A Review of Toni Morrison’s Nobel Prize Speech

Beginning with an old story, Toni Morrison uses her unique method to tell us the functions of language and her perspectives of language and literature. From this story, we can understand her writing standpoint and her determination of making contributions to her nation and people. This paper tries to review her speech given in the Nobel Prize in Literature from four aspects. They are the introduction and comprehension of the story, narrative point of view, discourse and power and feminist criticism.

“Sparking”and“Igniting”Key Publications of 2020 Nobel Prize Laureates

Purpose:This article aims to determine the percentage of"Sparking"articles among the work of this year’s Nobel Prize winners in medicine,physics,and chemistry.Design/methodology/approach:We focus on under-cited influential research among the key publications as mentioned by the Nobel Prize Committee for the 2020 Noble Prize laureates.Specifically,we extracted data from the Web of Science,and calculated the Sparking Indices using the formulas as proposed by Hu and Rousseau in 2016 and 2017.In addition,we identified another type of igniting articles based on the notion in 2017.Findings:In the fields of medicine and physics,the proportions of articles with sparking characteristics share 78.571%and 68.75%respectively,yet,in chemistry 90%articles characterized by"igniting".Moreover,the two types of articles share more than 93%in the work of the Nobel Prize included in this study.Research limitations:Our research did not cover the impact of topic,socio-political,and author’s reputation on the Sparking Indices.Practical implications:Our study shows that the Sparking Indices truly reflect influence of the best research work,so it can be used to detect under-cited influential articles,as well as identifying fundamental work.Originality/value:Our findings suggest that the Sparking Indices have good applicability for research evaluation.

An inspiration to the studies on mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion action derived from 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

The editorial board of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine recently convened an academic seminar with a focus on studies regarding the mechanisms mediating acupuncture efficacy and moxibustion action inspired by the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.Specifically,Professor Bailong Xiao introduced the Nobel Prize for research on the mechanically activated Piezo ion channel,evaluating the structure of the Piezo channel and its physiological and pathological functions,and proposed a possible role for the Piezo channel in acupuncture mechanical stimulation.Professor Michael Xi Zhu introduced the discovery of the transient receptor potential(TRP)family,reporting that the therapeutic effects of Chinese medicine and acupuncture may be achieved via the TRP family,and that information regarding associations between the meridian and lymphatic systems may have important research and medical value.In addition,Professor Tianle Xu reviewed the history of ion channel research,particularly the physiological and pharmacological effects of non-classical ion channels(eg,the acid sensing ion channel family)and pointed out that the characterization and neural circuits of acupuncture deqi manipulation are important for elucidating the mechanisms of acupuncture actions.Professor Yongming Li similarly proposed that the 2021 Nobel Prize may open the door to disclosing the histological basis of acupuncture and moxibustion and analyzing the main scientific concerns regarding the clinical translation of acupuncture and moxibustion from basic to translational research.Finally,Professor Yi Guo summarized the study progress of the acupoint microenvironment induced by acupuncture over the course of nearly 30 years and put forward the hypothesis that acupuncture may initiate the physical-chemical coupling network by activating ion channel receptors in acupoints via physical and mechanical stimulation.Therefore,we conclude that a primary achievement of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is in helping interpret how acupuncture and moxibustion adjust homeostasis(ie,by activating mechanical and thermal sensation),which is conducive to validating and promoting the clinical efficacy of acupuncture modalities.

The Nobel Literature Prize Sparks a Mo Yan Craze

正At 19 o'clock, October 11th, Beijing time, the Swedish Academy awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for Literature to the Chinese writer Mo Yan. Within several hours, Mo Yan's works were struck by the "Nobel effect", sales shooting up in both bookstores and online marts. Some websites also jumped on the bandwagon and put up a reservation service for the new editions.

Practical operation and theoretical basis of difference-in-difference regression in science of science:The comparative trial on the scientific performance of Nobel laureates versus their coauthors

Purpose:In recent decades,with the availability of large-scale scientific corpus datasets,difference-in-difference(DID)is increasingly used in the science of science and bibliometrics studies.DID method outputs the unbiased estimation on condition that several hypotheses hold,especially the common trend assumption.In this paper,we gave a systematic demonstration of DID in the science of science,and the potential ways to improve the accuracy of DID method.Design/methodology/approach:At first,we reviewed the statistical assumptions,the model specification,and the application procedures of DID method.Second,to improve the necessary assumptions before conducting DID regression and the accuracy of estimation,we introduced some matching techniques serving as the pre-selecting step for DID design by matching control individuals who are equivalent to those treated ones on observational variables before the intervention.Lastly,we performed a case study to estimate the effects of prizewinning on the scientific performance of Nobel laureates,by comparing the yearly citation impact after the prizewinning year between Nobel laureates and their prizewinning-work coauthors.Findings:We introduced the procedures to conduct a DID estimation and demonstrated the effectiveness to use matching method to improve the results.As a case study,we found that there are no significant increases in citations for Nobel laureates compared to their prizewinning coauthors.Research limitations:This study ignored the rigorous mathematical deduction parts of DID,while focused on the practical parts.Practical implications:This work gives experimental practice and potential guidelines to use DID method in science of science and bibliometrics studies.Originality/value:This study gains insights into the usage of econometric tools in science of science.

Address upon Receiving the Nobel Prize for Literature STOCKHOLM,DECEMBER 10,1950

I feel that this award was not made to me as a man,but to mywork—a life s work in the agony and sweat of the human spirit,not for glory and least of all for profit,but to create out of thematerials of the human spirit something which did not exist before,sothis award is only mine in trust.It will not be difficult to fred a dedi-cation for the money part of it commensurate with the purpose andsignificance of its origin.But I would like to do the same with the ac-claim too,by using this moment as a ...

仪器分析实验课程思政案例设计与实践——以青蒿素的提取与结构鉴定的探究实验为例

中医药文化被喻为中华优秀传统文化的璀璨明珠,是中华传统文化的重要组成和典型代表。而作为抗疟明星的中医药青蒿素来源于天然产物,因此,天然产物中的青蒿素的提取和结构鉴定显得十分必要。课程团队结合课程特点,将青蒿素的提取和结构鉴定引入实验教学并进行课程思政教学案例设计。以此项目为载体,培养学生自主查阅文献、设计实验方案和运用仪器分析技术表征分子结构的科学素养。该教学案例的建立实施有助于教师充分挖掘课程中的思政元素,激发学生的学习兴趣,培养其自主创新意识,增强爱国情怀和民族文化自信,取得了良好的课程思政教学示范效果。

仪器分析实验课程思政案例设计与实践——以气质联用实验为例

中国科学技术大学化学国家级实验教学中心所开设的“仪器分析实验”为安徽省课程思政示范课程,在实验项目“气质联用法测定饮料中塑化剂含量”的教学过程中,课程组针对课程的特点和教学过程,对该项目进行思政示范教学案例设计。思政案例库的建设,有助于教师充分挖掘专业课程中的德育元素,激发学生的学习兴趣,培养学生的自主创新意识,取得了良好的教学效果。

分子水平上的虚拟仿真实验之思政元素的挖掘与提炼——以“高分子的构象、形态及尺寸的模拟与计算”项目为例

高分子的构象、形态及尺寸的模拟与计算,是分子水平上的虚拟仿真实验项目,结合诺贝尔奖获得者de Gennes和P.J.Flory的理论工作、由项目组自身教研成果转化、师生合作研发而成。与小分子化合物相比,高分子的研究方法有很大的不同,特别是需要采用统计方法来描述高分子链的构象、形态,计算高分子链的平均尺寸,这是经典的物理化学方法所不能完成的。本项目从研发到教学实践、再经改进,教学内容的更新优化中,自然融入了诺贝尔奖成果、哲学思想、科学思维、学科发展史、教研成果等多个维度的思政元素。

阿列克谢耶维奇与奥波亚兹

阿列克谢耶维奇荣获诺贝尔文学奖印证了俄国形式主义即奥波亚兹有关文学史演变规律的一个假说:文学的边缘文体始终在向文学的中心地带发起冲击,这种冲击完全可以称之为一种斗争或角逐。阿列克谢耶维奇的获奖,不仅标志着文学边缘文体的一次成功“暴乱”,致使其得以登堂入室,由非正宗摇身一变而为“正室”,从而导致旧的文学观念的被再次刷新。阿列克谢耶维奇的成功,意味着在整个20世纪命途多舛的俄国形式主义——奥波亚兹有关文学史的观念和假说,非但没有因其代表人物的悲剧性遭遇而销声匿迹,反而得到越来越新的文学现象的印证。实践表明:俄国形式主义代表人物的文学史观,具有文学本体论的品质,是对文学内部规律的一种总结和归纳,应该得到文学界应有的关注和理解。

《有人将至》:“后戏剧”表演史脉络中的福瑟“新话剧”

诺奖得主中剧作家比例(相较于二战前)的显著下降,揭示了“表演转向”“后戏剧”等思潮背后的艺术生产现实。18世纪末至20世纪,西方表演史历经“文学戏剧”“后剧本”两个代际,现在此脉络中又出现了福瑟“新话剧”带来的新的可能性:它是“文学戏剧”的否定之否定,回归剧作家精确规定的剧本;又具“后剧本”时代解放演员身体动能和鼓励观众参与的进步性。《有人将至》的两个汉语演出版本(2010, 2021)为我们提供具身性入口来理解福瑟剧本“诗意极简”“特定模糊性”的特点:让演员和观众每个人“在高度个人化的层面上接受故事”,又被共时性地凝聚到音乐性的共同体空间。

李政道的首次美国之行及国籍变迁

1957年,旅美青年才俊李政道和杨振宁一起荣幸地成为最早获得诺贝尔奖的中国人。1946年,李政道受民国政府研制原子弹“种子计划”的派遣赴美研习,1950年获得博士学位,1956年取得美国永久居留权(绿卡),1963年入籍美国。李政道科艺双馨,长期致力于推动科学和艺术的融合,他身在海外,心系祖国,呕心沥血,亲力亲为,竭尽全力地为中国的人才培养以及基础科学的进步与发展出谋划策,贡献卓著。本文介绍了李政道简略生平,借助于家族网(www.familysearch.org)重点梳理了他首次美国之行及国籍变迁的相关情况,澄清了一些常见错讹。

诺贝尔奖成果案例在生物医学工程专业基础课“分子与细胞”中的教学实践

探索了以诺贝尔奖成果案例为主干线索牵引生物医学工程专业基础课“分子与细胞”课程教学的改革试点,遴选课程11个核心章节的15个获奖案例,建议学生以诺贝尔奖得主的获奖报告为蓝本开展合作调研,重点关注科学家的研究背景、发现发明的亮点、成果的理论或应用价值。在课堂实践中,构筑导入-汇报-互动-总结的研讨单元,采用同行组引导讨论的方法,提升教学效果。融入国家需求、科学艺术、应对挑战、创新精神等要素,通过课外调研和课堂研讨来激发学生的自主学习热情,培养学生的生物医学基本素质和理念,在有限学时下取得良好成效,90%的学生认为学习收获显著。进一步提出该课程的方法优化、观点更新、思政融合、视野提升等改进设想,对生物医学类专业生物基础课程教学的提质增效具有潜在借鉴意义。

引文视角下的变革性研究早期识别模型构建方法与应用

[目的/意义]及时精准地识别变革性研究对探索前沿性科学问题发现和提出机制、面向国家高质量发展新格局具有重要意义。[方法/过程]基于变革性研究在广度、强度和速度维度的特征,借助机器学习方法,采用熵权法、因子分析法和回归分析法分别构建了引文视角下的变革性研究识别模型。将上述模型应用于基因靶标、磁阻效应、富勒烯领域以评估不同模型的早期识别效果,并将早期识别效果最高的模型应用于2017年分子生物学、聚合物科学和天体物理学领域。[结果/结论]从“排名”和“top%”指标看,基于回归分析法的变革性研究早期识别模型的识别效果优于其他两个模型,识别出的变革性研究排名更靠前,且在发表后第3年即可对变革性研究进行识别;该模型在基因靶标和富勒烯领域的识别准确率高于磁阻效应领域。基于回归分析法的变革性研究早期识别模型的准确率、召回率均为80%,十折交叉验证结果显示该模型的平均得分为0.764。

基于诺贝尔奖案例探讨研究生课堂教学和设计——以“科学研究程序和方法”课程为例

研究生教育是教育强国建设和高层次创新人才培养的重要组成部分。随着近年来研究生数量和规模不断增长和扩大,研究生培养质量的提高备受重视。在研究生教学中培育科研素养和开拓科研视野至关重要。将与生物学有关的诺贝尔奖成果和相关内容引入研究生的科研素养课堂教学中,通过提前精选内容、布置任务、自主学习、课堂讨论和总结等方法的教学改革,不仅拓宽了研究生的专业知识,而且深入认识了科学研究的程序,培养了科研能力,激发了学习兴趣,取得了较好的教学效果。

从近年Nobel奖项看生命科学进展

本文分析了近20年（1989－2008）诺贝尔生理学或医学奖以及化学奖中与生命科学有关的奖项资料.从基因表达调控与基因技术、细胞周期与细胞凋亡的分子机制、细胞信号转导的分子机制、泛素介导的蛋白质降解机制以及病原体研究5个方面进行概要归纳.它展示了近20年生命科学的发展历程,供广大科研、教学人员及研究生参考.

物理化学课程教学中的思政设计——以“理想稀溶液中任一组分的化学势”为例

立德树人是高校教育的根本任务,将思政元素无声融入课堂教学之中,有利于引导学生树立正确的世界观、价值观和人生观,从而成为合格的社会主义接班人。屠呦呦先生是中国第一位荣获诺贝尔自然科学奖的本土科学家。本文以其获得诺贝尔奖的工作“青蒿素高效提取并成功应用于疟疾防治”为例,结合物理化学多组分系统热力学章节中的“分配定律”,改进“理想稀溶液中任一组分的化学势”的教学过程,引导学生充分认识原理对实践的直接指导作用和中华传统文化在解决实际问题中的重要价值,理解科学发现的必然历程以及科学家在不断攀登科学高峰过程中所付出的艰辛和收获,将自己的聪明才智和所学所得应用于祖国的社会主义建设。

采用逆合成分析与纯有机催化室温合成4-溴查尔酮的实验设计

以4-溴查尔酮为目标分子,通过逆合成分析法,从6条路线中分析出含有5项诺贝尔奖成果的合成途径,通过对比,最后选择出2021年诺奖成果“纯有机催化”室温合成4-溴查尔酮。以新试剂L-脯氨酸为催化剂,室温下通过对溴苯甲醛和苯乙酮的羟醛缩合反应合成4-溴查尔酮,并进行一系列正交实验,优化反应条件。该反应具有原料价格低廉、反应条件温和等优点。通过简单的反应,将多项诺奖成果与纯有机催化引入实验教学中,避免“照方抓药”式教学,紧贴科学前沿,深化有机合成学习,有利于培养学生创新意识。

以2023年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖为情境的生物学试题设计

以2023年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖为情境,以新冠病毒mRNA疫苗生产流程图为题干素材,设计生物学试题,引导学生关注科学前沿,检测学生分析问题和解决问题的能力,发展学生的生物学核心素养。