Base Station Energy Management in 5G Networks Using Wide Range Control Optimization

The traffic activity offifth generation(5G)networks demand for new energy management techniques that is dynamic deep and longer duration of sleep as compared to the fourth generation(4G)network technologies that demand always for varied control and data signalling based on control base station(CBS)and data base station(DBS).Hence,this paper discusses the energy management in wireless cellular networks using wide range of control for twice the reduction in energy conservation in non-standalone deployment of 5G network.As the new radio(NR)based 5G network is configured to transmit signal blocks for every 20 ms,the proposed algorithm implements withstanding capacity of on or off based energy switching,which in-turn operates in wide range control by carrying out reduced computational complexity.The proposed Wide range of control for base station in green cellular network using sleep mode for switch(WGCNS)algorithm toon and off the base station will work in heavy load with neighbouring base station.For reducing the overhead duration in air,heuristic versions of the algorithm are proposed at the base station.The algorithm operates based on the specification with suggested protocol-level to give best amount of energy savings.The proposed algorithm reduces 40%to 83%of residual energy based on the traffic pattern of the urban scenario.

Comparison study on measurement of rail weld joint between inertial reference method and multi-point chord reference method

Purpose – Straightness measurement of rail weld joint is of essential importance to railway maintenance. Dueto the lack of efficient measurement equipment, there has been limited in-depth research on rail weld joint with a5-m wavelength range, leaving a significant knowledge gap in this field.Design/methodology/approach – In this study, the authors used the well-established inertial referencemethod (IR-method), and the state-of-the-art multi-point chord reference method (MCR-method). Two methodshave been applied in different types of rail straightness measurement trollies, respectively. These instrumentswere tested in a high-speed rail section within a certain region of China. The test results were ultimatelyvalidated through using traditional straightedge and feeler gauge methods as reference data to evaluate the railweld joint straightness within the 5-m wavelength range.Findings – The research reveals that IR-method and MCR-method produce reasonably similar measurementresults for wavelengths below 1 m. However, MCR-method outperforms IR-method in terms of accuracy forwavelengths exceeding 3 m. Furthermore, it was observed that IR-method, while operating at a slower speed,carries the risk of derailing and is incapable of detecting rail weld joints and low joints within the track.Originality/value – The research compare two methods’ measurement effects in a longer wavelength rangeand demonstrate the superiority of MCR-method.

500 kV海上升压站电气一次设备交接试验方法及应用

[目的]文章针对全球首个500 kV海上升压站电气一次设备交接试验的电压施加方法、试验电压标准、试验套管布置方式以及试验项目顺序等多个问题进行了探讨。[方法]基于试验条件和试验要求,对试验电压值与设备的绝缘强度进行了比较和分析。根据GIS和电缆的结构特点,使用GIS和电缆联合试验的方法对电缆施加电压。考虑海上升压站的空间环境和最大绝缘距离,选择在升压站外面布置500 kV GIS耐压试验套管。通过比较500 kV和66 kV配电设备试验项目的试验电压值大小,合理地安排试验项目顺序。[结果]确定了主变中压绕组的耐压试验的电压施加方法、66 kV GIS试验的电压标准,以及电缆和GIS设备的试验项目顺序。在制造基地完成了变压器、电缆和GIS的交接试验。[结论]全球首个500 kV海上升压站电气一次设备的交接试验方法能简化试验准备工作,缩短试验工期,具有一定工程应用价值,可为其他海上升压站项目提供参考。

基于5G网络的新能源场站智慧巡检技术研究与应用

文章旨在研究基于5G网络的新能源场站智慧巡检技术,并探讨其应用潜力。传统人工巡检方式存在效率低、安全性差等问题,而基于5G网络的智慧巡检技术能够提高巡检效率和准确性。文章以机器人5G神经网络自适应控制技术为核心,分为两个主要部分进行研究:通过分析巡检机器人的结构并建立动力学模型,确保机器人能够准确进行巡检;利用神经网络自适应控制流程,在环境信息采集和处理的基础上,实现了智能巡检的路径规划和运动控制。通过仿真分析,验证了该技术在提高巡检效率和准确性方面的优越性。研究结果表明,基于5G网络的新能源场站智慧巡检技术具有高效、准确、安全等优点,可为新能源场站巡检提供重要技术支持,同时具备广阔的应用前景。

黄芪桂枝五物汤加减对肩周炎患者肩关节功能、炎性因子和血清5-HT、PGE2的影响

目的探讨黄芪桂枝五物汤加减对肩周炎患者肩关节功能、炎性因子和血清5-HT、PGE2的影响。方法选取2022年2月—2023年2月西安市阎良区人民医院收治的80例肩周炎患者作为研究对象,应用随机数表法将其分为观察组与对照组,每组40例。对照组采取常规治疗,观察组在对照组治疗基础上联合黄芪桂枝五物汤加减治疗,应用Constant-Murley评分及视觉模拟量表(Visual simulation scale,VAS)评价患者治疗前后的肩关节功能变化,并比较其炎性因子水平及血清中5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)和前列腺素E2(Prostaglandin E2,PGE2)表达水平。结果治疗前两组患者肩关节功能评分、疼痛评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后两组患者肩关节功能评分均升高,且观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);疼痛评分均降低,且观察组疼痛评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗前两组患者肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、转化生长因子-β1(Transforming growth factor-βone,TGF-β1)、白细胞计数(White blood cell count,WBC)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后两组患者TNF-α、TGF-β1、WBC、CRP水平均降低,且观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗前两组患者5-HT、PGE2比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后两组患者5-HT、PGE2均降低,且观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对肩周炎患者在常规治疗基础上联合黄芪桂枝五物汤加减治疗可改善患者肩关节功能,降低疼痛程度,减轻机体炎性反应水平,其治疗机制可能与血清5-HT、PGE2的降低具有一定关系,值得临床应用。

Unloading performances and stabilizing practices for columnar jointed basalt:A case study of Baihetan hydropower station

The columnar jointed rock mass(CJR), composed of polygonal cross-sectional columns cut by several groups of joints in various directions, was exposed during the excavations of the Baihetan hydropower station, China. In order to investigate the unloading performances and the stability conditions during excavation of the columns, an experimental field study was performed. Firstly, on-site investigations indicated that the geotechnical problems, including rock relaxation, cracking and collapse, were the most prominent for the CJR Class I that contains intensive joint network and the smallest column sizes.Comprehensive field tests, including deformation measurement by multi-point extensometers, ultrasonic wave testing, borehole television observation and stress monitoring of rock anchors, revealed that the time-dependent relaxation of the CJRs was marked. The practical excavation experiences for the Baihetan columnar jointed rock masses, such as blasting scheme, supporting time of shotcrete and rock bolts, were presented in the excavations of the diversion tunnels. These detailed investigations and practical construction experiences can provide helpful information for similar geotechnical works in jointed rock mass.

基于果蝇优化算法的5G网络基站选址研究

为解决5G网络基站选址未考虑建筑物的空间分布规律,使得基站选址效果不理想,导致基站覆盖范围较小的问题,提出了基于果蝇优化算法的5G网络基站选址研究方法。计算前线基站到圆形覆盖中心的距离,利用卫星通信设备对回传信号定位,得到后方基站的可选位置区域。计算数据接收、发送和聚合能耗,在蜂窝单元均衡分配的前提下,保证基站数据负载平衡。构建基站选址双层位置模型,设定约束条件,确定基站最佳位置。利用果蝇优化算法更新位置,经过个体更新迭代处理,避免陷入局部最优,获取精细的基站选址位置。由实验结果可知,该方法前线、后方基站损耗最小分别为50 dB、70 dB,基站覆盖范围半径为6 km,与理想基站覆盖范围一致。

Optimal configuration for photovoltaic storage system capacity in 5G base station microgrids

Base station operators deploy a large number of distributed photovoltaics to solve the problems of high energy consumption and high electricity costs of 5G base stations.In this study,the idle space of the base station’s energy storage is used to stabilize the photovoltaic output,and a photovoltaic storage system microgrid of a 5G base station is constructed.Aiming at the capacity planning problem of photovoltaic storage systems,a two-layer optimal configuration method is proposed.The inner layer optimization considers the energy sharing among the base station microgrids,combines the communication characteristics of the 5G base station and the backup power demand of the energy storage battery,and determines an economic scheduling strategy for each photovoltaic storage system with the goal of minimizing the daily operation cost of the base station microgrid.The outer model aims to minimize the annual average comprehensive revenue of the 5G base station microgrid,while considering peak clipping and valley filling,to optimize the photovoltaic storage system capacity.The CPLEX solver and a genetic algorithm were used to solve the two-layer models.Considering the construction of the 5G base station in a certain area as an example,the results showed that the proposed model can not only reduce the cost of the 5G base station operators,but also reduce the peak load of the power grid and promote the local digestion of photovoltaic power.

Optimal configuration of 5G base station energy storage considering sleep mechanism

The high-energy consumption and high construction density of 5G base stations have greatly increased the demand for backup energy storage batteries.To maximize overall benefits for the investors and operators of base station energy storage,we proposed a bi-level optimization model for the operation of the energy storage,and the planning of 5G base stations considering the sleep mechanism.A multi-base station cooperative system composed of 5G acer stations was considered as the research object,and the outer goal was to maximize the net profit over the complete life cycle of the energy storage.Furthermore,the power and capacity of the energy storage configuration were optimized.The inner goal included the sleep mechanism of the base station,and the optimization of the energy storage charging and discharging strategy,for minimizing the daily electricity expenditure of the 5G base station system.Additionally,genetic algorithm and mixed integer programming were used to solve the bi-level optimization model,analyze the numerical example test comparison of the three types of batteries and the net income of the configuration,and finally verify the validity of the model.Furthermore,the sleep mechanism,the charging and discharging strategy for energy consumption,and the economic benefits for the operators were investigated to provide reference for the 5G base station energy storage configuration.

An Anisotropic Geomechanical Model for Jointed Rock Masses at Taishan Nuclear Power Station, Southern China

An anisotropic geomechanical model for jointed rock mass is presented. Simultaneously with deriving the orthotropic anisotropy elastic parameters along the positive axis, the equivalent compliance matrix for the deflection axis orthotropic anisotropy was derived through a three- dimensional coordinate transformation. In addition, Singh＇s analysis of the stress concentration effects of intermittent joints was adopted, based on two groups of intermittent joints and a set of cross- cutting joints in the jointed rock mass. The stress concentration effects caused by intermittent joints and the coupling effect of cross-cutting joints along the deflection-axis are also considered. The proposed anisotropic mechanics parameters method is applied to determine the deformation parameters of jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station. Combined with the deterministic mechanical parameters of rock blocks and joints, the deformation parameters and their variability in jointed rock masses are estimated quantitatively. The computed results show that jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station exhibits typical anisotropic mechanical characteristics; the elastic moduli in the two horizontal directions were similar, but the elastic modulus in the vertical direction was much greater. Jointed rock elastic moduli in the two horizontal and vertical directions were respectively about 24% and 37% of the core of rock, showing weakly orthotropic anisotropy; the ratio of elastic moduli in the vertical and horizontal directions was 1.53, clearly indicating the transversely isotropic rock mass mechanical characteristics. The method can be popularized to solve other rock mechanics problems in nuclear power engineering.

Effects of laser heat treatment on salt spray corrosion of 1Cr5Mo heat resistant steel welding joints

The surface of 1Cr5 Mo heat-resistant steel welding joint was processed with CO2 laser, and the corrosion behaviors before and after laser heat treatment(LHT) were investigated in the salt spray corrosion environments. The microstructures, phases, residual stresses and retained austenite content of 1Cr5 Mo steel welding joint before and after LHT were analyzed with optical microscope and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The cracking morphologies and chemical compositions of corrosion products after salt spray corrosion were analyzed with field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM) and energy disperse spectroscopy(EDS), respectively, the polarization curves were measured on a PS-268 A type electrochemical workstation, and the mechanism of corrosion resistance by LHT was investigated as well. The results show that the passive film of original sample is destroyed owing to the corrosive media penetrating into the subsurface, resulting in the redox reaction. The content of residual austenite in the surface and the self-corrosion potential are increased by LHT, which is contributed to improving the capability of salt spray corrosion resistance.

A Review in the Core Technologies of 5G: Device-to-Device Communication, Multi-Access Edge Computing and Network Function Virtualization

5G is a new generation of mobile networking that aims to achieve unparalleled speed and performance. To accomplish this, three technologies, Device-to-Device communication (D2D), multi-access edge computing (MEC) and network function virtualization (NFV) with ClickOS, have been a significant part of 5G, and this paper mainly discusses them. D2D enables direct communication between devices without the relay of base station. In 5G, a two-tier cellular network composed of traditional cellular network system and D2D is an efficient method for realizing high-speed communication. MEC unloads work from end devices and clouds platforms to widespread nodes, and connects the nodes together with outside devices and third-party providers, in order to diminish the overloading effect on any device caused by enormous applications and improve users’ quality of experience (QoE). There is also a NFV method in order to fulfill the 5G requirements. In this part, an optimized virtual machine for middle-boxes named ClickOS is introduced, and it is evaluated in several aspects. Some middle boxes are being implemented in the ClickOS and proved to have outstanding performances.

Effect of Lanthanum on Driving Force for Cu_6Sn_5 Growth and Improvement of Solder Joint Reliability

By means of adding low content of rare earth element La into Sn60 Pb40 solder alloy, the growth of Cu 6Sn 5 intermetallic compound at the interface of solder joint is hindered, and the thermal fatigue life of solder joint is increased by 2 times. The results of thermodynamic calculation based on diffusion kinetics show that, the driving force for Cu 6Sn 5 growth is lowered by adding small content of La in Sn60 Pb40 solder alloy. Meanwhile, there is an effective local mole fraction range of La, in which, 0 18% is the limited value and 0 08% is the best value.

Mechanical characteristics of columnar jointed rock at dam base of Baihetan hydropower station

Irregular columnar jointed structure is a primary irregular columnar morphological tensile fracture. In order to study the geometric features of irregular columnar joints and the new problems in geotechnical engineering, hydraulic and hydropower engineering caused by columnar jointed basaltic mass, Voronoi graph from geometry was introduced to simulate the irregular columnar jointed basaltic mass at Baihetan hydraulic station. Discrete element software UDEC was used to simulate the whole process of rigid bearing plate test. Anisotropic constitutive of columnar joints was adopted to analyze the stress diffusion of rock mass at dam base of Baihetan. The results show that, the compaction property and hysteresis effect are well simulated based on discrete element simulation of Voronoi joint structure by UDEC. Four stages of cyclic loading and unloading process are imaged clearly. The results from in situ rigid bearing plate tests are explicated and the stress diffusion rule of anisotropic body is affected by structure surface. The elements in the stress state of 4-5 MPa are the most, about more than 35% of the total. Appropriate constitutive must be proposed to columnar jointed rock mass with different styles. It has important significance to realize the nonlinear mechanical behavior of irregular columnar jointed basaltic mass.

General Galois Processor for Transmitters in 5G/6G Base Stations

This paper proposes a flexible eight-mode high parallel Galois SIMD ASIP(Application Specific Instruction Set Processor).It supports parallel executions of Gold,Scrambling,CRC,CC,Turbo,RM,PSS,SSS encoding LFSR(linear feedback shift registers)algorithms with high performance and flexibility.It can perform also general bit processing and m-sequence.Our design is based on proposed table conversion and a datapath for unified eight-mode encoding.Based on 28 nm digital CMOS technology,the total area is 0.177 mm2 and the clock frequency can be up to 1 GHz.The throughputs of Gold,Scrambling,CRC32,CRC24,CRC16,CRC8,CC,Turbo are 64 Gb/s,64 Gb/s,128 Gb/s,168 Gb/s,256 Gb/s,512 Gb/s,3×80 Gb/s,and 72 Gb/s,respectively.

Register Allocation Compilation Technique for ASIP in 5G Micro Base Stations

The currently available compilation techniques are for general computing and are not optimized for physical layer computing in 5G micro base stations.In such cases,the foreseeable data sizes and small code size are application specific opportunities for baseband algorithm optimizations.Therefore,the special attention can be paid,for example,the specific register allocation algorithm has not been studied so far.The compilation for kernel sub-routines of baseband in 5G micro base stations is our focusing point.For applications of known and fixed data size,we proposed a compilation scheme of parallel data accessing,while operands can be mainly allocated and stored in registers.Based on a small register group(48×32b),the target of our compilation scheme is the optimization of baseband algorithms based on 4×4 or smaller matrices,maximizing the utilization of register files,and eliminating the extra register data exchanging.Meanwhile,when data is allocated into register files,we used VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word)machine to hide the time of data accessing and minimize the cost of data accessing,thus the total execution time is minimum.Experiments indicate that for algorithms with small data size,the cost of data accessing and extra addressing can be minimized.

The Measurement and Evaluation of the Electromagnetic Environment from 5G Base Station

In order to evaluate the electromagnetic environment of 5G base station, measurement and evaluation of the electromagnetic environment are studied. The 12 measuring points are chosen on the roof, inside and outside of the building, which has a 5G base station on the top. The electric field intensity, magnetic field intensity, and power density have been measured. The measurement methods include background measurement and work measurement. Background measurement is the measurement of environmental electromagnetic field (EMF) before the installation of 5G base station while the working measurement is the measurement after the installation of 5G base station. The evaluation methods include t-test for qualitative evaluation and electromagnetic gain for quantitative evaluation. The results show that the electromagnetic environment after the installation of 5G base station in most places is different from that in the background. And the environmental electromagnetic fields in certain parts are lower than those in the background. The conclusions are as follows: 1) The electromagnetic environment of 5G base station is far lower than the control limit of the national standard and conforms to the national standard;2) The electromagnetic environment of 5G base station has little impact on the electromagnetic environment;3) It is not sufficient to assume that 5G is harmful to health without the results of the epidemiological investigation;4) Before the construction of 5G base station, do background EMF detection, which can provide support for future evaluation.

益气活血通络汤干预膝骨关节炎大鼠关节滑膜细胞凋亡及ADAMTS-5蛋白的表达

背景:近年来中医治疗膝骨关节炎无论从发病机制还是临床应用方面都有了新的进展,因此在治疗中应以舒筋通络、益气补血中药为治疗准则。目的:探究益气活血通络汤对膝骨关节炎大鼠关节滑膜细胞、骨微结构及金属蛋白酶的影响。方法:选取健康大鼠60只,随机分为健康组、模型组、中药低剂量组、中药中剂量组、中药高剂量组、西药组,后5组均建立膝骨关节炎大鼠模型。建模24 h后健康组与模型组采用生理盐水3 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,中药低、中、高剂量组分别采用3,6,9 mg/(kg·d)益气活血通络汤灌胃,西药组采用5 mg/(kg·d)泼尼松灌胃。连续干预4周后进行骨微结构检测,采用TUNEL检测大鼠滑膜细胞凋亡率,苏木精-伊红染色观察病理形态,免疫印迹与PCR分别检测大鼠骨关节中带有血小板凝血酶敏感蛋白结构域的金属蛋白酶5(ADAMTS-5)、基质金属蛋白酶1、基质金属蛋白酶3表达。结果与结论:①与健康组比较,模型组大鼠膝关节中骨小梁数量、骨小梁厚度、骨体积分数及骨密度降低,结构模型指数、骨小梁分离度及ADAMTS-5、基质金属蛋白酶1、基质金属蛋白酶3蛋白与mRNA表达量升高(P<0.05),中药低剂量组的作用与模型组类似(P>0.05);②与模型组比较,中药中剂量组大鼠膝关节中骨小梁数量、骨小梁厚度、骨体积分数及滑膜细胞凋亡率升高,结构模型指数、骨小梁分离度及ADAMTS-5、基质金属蛋白酶1、基质金属蛋白酶3蛋白与mRNA表达量降低(P<0.05),中药中剂量组的作用与西药组类似(P>0.05);③与中药中剂量组比较,中药高剂量组的上述指标均有显著改善(P<0.05);④模型组与中药低剂量组大鼠膝关节骨细胞损害严重,可见大量炎性细胞;中药中剂量组与西药组膝关节骨面仍有软骨细胞破坏及炎性细胞浸润;中药高剂量组可见少量炎性细胞聚集,膝关节面骨趋于光滑;⑤提示益气活血通络汤可对膝骨关节炎大鼠产生治疗作用,其中以高剂量组效果最为显著,其机制可能与改善骨微结构、调节膝关节滑膜细胞活性及调控ADAMTS-5等具有一定相关性。

Summary of The 5^(th) China - Japan Joint Hypertension Symposium

The 5th China - Japan Joint Hypertension Symposium was held on November 6th, 2002 in Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China. There were a total of 96 papers published (included special lectures, oral presentations, posters). Almost 200 cardiologists, who came from Japan and China, attended the symposium.

Significance of combined detection of serum 25(OH)D3, hsa-miR-17-5p and HCV-RNA in the diagnosis of hepatitis C disease

Objective: Significance of combined detection of serum 25(OH)D3, hsa-miR-17-5p and HCV-RNA in diagnosis of hepatitis C disease. Methods: A total of 52 patients with benign ovarian tumor resection were selected from April 2016 to April 2018 in our hospital. We paid attention to the implementation of perioperative nursing intervention, and observed the prognosis and the occurrence of adverse reactions. Results: The expression of hsa-mir-17-5p in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group, the expression of 25(OH)D3 was lower than that in the control group, the expression of hsa-mir-17-5p in the HCV-RNA positive group was higher than that in the HCV-RNA negative group, and the expression of 25(OH) D3 was lower than that in the HCV-RNA negative group. The expression of HCV-RNA in the observation group was positively and negatively correlated with the expression of 25(OH) D3 and hsa-mir-17-5p in the 25(OH)D3 and the critical values of serum 25 (OH)D3, hsa-mir-17-5p and HCV-RNA were 24.23 ug/L, 1.89 relative expression and 1.22 × 103 IU/mL, respectively. The area of AUC detected by hsa-miR-17-5p+ 25 (OH) D3+25(OH)D3 is larger than that detected separately. Conclusion: The combined detection of serum 25(OH)D3, hsa-mir-17-5p and HCV-RNA has high diagnostic efficiency and sensitivity for hepatitis C. It is suggested that they be used in clinical practice.