This paper presents a new method of detecting multi-periodicities in a seasonal time series. Conventional methods such as the average power spectrum or the autocorrelation function plot have been used in detecting mul...This paper presents a new method of detecting multi-periodicities in a seasonal time series. Conventional methods such as the average power spectrum or the autocorrelation function plot have been used in detecting multiple periodicities. However, there are numerous cases where those methods either fail, or lead to incorrectly detected periods. This, in turn in applications, produces improper models and results in larger forecasting errors. There is a strong need for a new approach to detecting multi-periodicities. This paper tends to fill this gap by proposing a new method which relies on a mathematical instrument, called the Average Power Function of Noise (APFN) of a time series. APFN has a prominent property that it has a strict local minimum at each period of the time series. This characteristic helps one in detecting periods in time series. Unlike the power spectrum method where it is assumed that the time series is composed of sinusoidal functions of different frequencies, in APFN it is assumed that the time series is periodic, the unique and a much weaker assumption. Therefore, this new instrument is expected to be more powerful in multi-periodicity detection than both the autocorrelation function plot and the average power spectrum. Properties of APFN and applications of the new method in periodicity detection and in forecasting are presented.展开更多
A schematic to make the spectra of the exterior noise of high speed railway was put forward. The exterior noise spectrum was defined based on the characteristics of the high-speed train exterior noise. Its characteris...A schematic to make the spectra of the exterior noise of high speed railway was put forward. The exterior noise spectrum was defined based on the characteristics of the high-speed train exterior noise. Its characteristics considered here include identifying the exterior main sources and their locations, their frequency components including the Doppler effect due to the noise sources moving at high speed, the sound field intensity around the train in high-speed operation, the sound radiation path out of the train, and the pressure level and frequency components of the noise at the measuring points specified by the International Organization for Standardization(ISO). The characteristics of the high-speed train exterior noise of the high speed railways in operation were introduced. The advanced measuring systems and their principles for clearly indentifying the exterior noise sources were discussed in detail. Based on the concerned noise results measured at sites, a prediction model was developed to calculate the sound level and the characteristics of the exterior noise at any point where it is difficult to measure and to help to make the exterior noise spectrums. This model was also verified with the test results. The verification shows that there is a good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results.展开更多
Outdoor power transformers are one of the most pervasive noise sources in power transmission and distribution systems.Accurate prediction of outdoor noise propagation plays a dominant role for the evaluation and contr...Outdoor power transformers are one of the most pervasive noise sources in power transmission and distribution systems.Accurate prediction of outdoor noise propagation plays a dominant role for the evaluation and control of noise relevant to the transformer stations.In this paper surface vibration tests are carried out on a scale model of a single-phase transformer tank wall at different excitation frequencies.The phase and amplitude of test data are found to be randomly distributed when the excitation frequency exceeds the seventh mode frequency,which allows the single-phase power transformer to be simplified as incoherent point sources.An outdoor-coherent model is subsequently developed and incorporated with the image source method to investigate noise propagation from single-phase power transformers,due to the occurrence of multiple reflections and diffractions in the propagation path of each point source.The proposed model is used to calculate the sound field of the power transformer group by exploiting the additional phase information.In comparison with the ISO9613 model and the boundary element method,it is found that the proposed coherent image source method leads to more accurate prediction results,and hence better performance for the prediction of the outdoor noise induced by single-phase power transformers.展开更多
New forms are derived relatively simply for the spectrum of the square of synchronous randompulse train of the form , that was contaminated by impulse noise, and whose coefficient Ci areindependent, zero-mean, unit-va...New forms are derived relatively simply for the spectrum of the square of synchronous randompulse train of the form , that was contaminated by impulse noise, and whose coefficient Ci areindependent, zero-mean, unit-variance random and g(t) is a given deterlninistic pulse shape. This pulsetrain's power spectrum is derived. Its discrete part can be used to synchronize carrier, and its continuouspart limits the sighal to noise ratio available in any given bandwidth irc in the spectral lines.展开更多
Considering the well-known features of the noise emitted by moving sources, a number of vehicle characteristics such as speed, unladen mass, engine size, year of registration, power and fuel were recorded in a dedicat...Considering the well-known features of the noise emitted by moving sources, a number of vehicle characteristics such as speed, unladen mass, engine size, year of registration, power and fuel were recorded in a dedicated monitoring campaign performed in three different places, each characterized by different number of lanes and the presence of nearby reflective surfaces. A full database of 144 vehicles （cars） was used to identify sta- tistically relevant features. In order to compare the vehicle transit noise in different environmental condition, all 1/3-octave band spectra were normalized and analysed. Un- supervised clustering algorithms were employed to group together spectrum levels with similar profiles. Our results corroborate the well-known fact that speed is the most rele- vant characteristic to discriminate between different vehicle noise spectrum. In keeping with this fact, we present a new approach to predict analytically noise spectra for a given vehicle speed. A set of speed-dependent analytical functions are suggested in order to fit the normalized average spectrum profile at different speeds. This approach can be useful for predicting vehicle speed based purely on its noise spectrum pattern. The present work is complementary to the accurate analysis of noise sources based on the beamforming technique.展开更多
A moderate Reynolds number,and high subsonic turbulent round jet is investigated by large eddy simulation.The detailed results(e.g.mean flow properties,turbulence intensities,etc.)are validated against the experimenta...A moderate Reynolds number,and high subsonic turbulent round jet is investigated by large eddy simulation.The detailed results(e.g.mean flow properties,turbulence intensities,etc.)are validated against the experimental data,and special attention is paid to study motions of coherent structures and their contributions to far-field noise.Eulerian methods(e.g.Q-criteria andλ2criteria)are utilized for visualizing coherent structures directly for instantaneous flow fields,and Lagrangian coherent structures accounting for integral effect are shown via calculating fields of finite time Lyapunov exponents based on bidimensional velocity fields.All visualizations demonstrate that intrusion of three-dimensional vortical structures into jet core occurs intermittently at the end of the potential core,resulting from the breakdown of helical vortex rings in the shear layer.Intermittencies in the shear layer and on the centerline are studied quantitatively,and distinctively different distributions of probability density function are observed.Moreover,the physical sound sources are obtained through a filtering operation of defined sources in Lighthill’s analogy,and their distributions verify that intrusion of vortical structures into the core region serves as important sound sources,in particular for noise at aft angles.The facts that intermittent behaviors are caused by motions of coherent structures and correlated with noise generation imply that to establish reasonable sound sources in active noise production region based on intermittent coherent structures is one of the key issues for far-field noise prediction.展开更多
Purpose: Children are sometimes examined with Computed Tomography protocols designed for adults, leading to radiation doses higher than necessary. Lack of optimisation could lead to image quality higher than what is n...Purpose: Children are sometimes examined with Computed Tomography protocols designed for adults, leading to radiation doses higher than necessary. Lack of optimisation could lead to image quality higher than what is needed for diagnostic purposes with associated high doses to patients. Optimising the protocols for paediatric head trauma CT imaging will reduce radiation dose. Objective: The study aimed to optimise radiation dose and assess the image quality for a set of protocols by evaluating noise, a contrast to noise ratio, modulation transfer function and noise power spectrum. Methods: Somaton Sensation 64 was used to scan the head of an anthropomorphic phantom with a set of protocols. ImageJ software was used to analyse the paediatric head image from the scanner. IMPACTSCAN dosimeter software was used to evaluate the radiation dose to the various organs in the head. MATLAB was used to analyse the Modulation Transfer Function and the Noise Power. Results: The estimated Computed Tomography Dose Index volume (CTDI<sub>vol</sub>) increased with increasing tube current and tube voltage. The high pitch of 0.9 gave a lower dose than the 0.5 pitch. The eye lens received the highest radiation dose (39.2 mGy) whiles the thyroid received the least radiation dose (13.7 mGy). There was an increase in noise (62.46) when the H60 kernel was used and a lower noise (8.829) was noticed when the H30 kernel was used. Conclusion: The results obtained show that the H30 kernel (smooth kernel) gave higher values for noise and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) than the H60 kernel (sharp kernel). The H60 kernel produced high values for the modulation transfer function (MTF) and noise power spectrum (NPS). The eye lens received the highest radiation dose.展开更多
For the last several years, the linear array x-ray detector for x-ray imaging with gallium arsenide direct conversion sensitive elements has been developed and tested at the In-stitute for High Energy Physics. The arr...For the last several years, the linear array x-ray detector for x-ray imaging with gallium arsenide direct conversion sensitive elements has been developed and tested at the In-stitute for High Energy Physics. The array consists of 16 sensitive modules. Each module has 128 gallium arsenide (GaAs) sensitive elements with 200 μm pitch. Current article describes two key program procedures of initial dark current compensation of each sensitive element in the linear array, and sensitivity adjustment for alignment of strip pattern in the raw image data. As a part of evaluation process a modular transfer function (MTF) was measured with the slanted sharp-edge object under RQA5 technique as it described in the International Electrotechnical Commission 62220-1 standard (high voltage 70 kVp, additional aluminium filter 21 mm) for images with compensated dark currents and adjusted sensitivity of detector elements. The 10% level of the calculated MTF function has spatial resolution within 2 - 3 pair of lines per mm for both vertical and horizontal orientation.展开更多
针对现有相干分布源波达方向(Direction Of Arrival,DOA)估计方法计算量大、抗冲击噪声能力弱和不能有效去相干等难题,本文提出了一种冲击噪声下相干分布源多峰DOA估计方法,并推导了冲击噪声下相干分布源DOA估计的克拉美罗界.为了实现...针对现有相干分布源波达方向(Direction Of Arrival,DOA)估计方法计算量大、抗冲击噪声能力弱和不能有效去相干等难题,本文提出了一种冲击噪声下相干分布源多峰DOA估计方法,并推导了冲击噪声下相干分布源DOA估计的克拉美罗界.为了实现冲击噪声下相干分布源DOA估计,采用加权范数协方差抑制冲击噪声,进而首次推导出多峰加权信号子空间拟合方程,并设计了一种多峰量子秃鹰算法快速无量化误差求解.仿真结果表明,所提方法在冲击噪声下能够以较小的快拍数实现相干分布源DOA估计,且无需额外的解相干操作即可有效去相干.与一些已有的高精度DOA估计方法相比,所提方法仿真时间明显缩短,且具有更高的估计精度和估计成功概率,突破了已有相干分布源DOA估计方法的应用局限,可推广应用于其他复杂的DOA估计问题中.展开更多
文摘This paper presents a new method of detecting multi-periodicities in a seasonal time series. Conventional methods such as the average power spectrum or the autocorrelation function plot have been used in detecting multiple periodicities. However, there are numerous cases where those methods either fail, or lead to incorrectly detected periods. This, in turn in applications, produces improper models and results in larger forecasting errors. There is a strong need for a new approach to detecting multi-periodicities. This paper tends to fill this gap by proposing a new method which relies on a mathematical instrument, called the Average Power Function of Noise (APFN) of a time series. APFN has a prominent property that it has a strict local minimum at each period of the time series. This characteristic helps one in detecting periods in time series. Unlike the power spectrum method where it is assumed that the time series is composed of sinusoidal functions of different frequencies, in APFN it is assumed that the time series is periodic, the unique and a much weaker assumption. Therefore, this new instrument is expected to be more powerful in multi-periodicity detection than both the autocorrelation function plot and the average power spectrum. Properties of APFN and applications of the new method in periodicity detection and in forecasting are presented.
基金Project(2682013BR009)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds of the Central Universities,ChinaProject(2011AA11A103-2-2)the National High-Technology Research and Development Program of China
文摘A schematic to make the spectra of the exterior noise of high speed railway was put forward. The exterior noise spectrum was defined based on the characteristics of the high-speed train exterior noise. Its characteristics considered here include identifying the exterior main sources and their locations, their frequency components including the Doppler effect due to the noise sources moving at high speed, the sound field intensity around the train in high-speed operation, the sound radiation path out of the train, and the pressure level and frequency components of the noise at the measuring points specified by the International Organization for Standardization(ISO). The characteristics of the high-speed train exterior noise of the high speed railways in operation were introduced. The advanced measuring systems and their principles for clearly indentifying the exterior noise sources were discussed in detail. Based on the concerned noise results measured at sites, a prediction model was developed to calculate the sound level and the characteristics of the exterior noise at any point where it is difficult to measure and to help to make the exterior noise spectrums. This model was also verified with the test results. The verification shows that there is a good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results.
基金This work is funded by the Anhui Natural Science Foundation Project of China(under Grant KJ2016A201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(under Grant 11774378).
文摘Outdoor power transformers are one of the most pervasive noise sources in power transmission and distribution systems.Accurate prediction of outdoor noise propagation plays a dominant role for the evaluation and control of noise relevant to the transformer stations.In this paper surface vibration tests are carried out on a scale model of a single-phase transformer tank wall at different excitation frequencies.The phase and amplitude of test data are found to be randomly distributed when the excitation frequency exceeds the seventh mode frequency,which allows the single-phase power transformer to be simplified as incoherent point sources.An outdoor-coherent model is subsequently developed and incorporated with the image source method to investigate noise propagation from single-phase power transformers,due to the occurrence of multiple reflections and diffractions in the propagation path of each point source.The proposed model is used to calculate the sound field of the power transformer group by exploiting the additional phase information.In comparison with the ISO9613 model and the boundary element method,it is found that the proposed coherent image source method leads to more accurate prediction results,and hence better performance for the prediction of the outdoor noise induced by single-phase power transformers.
文摘New forms are derived relatively simply for the spectrum of the square of synchronous randompulse train of the form , that was contaminated by impulse noise, and whose coefficient Ci areindependent, zero-mean, unit-variance random and g(t) is a given deterlninistic pulse shape. This pulsetrain's power spectrum is derived. Its discrete part can be used to synchronize carrier, and its continuouspart limits the sighal to noise ratio available in any given bandwidth irc in the spectral lines.
文摘Considering the well-known features of the noise emitted by moving sources, a number of vehicle characteristics such as speed, unladen mass, engine size, year of registration, power and fuel were recorded in a dedicated monitoring campaign performed in three different places, each characterized by different number of lanes and the presence of nearby reflective surfaces. A full database of 144 vehicles （cars） was used to identify sta- tistically relevant features. In order to compare the vehicle transit noise in different environmental condition, all 1/3-octave band spectra were normalized and analysed. Un- supervised clustering algorithms were employed to group together spectrum levels with similar profiles. Our results corroborate the well-known fact that speed is the most rele- vant characteristic to discriminate between different vehicle noise spectrum. In keeping with this fact, we present a new approach to predict analytically noise spectra for a given vehicle speed. A set of speed-dependent analytical functions are suggested in order to fit the normalized average spectrum profile at different speeds. This approach can be useful for predicting vehicle speed based purely on its noise spectrum pattern. The present work is complementary to the accurate analysis of noise sources based on the beamforming technique.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11072238 and 11232011)the 111 Project of China (Grant No. B07033)
文摘A moderate Reynolds number,and high subsonic turbulent round jet is investigated by large eddy simulation.The detailed results(e.g.mean flow properties,turbulence intensities,etc.)are validated against the experimental data,and special attention is paid to study motions of coherent structures and their contributions to far-field noise.Eulerian methods(e.g.Q-criteria andλ2criteria)are utilized for visualizing coherent structures directly for instantaneous flow fields,and Lagrangian coherent structures accounting for integral effect are shown via calculating fields of finite time Lyapunov exponents based on bidimensional velocity fields.All visualizations demonstrate that intrusion of three-dimensional vortical structures into jet core occurs intermittently at the end of the potential core,resulting from the breakdown of helical vortex rings in the shear layer.Intermittencies in the shear layer and on the centerline are studied quantitatively,and distinctively different distributions of probability density function are observed.Moreover,the physical sound sources are obtained through a filtering operation of defined sources in Lighthill’s analogy,and their distributions verify that intrusion of vortical structures into the core region serves as important sound sources,in particular for noise at aft angles.The facts that intermittent behaviors are caused by motions of coherent structures and correlated with noise generation imply that to establish reasonable sound sources in active noise production region based on intermittent coherent structures is one of the key issues for far-field noise prediction.
文摘Purpose: Children are sometimes examined with Computed Tomography protocols designed for adults, leading to radiation doses higher than necessary. Lack of optimisation could lead to image quality higher than what is needed for diagnostic purposes with associated high doses to patients. Optimising the protocols for paediatric head trauma CT imaging will reduce radiation dose. Objective: The study aimed to optimise radiation dose and assess the image quality for a set of protocols by evaluating noise, a contrast to noise ratio, modulation transfer function and noise power spectrum. Methods: Somaton Sensation 64 was used to scan the head of an anthropomorphic phantom with a set of protocols. ImageJ software was used to analyse the paediatric head image from the scanner. IMPACTSCAN dosimeter software was used to evaluate the radiation dose to the various organs in the head. MATLAB was used to analyse the Modulation Transfer Function and the Noise Power. Results: The estimated Computed Tomography Dose Index volume (CTDI<sub>vol</sub>) increased with increasing tube current and tube voltage. The high pitch of 0.9 gave a lower dose than the 0.5 pitch. The eye lens received the highest radiation dose (39.2 mGy) whiles the thyroid received the least radiation dose (13.7 mGy). There was an increase in noise (62.46) when the H60 kernel was used and a lower noise (8.829) was noticed when the H30 kernel was used. Conclusion: The results obtained show that the H30 kernel (smooth kernel) gave higher values for noise and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) than the H60 kernel (sharp kernel). The H60 kernel produced high values for the modulation transfer function (MTF) and noise power spectrum (NPS). The eye lens received the highest radiation dose.
文摘For the last several years, the linear array x-ray detector for x-ray imaging with gallium arsenide direct conversion sensitive elements has been developed and tested at the In-stitute for High Energy Physics. The array consists of 16 sensitive modules. Each module has 128 gallium arsenide (GaAs) sensitive elements with 200 μm pitch. Current article describes two key program procedures of initial dark current compensation of each sensitive element in the linear array, and sensitivity adjustment for alignment of strip pattern in the raw image data. As a part of evaluation process a modular transfer function (MTF) was measured with the slanted sharp-edge object under RQA5 technique as it described in the International Electrotechnical Commission 62220-1 standard (high voltage 70 kVp, additional aluminium filter 21 mm) for images with compensated dark currents and adjusted sensitivity of detector elements. The 10% level of the calculated MTF function has spatial resolution within 2 - 3 pair of lines per mm for both vertical and horizontal orientation.
文摘针对现有相干分布源波达方向(Direction Of Arrival,DOA)估计方法计算量大、抗冲击噪声能力弱和不能有效去相干等难题,本文提出了一种冲击噪声下相干分布源多峰DOA估计方法,并推导了冲击噪声下相干分布源DOA估计的克拉美罗界.为了实现冲击噪声下相干分布源DOA估计,采用加权范数协方差抑制冲击噪声,进而首次推导出多峰加权信号子空间拟合方程,并设计了一种多峰量子秃鹰算法快速无量化误差求解.仿真结果表明,所提方法在冲击噪声下能够以较小的快拍数实现相干分布源DOA估计,且无需额外的解相干操作即可有效去相干.与一些已有的高精度DOA估计方法相比,所提方法仿真时间明显缩短,且具有更高的估计精度和估计成功概率,突破了已有相干分布源DOA估计方法的应用局限,可推广应用于其他复杂的DOA估计问题中.
