98,XCH_(4)浓度和累计煤炭产量的Pearson相关系数为0.99,均呈极强相关。(2)利用Sentinel-5P卫星搭载的对流层观测仪(TROPOMI)高分辨产品数据分析淮南市各区域XCH_(4)浓度分布时空特征发现,研究区秋季XCH_(4)浓度高于夏季,XCH_(4)浓度受能源生产和农业生产两方面的影响。(3)源清单法得出淮南市一级源分类CO_(2)排放最多的为化石燃料固定燃烧源,占全市CO_(2)总排放量的89.59%,化石燃料固定燃烧源中电力供热占比99%以上;主要为淮南市潘集区和凤台县燃煤电厂CO_(2)排放;源识别显示集中分布在淮南市北部的火力发电厂为研究区CO_(2)最主要排放源。(4)影响研究区XCO_(2)浓度的主控因素为地区生产总值、累计发电量和第二产业产值,影响XCH_(4)浓度的主控因素为累计煤炭产量、第一产业产值、播种面积。研究结果对我国“双碳”目标下煤电基地碳监测体系构建与完善具有重要的参考意义。

尖晶石型纳米CoAl_2O_4色料水热合成工艺研究

分别以钴、铝的氯化物、硝酸盐和硫酸盐为起始原料,NaOH为沉淀剂,用水热法合成了纳米尖晶石型钴蓝色料。分别研究了填充度、pH值、nCo/nAl、起始原料种类以及浓度等对合成色料物相组成、颗粒大小与形貌和呈色的影响。用XRD、TEM和色度分析对样品进行了表征。结果表明:以浓度分别为0.15 mol/L和0.3 mol/L的CoCl2.6H2O和AlCl3为起始原料,在填充度为70%、pH值为13、nCo/nAl为1/2的条件下,245℃水热培育20 h制得呈色良好的尖晶石型钴蓝色料,颗粒为八面体型,晶型完整,粒径多为100 nm以下。相同条件下,以钴、铝的硫酸盐为起始原料,产物中除CoAl2O4外,还有Co-Al LDHs、γ-AlO(OH)和β-Al(OH)3;以钴、铝的硝酸盐为起始原料,样品呈绿色,颗粒为八面体型CoAl2O4,粒径多为100 nm以上。