Successful emergency surgical intervention in acute non-STsegment elevation myocardial infarction with rupture:A case report

BACKGROUND The incidence of acute myocardial infarction(AMI)is rising,with cardiac rupture accounting for approximately 2%of deaths in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI).Ventricular free wall rupture(FWR)occurs in approximately 2%of AMI patients and is notably rare in patients with non-STEMI.Types of cardiac rupture include left ventricular FWR,ventricular septal rupture,and papillary muscle rupture.The FWR usually leads to acute cardiac tamponade or electromechanical dissociation,where standard resuscitation efforts may not be effective.Ventricular septal rupture and papillary muscle rupture often result in refractory heart failure,with mortality rates over 50%,even with surgical or percutaneous repair options.CASE SUMMARY We present a rare case of an acute non-STEMI patient who suffered sudden FWR causing cardiac tamponade and loss of consciousness immediate before undergoing coronary angiography.Prompt resuscitation and emergency open-heart repair along with coronary artery bypass grafting resulted in successful patient recovery.CONCLUSION This case emphasizes the risks of AMI complications,shares a successful treatment scenario,and discusses measures to prevent such complications.

ST-segment elevation: Distinguishing ST elevation myocardial infarction from ST elevation secondary to nonischemic etiologies

The benefits of early perfusion in ST elevation myocardial infarctions(STEMI) are established; howeverearly perfusion of non-ST elevation myocardial infarctions has not been shown to be beneficial. In additionST elevation(STE) caused by conditions other thanacute ischemia is common. Non-ischemic STE may beconfused as STEMI, but can also mask STEMI on electrocardiogram(ECG). As a result, activating the primarypercutaneous coronary intervention(pPCI) protocooften depends on determining which ST elevation patterns reflect transmural infarction due to acute coronary artery thrombosis. Coordination of interpreting theECG in its clinical context and appropriately activatingthe pPCI protocol has proved a difficult task in borderline cases. But its importance cannot be ignored, asreflected in the 2013 American College of CardiologyFoundation/American Heart Association guidelines concerning the treatment of ST elevation myocardial infarction. Multiples strategies have been tested and studiedand are currently being further perfected. No mattethe strategy, at the heart of delivering the best care lies rapid and accurate interpretation of the ECG. Here, we present the different patterns of non-ischemic STE and methods of distinguishing between them. In writing this paper, we hope for quicker and better stratification of patients with STE on ECG, which will lead to be bet-ter outcomes.

Invasive versus conservative strategy in consecutive patients aged 80 years or older with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a retrospective study in China

Objective To investigate whether the very elderly patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) will benefit from an invasive strategy versus a conservative strategy. Methods 190 consecutive patients aged 80 years or older with NSTEMI were included in the retrospective study from September 2014 to August 2017, of which 69 patients received conservative strategy and 121 patients received invasive strategy. The primary outcome was death. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to assess the statistical association between strategies and mortality. The survival probability was further analyzed. Results The primary outcome occurred in 17.4% patients in the invasive group and in 42.0% patients in the conservative group (P = 0.0002). The readmission rate in the invasive group (14.9%) was higher than that in the conservative group (7.2%). Creatinine level (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.10–1.03, P = 0.05) and use of diuretic (OR = 3.65, 95% CI: 1.56–8.53, P = 0.003) were independent influential factors for invasive strategy. HRs for multivariate Cox regression models were 3.45 (95% CI: 1.77–6.75, P = 0.0003), 3.02 (95% CI: 1.52–6.01, P = 0.0017), 2.93 (95% CI: 1. 46–5.86, P = 0.0024) and 2.47 (95% CI: 1.20–5.07, P = 0.0137). Compared with the patients received invasive strategy, the conservative group had remarkably reduced survival probability with time since treatment (P < 0.001). Conclusions An invasive strategy is superior to a conservative strategy in reducing mortality of patients aged 80 years or older with NSTEMI. Our results suggest that an invasive strategy is more suitable for the very elderly patients with NSTEMI in China.

Staged Revascularization for Chronic Total Occlusion in the Non-IRA in Patients with ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention:An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Objectives:Meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of staged revascularization with concomitant chronic total occlusion(CTO)in the non-infarct-associated artery(non-IRA)in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI)treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention(p-PCI).Methods:Various electronic databases were searched for studies published from inception to June,2021.The primary endpoint was all-cause death,and the secondary endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiac events(MACEs).Odds ratios(ORs)were pooled with 95%confidence intervals(CIs)for dichotomous data.Results:Seven studies involving 1540 participants were included in thefinal analysis.Pooled analyses revealed that patients with successful staged revascularization for CTO in non-IRA with STEMI treated with p-PCI had overall lower all-cause death compared with the occluded CTO group(OR,0.46;95%CI,0.23–0.95),cardiac death(OR,0.43;95%CI,0.20–0.91),MACEs(OR,0.47;95%CI,0.32–0.69)and heart failure(OR,0.57;95%CI,0.37–0.89)com-pared with the occluded CTO group.No significant differences were observed between groups regarding myocardial infarction and repeated revascularization.Conclusions:Successful revascularization of CTO in the non-IRA was associated with better outcomes in patients with STEMI treated with p-PCI.

Risk stratification for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in the era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Acute coronary syndromes presenting with ST elevation are usually treated with emergency reperfusion/revascularisation therapy. In contrast current evidence and national guidelines recommend risk stratification for non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction(NSTEMI) with the decision on revascularisation dependent on perceived clinical risk. Risk stratification for STEMI has no recommendation. Statistical risk scoring techniques in NSTEMI have been demonstrated to improve outcomes however their uptake has been poor perhaps due to questions over their discrimination and concern for application to individuals who may not have been adequately represented in clinical trials. STEMI is perceived to carry sufficient risk to warrant emergency coronary intervention [by primary percutaneous coronary intervention(PPCI)] even if this results in a delay to reperfusion with immediate thrombolysis. Immediate thrombolysis may be as effective in patients presenting early, or at low risk, but physicians are poor at assessing clinical and procedural risks and currently are not required to consider this. Inadequate data on risk stratification in STEMI inhibits the option of immediate fibrinolysis, which may be cost-effective. Currently the mode of reperfusion for STEMI defaults to emergency angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention ignoring alternative strategies. This review article examines the current risk scores and evidence base for risk stratification for STEMI patients. The requirements for an ideal STEMI risk score are discussed.

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in Kawasaki disease:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease(KD)is an acute self-limiting febrile vasculitis that occurs during childhood and can cause coronary artery aneurysm(CAA).CAAs are associated with a high rate of adverse cardiovascular events.CASE SUMMARY A Korean 35-year-old man with a 30-year history of KD presented to the emergency room with chest pain.Emergent coronary angiography was performed as ST-segment elevation in the inferior leads was observed on the electrocardiogram.An aneurysm of the left circumflex(LCX)coronary artery was found with massive thrombi within.A drug-eluting 4.5 mm 23 mm-sized stent was inserted into the occluded area without complications.The maximal diameter of the LCX was 6.0 mm with a Z score of 4.7,suggestive of a small aneurysm considering his age,sex,and body surface area.We further present a case series of 19 patients with KD,including the current patient,presenting with acute coronary syndrome(ACS).Notably,none of the cases showed Z scores;only five patients(26%)had been regularly followed up by a physician,and only one patient(5.3%)was being treated with antithrombotic therapy before ACS occurred.CONCLUSION For KD presenting with ACS,regular follow up and medical therapy may be crucial for improved outcomes.

Long-term outcomes of staged recanalization for concurrent chronic total occlusion in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Background In patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI)who undergo primary percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI),approximately 10%are concomitant with a chronic total occlusion(CTO)in a non-culprit vessel.However,the impact of staged CTO recanalization on prognosis in this cohort remains disputable.This study aimed to compare the long-term outcomes of staged CTO recanalization versus medical therapy in patients with STEMI after primary PCI.Methods Between January 2005 and December 2016,a total of 287 patients were treated with staged CTO-PCI(n=91)or medical therapy(n=196)after primary PCI in our center.The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event(MACCE),defined as a composite of all-cause death,nonfatal myocardial infarction(MI),stroke or unplanned revascularization.After propensity-score matching,77 pairs of well-balanced patients were identified.Results The mean follow-up period was 6.06 years.Overall,the incidence of the primary endpoint of MACCE was significantly lower in staged CTO-PCI group than that in medical therapy group in both overall population(22.0%vs.46.9%;hazard ratio(HR)=0.48,95%CI:0.29-0.77)and propensity-matched cohorts(22.1%vs.42.9%;HR:0.48,95%CI:0.27-0.86).In addition,staged CTO-PCI was also associated with reduced risk of the composite of cardiac death,nonfatal MI or stroke compared with medical therapy in both overall population(9.9%vs.26.5%;hazard ratio(HR)=0.39,95%CI:0.19-0.79)and propensity-matched cohorts(9.1%vs.22.1%;HR:0.40,95%CI:0.16-0.96).After correction of the possible confounders,staged CTO-PCI was independently associated with reduced risks of MACCE(adjusted HR:0.46,95%CI:0.28-0.75),the composite of cardiac death,nonfatal MI or stroke(adjusted HR:0.45,95%CI:0.22-0.94)and all-cause mortality(adjusted HR:0.32,95%CI:0.13-0.83).Moreover,the results of sensitivity analysis were almost concordant with the overall analysis.Conclusions In patients with STEMI and a concurrent CTO who undergo primary PCI,successful staged recanalization of CTO in the non-culprit vessels is associated with better clinical outcomes during long-term follow-up.

Post-dilatation improves stent apposition in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction receiving primary percutaneous intervention: A multicenter, randomized controlled trial using optical coherence tomography

BACKGROUND: Stent failure is more likely in the lipid rich and thrombus laden culprit lesions underlying ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI).This study assessed the effectiveness of post-dilatation in primary percutaneous coronary intervention(pPCI) for acute STEMI.METHODS: The multi-center POST-STEMI trial enrolled 41 consecutive STEMI patients with symptom onset <12 hours undergoing manual thrombus aspiration and Promus Element stent implantation.Patients were randomly assigned to control group(n=20) or post-dilatation group(n=21) in which a non-compliant balloon was inflated to >16 atm pressure.Strut apposition and coverage were evaluated by optical coherence tomography(OCT) after intracoronary verapamil administration via thrombus aspiration catheter, post pPCI and at 7-month follow-up.The primary endpoint was rate of incomplete strut apposition(ISA) at 7 months after pPCI.RESULTS: There were similar baseline characteristics except for stent length(21.9 [SD 6.5] mm vs.26.0 [SD 5.8] mm, respectively, P=0.03).In post-dilatation vs.control group, ISA rate was lower(2.5% vs.4.5%, P=0.04) immediately after pPCI without affecting final TIMI flow 3 rate(95.2% vs.95.0%, P>0.05) or corrected TIMI frame counts(22.6±9.4 vs.22.0±9.7, P>0.05); and at 7-month follow-up(0.7% vs.1.8%, P<0.0001), the primary study endpoint, with similar strut coverage(98.5% vs.98.4%, P=0.63) and 1-year rate of major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE).CONCLUSION: In STEMI patients, post-dilatation after stent implantation and thrombus aspiration improved strut apposition up to 7 months without affecting coronary blood flow or 1-year MACE rate.Larger and longer term studies are warranted to further assess safety(Clinical Trials.gov identifier: NCT02121223).

The Relationship Between Mean Platelet Volume and In-Hospital Mortality in Geriatric Patients with ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Who Underwent Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Objective:We planned to investigate the effect of mean platelet volume(MPV)on in-hospital mortality and coronary risk factors in geriatric patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI)who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Methods:We enrolled 194 consecutive STEMI patients.The study population was divided into two groups on the basis of admission MPVs.The high-MPV group(n=49)included patients in the highest tertile(>8.9 fL),and the low-MPV group(n=145)included patients with a value in the lower two tertiles(≤8.9 fL).Clinical characteristics,in-hospital mortality,cardiovascular risk factors,and outcomes of primary PCI were analyzed.Results:The patients in the high-MPV group were older,more of them had three-vessel disease,and they had higher in-hospital mortality.Patients with in-hospital death were older,had higher Gensini score,creatinine concentration,and MPV,and had lower HDL cholesterol concentration.MPV,age,HDL cholesterol concentration,creatinine concentration,and Gensini score were found to be independent predictors of in-hospital death.Conclusion:These results suggest that high admission MPV levels are associated with increased in-hospital mortality in geriatric patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI.

Effects of omeprazole or pantoprazole on platelet function in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome patients receiving clopidogrel

Background: This study evaluated the effect of omeprazole or pantoprazole on platelet reactivity in non-STsegment elevation acute coronary syndrome(NSTE-ACS) patients receiving clopidogrel.Methods: Consecutive patients with NSTE-ACS(n =620) from general hospital of Shenyang Military Command were randomized to the omeprazole or pantoprazole(20mg/d) group(1:1), and received routine dual antiplatelet treatment. Patients' reversion rate of adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation(ADP-PA) was assessed at baseline, 12 to 24 h after administration of medication, and after 72 h of percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). The primary endpoint of the study was platelet reactivity assessed with ADP-PA at 30 days after PCI. Adverse events(AEs) were recorded for 30-day and 180-day follow-up periods.Results: There were no significant differences between both the groups in platelet response to clopidogrel at 12–24h after drug administration(54.09%±18.90% vs. 51.62%±19.85%, P=0.12), 72 h after PCI(52.15%±19.45% vs. 49.66%±20.05%, P=0.18), and 30 days after PCI(50.44%±14.54% vs. 48.52%±15.08%, P=0.17). The rate of AEs did not differ significantly between groups during the 30-day(15.2% vs. 14.8%, P=0.91) and 180-day(16.5% vs. 14.5%, P=0.50) follow-up periods after PCI.Conclusion: The addition of omeprazole or pantoprazole to clopidogrel did not restrict the effect of platelet aggregation by reducing the conversion of clopidogrel. Compared with clopidogrel alone, pantoprazole-clopidogrel and omeprazoleclopidogrel combinations did not increase the incidence of adverse clinical events during 30-day and 180-day follow-up periods after PCI.

Study of Adverse Events of Streptokinase Therapy in Patients with Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background: Despite of different adverse events, streptokinase (SK) is widely used to treat patients presented with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to observe different adverse events in patients of acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction receiving SK infusion. Methodology: This cross-sectional type of analytic observational study was carried out in the inpatient department of Cardiology at National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dhaka, Bangladesh from December 23rd 2019 to February 22nd 2020 for a period of two (2) months. All patients diagnosed as acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction receiving SK were included in the present study. Adverse events were documented through completing a questionnaire by reviewing the records in the medical file as well as interviewing with the patients. Result: In this study, 43 (26.2%) patients developed different types of adverse events and 121 (73.8%) had no complications following SK infusion. The most common adverse event was hypotension i.e. 26 (60.4%) and other adverse events were bleeding 8 (4.8%) and allergic reaction 7 (4.2%). Statistically significant higher rate of adverse events occurred in diabetic, hypertensive and dyslipidemia group which was 26 (56.5%) Vs. 17 (14.4%), p = 0.000, 37 (36.6%) Vs. 06 (09.5%), p = 0.000 and 18 (54.5%) Vs. 25 (19.1%), p = 0.000 respectively. The independent factors for the development of adverse events were smoking {OR: 5.1 with 95% CI (1.7 to 15.1), p = 0.003}, diabetes {OR: 14.9 with 95% CI (5.0 to 44.8), p = 0.000}, hypertension {OR: 5.1with 95% CI (1.7 to 15.1), p = 0.003} and dyslipidemia {OR: 4.6 with 95% CI (1.5 to 13.7), p = 0.007}. Conclusion: Streptokinase infusion was associated with different adverse events. Among them the commonest one was hypotension and other less common events were minor bleeding and minor allergic reaction. The adverse events were more frequently documented in patients who were smoker, diabetic, hypertensive and dyslipidemic.

Serum uric acid in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND:Few studies investigated serum uric acid levels in patients with acute STelevation myocardial infarction(STEMI).The study was to assess the clinical value of serum uric acid levels in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI).METHODS:Totally 502 consecutive patients with STEMI were retrospectively studied from January 2005 to December 2010.The level of serum lipid,echocardiographic data and in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE) in patients with hyperuricemia(n=119) were compared with those in patients without hyperuricemia(n=383).The relationship between the level of serum uric acid and the degree of diseased coronary artery was analyzed.All data were analyzed with SPSS version 17.0 software for Student's t test,the Chi-square test and Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis.RESULTS:Serum uric acid level was positively correlated with serum triglyceride level.Hyperlipidemia was more common in hyperuricemia patients than in non-hyperuricemia patients(43.7%vs.33.7%,P=0.047),and serum triglyceride level was significantly higher in hyperuricemia patients(2.11±1.24 vs.1.78±1.38,P=0.014).But no significant association was observed between serum uric acid level and one or more diseased vessels(P>0.05).Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter(LVEDd) was larger in hyperuricemia patients than in non-hyperuricemia patients(53.52±6.19 vs.52.18±4.89,P=0.041).The higher rate of left systolic dysfunction and diastolic dysfunction was discovered in hyperuricemia patients(36.4%vs.15.1%,P<0.001;68.2%vs.55.8%,P=0.023).Also,hyperuricemia patients were more likely to have in-hospital MACE(P<0.05).CONCLUSIONS:Serum uric acid level is positively correlated with serum triglyceride level,but not with the severity of coronary artery disease.Hyperuricemia patients with STEMI tend to have a higher rate of left systolic dysfunction and diastolic dysfunction and more likely to have more in-hospital MACE.

The relation between serum phosphorus levels and long-term mortality in Chinese patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Background Elevated serum phosphorus levels may be associated with adverse outcomes in cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to investigate the relation between serum phosphorus levels and risk of all-cause mortality in Chinese patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who had preserved renal function at baseline. Methods We enrolled patients with STEMI who had preserved renal function at baseline in Xuanwu Hospital from January 2011 to December 2016. Those patients were divided into four groups based on serum phosphorus levels. All-cause mortality rates were compared between groups. Mean duration of follow up was 54.6 months. We used Cox proportional-hazards models to examine the relation between serum phosphorus levels and all-cause mortality after adjustment for potential confounders. Results 1989 patients were involved and 211 patients (10.6%) died during follow-up. Based on serum phosphorus levels, patients were categorized into the following groups:< 2.50 mg/dL (n = 89), 2.51–3.50 mg/dL (n = 1066), 3.51–4.50 mg/dL (n = 672) and > 4.50 mg/dL (n = 162), respectively. The lowest mortality occurred in patients with serum phosphorus levels between 2.51–3.50 mg/dL, with a multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio of 1.19 (95% CI: 0.64–1.54), 1.37 (95% CI: 1.22–1.74), and 1.46 (95% CI: 1.35–1.83) in patients with serum phosphorus levels of < 2.50 mg/dL, 3.51–4.50 mg/dL and > 4.50 mg/dL, respectively. Conclusions Elevated serum phosphorus levels were associated with all-cause mortality in Chinese patients with STEMI who had preserved renal function at baseline.

One Case of Primary Thrombocythemia with Concealed Hypokalemia Complicated by Acute Myocardial Infarction

Medical history summary: Male, 47 years old, was admitted to the hospital due to “dizziness accompanied by chest tightness and pain for more than 8 days”. One week ago, the patient experienced chest tightness, chest pain accompanied by profuse sweating for 3 hours and underwent emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at a local hospital. The procedure revealed left main stem occlusion with subsequent left main stem to left anterior descending artery percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). After the procedure, the patient experienced hemodynamic instability, recurrent ventricular fibrillation, and critical condition, thus transferred to our hospital for further treatment. Symptoms and signs: The patient is in a comatose state, unresponsive to stimuli, with bilateral dilated pupils measuring 2.0 mm, exhibiting reduced sensitivity to light reflex, and recurrent fever. Coarse breath sounds can be heard in both lungs, with audible moist rales. Irregular breathing pattern is observed, and heart sounds vary in intensity. No pathological murmurs are auscultated in any valve auscultation area. Diagnostic methods: Coronary angiography results at the local hospital showed complete occlusion of the left main stem, and left main stem to left anterior descending artery percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was performed. However, the distal guidewire did not pass through. After admission, blood tests showed a Troponin T level of 1.44 ng/ml and a Myoglobin level of 312 ng/ml. The platelet count was 1390 × 109/L. Von Willebrand factor (vWF) activity was measured at 201.9%. Bone marrow aspiration biopsy showed active bone marrow proliferation and platelet clustering. The peripheral blood smear also showed platelet clustering. JAK-2 gene testing was positive, confirming the diagnosis of primary thrombocytosis. Treatment methods: The patient is assisted with mechanical ventilation and intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation to improve coronary blood flow. Electrolyte levels are closely monitored, especially maintaining plasma potassium levels between 4.0 and 4.5 mmol/l. Hydroxyurea 500 mg is administered for platelet reduction. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents are used rationally to prevent further infarction or bleeding. Antiarrhythmic, lipid-lowering, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and heart failure treatment are also provided. Clinical outcome: The family members chose to withdraw treatment and signed for discharge due to a combination of reasons, including economic constraints and uncertainty about the prognosis due to the long disease course. Acute myocardial infarction has gradually become one of the leading causes of death in our country. As a “green channel” disease, corresponding diagnostic and treatment protocols have been established in China, and significant progress has been made in emergency care. There are strict regulations for the time taken from the catheterization lab to the cardiac intensive care unit, and standardized treatments are provided to patients once they enter the intensive care unit. Research results show that the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in patients with primary thrombocythemia within 10 years is 9.4%. This type of disease is rare and difficult to cure, posing significant challenges to medical and nursing professionals. In order to benefit future patients, we have documented individual cases of treatment and nursing care for these patients. The research results show that these patients exhibit resistance to traditional oral anticoagulant drugs and require alternative anticoagulants. Additionally, there are significant differences in serum and plasma potassium levels among patients. Therefore, when making clinical diagnoses, it is necessary to carefully distinguish between the two. Particularly, nursing personnel should possess dialectical thinking when supplementing potassium levels in patients in order to reduce the incidence of malignant arrhythmias and mortality rates.

Plaque herniation after stenting the culprit lesion with myocardial bridging in ST elevation myocardial infarction: A case report

BACKGROUND Myocardial bridging(MB)is increasingly recognized to stimulate atherogenesis,which may contribute to an acute coronary syndrome.Stenting the coronary segment with MB has been recognized to have an increased risk of in-stent restenosis,stent fracture and coronary perforation.The safety and efficacy of stenting the culprit lesion with overlaying MB in ST elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI)as primary reperfusion therapy has not been established.CASE SUMMARY We reported a patient who presented with inferior STEMI with a culprit lesion of an acute thrombotic occlusion in the right coronary artery and thrombolysis and thrombin inhibition in myocardial infarction 0 flow.After the stent placement during primary percutaneous coronary intervention,intravascular ultrasound revealed MB overlying the stented segment where heavy atherosclerotic plaque were present.Likely due to the combination of plaque herniation or prolapse caused by MB,as well as local increased inflammation and thrombogenicity,acute stent thrombosis occurred at this region,which led to acute stent failure.The patient required an emergent repeated cardiac catheterization and placing a second layer of stent to enhance the radial strength and reduce the inter-strut space.CONCLUSION Plaque herniation or prolapse after stenting a MB segment in STEMI is a potential etiology for acute stent failure.

New Cutoff for High Sensitivity Troponin to Better Risk Stratify Patients with Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction

Background: The diagnosis of Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) is dependent on elevation of high sensitivity troponin (Hs-troponin). The current cutoff point for Hs-troponin is highly sensitive but not specific for obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). This study aims to determine the best cutoff point for diagnosing CAD in patients presented with NSTEMI. Methods: Our study included all patients admitted as NSTEMI that underwent coronary angiography (CAG). They were grouped into two groups: A and B. Group A has obstructive CAD of 70% or more stenosis and group B with non-obstructive CAD. Patients were assessed for their demographics, clinical history, laboratory and imaging results. Using SPSS version 22, the pooled cohort of patients were analyzed at significant level < 0.05 and the data were tested for significant correlations between two predetermined groups. Results: Group A comprised 87.6% of the patients and both groups had a median age of 53 years. In Group A, 91% were males, 54% diabetics, 54% hypertensives, and median Hs-troponin was 145 ng/L. While in group B, 88% were males, 39% diabetics, 60% hypertensives, and median Hs-troponin was 54 ng/L. There was significant correlation between the two groups in the percentage of diabetes and median troponin level (p < 0.05). A ROC curve has identified a level of 127 ng/dL as the best cutoff of Hs-troponin in detecting obstructive CAD (p = 0.03). Interestingly, 60% of patients in group B had alternative diagnoses. Conclusion: Hs-troponin is sensitive but less specific for obstructive CAD. However, increasing its cutoff value will improve its specificity.

Long-term Prognosis of Patients with Acute non-ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction undergoing Different Treatment Strategies

Background： In cardiology, it is controversial whether different therapy strategies influence prognosis after acute coronary syndrome. We examined and compared the long-term outcomes of invasive and conservative strategies in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction （NSTEMI） and characterized the patients selected for an invasive approach. Methods： A total of 976 patients with acute NSTEMI were collected from December 2006 to October 2012 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Hospital. They are divided into conservative strategy （586 patients） and invasive strategy （390 patients） group. Unified tbllow-up questionnaire was performed by telephone contact （cut-off date was November, 2013）. The long-term clinical events were analyzed and related to the different treatment strategies. Results： The median follow-up time was 29 months. Mortality was 28.7% （n = 168） in the conservative group and 2.1% （n = 8） in the invasive management at long-term clinical follow-up. The secondary endpoint （the composite endpoint） was 59.0% （n = 346） in the conservative group and 30.3% （n = 118） in the invasive management. Multivariate analysis showed that patients in the conservative group had higher all-cause mortality rates than those who had the invasive management （adjusted risk ratio [RR] = 7.795; 95% confidence interval [CI]： 3.796 16.006, P 〈 0.001）, and the similar result was also seen in tile secondary endpoint （adjusted RR ： 2.102; 95% （7： 1.694-2.610, P 〈 0.001 ）. In the subgroup analysis according to each Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction risk score （TRS）, log-rank analysis showed lower mortality and secondary endpoint rates in the invasive group with the intermediate and high-risk patients （TRS 3-7）. Conclusions： An invasive strategy could improve long-term outcomes for NSTEMI patients, especially for intermediate and high-risk ones （TRS 3- 7）.

Non-HDL-C和RLP-C与急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死行急诊PCI住院期间不良心脏事件的相关性研究

目的 探讨非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-HDL-C)和残粒脂蛋白胆固醇(RLP-C)与急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)住院期间发生不良心脏事件的相关性。方法 回顾性选取2017年1月~2018年6月在安徽省立医院就诊并接受急诊PCI手术的STEMI患者400例(入院前1个月内均无他汀类药物的持续服用史),根据患者住院期间是否发生主要不良心脏事件(MACE),将其分为MACE组(32例)和良好组(368例)。对所有患者进行血脂检测,并计算其non-HDL-C和RLP-C值。比较MACE组与良好组之间的non-HDL-C和RLP-C值差异,并通过多因素logistic回归分析non-HDL-C和RLP-C与STEMI患者行急诊PCI手术住院期间发生MACE的相关性。结果 与良好组相比,MACE组患者的non-HDL-C和RLP-C值均显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析表明,non-HDL-C和RLP-C值是STEMI患者发生院内MACE的独立预测因素(OR=1.728,1.672;P<0.01)。结论 non-HDL-C和RLP-C水平与STEMI行急诊PCI手术住院期间MACE的发生情况密切相关,积极控制non-HDL-C和RLP-C可能有助于防止急性心肌梗死的发生,检测non-HDL-C和RLP-C值可能有助于STEMI早期风险的评估。

地中海饮食模式和急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死发生风险的关系研究

目的探讨地中海饮食模式与急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)发生风险的相关性。方法本研究是一项单中心大型病例对照研究。收集2017年1月至2020年12月在首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院首次确诊为急性NSTEMI的患者600例作为急性NSTEMI组。根据年龄、性别进行1∶1匹配选取同期本院体检中心健康体检者600人作为对照组。比较2组一般资料。根据饮食频率调查问卷计算出改良地中海饮食评分(AMEDS)。将所有受试者按AMEDS分为AMEDS<4分组、AMEDS 4~5分组和AMEDS≥6分组。分析总体及不同AMEDS组的急性NSTEMI发生风险,分析AMEDS中不同种类食物与急性NSTEMI发生风险的相关性。结果急性NSTEMI组有高血压病、糖尿病病史的患者比例、收缩压、体重指数、目前吸烟者比例均高于对照组,家庭收入≥120000元/年的比例、AMEDS均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。相对于AMEDS<4分组的受试者而言,AMEDS 4~5分组以及AMEDS≥6分组受试者急性NSTEMI发生风险明显降低(调整年龄、性别、受教育年限、家庭年收入、病史、体重指数、血压、血红蛋白、生活方式等多个协变量后的多因素分析比值比=0.72,95%置信区间:0.53~0.94,P=0.031;比值比=0.62,95%置信区间:0.47~0.84,P=0.008)。将患者按年龄和性别进行分层,多因素回归分析后发现,随AMEDS增加,急性NSTEMI发生风险降低的趋势在男性和年龄<60岁的人群依然存在(均P<0.05),在女性和≥60岁的人群中,趋势差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05),同时分层之间交互性分析后差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。AMEDS食物种类分析结果显示,蔬菜、鱼类降低急性NSTEMI发生风险,红肉或加工肉类增加其发生风险(比值比=0.51,95%置信区间:0.42~0.66,P<0.001;比值比=0.75,95%置信区间:0.59~0.94,P=0.010;比值比=1.51,95%置信区间:1.21~1.90,P<0.001)。结论地中海饮食模式和急性NSTEMI的发生相关,改良地中海饮食的高依从性可能降低急性NSTEMI的发生风险。

三种冠状动脉内灌注用药方案对高血栓负荷急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入术后心肌灌注及短期预后的影响

目的探讨三种冠状动脉内灌注用药方案对高血栓负荷急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)术后心肌灌注及短期预后的影响。方法前瞻性、单中心、随机对照研究。纳入2017年3月至2021年8月焦作市人民医院心内科高血栓负荷STEMI患者150例,按照分层区组随机化原则等分为三组各50例。A组:尼可地尔+替罗非班靶血管灌注;B组:尿激酶原+替罗非班靶血管灌注;C组:尼可地尔+尿激酶原+替罗非班靶血管灌注。于PCI术前、术后即刻检测记录梗死相关动脉(IRA)的心肌梗死溶栓试验(TIMI)血流分级、TIMI心肌灌注分级(TMPG)、校正的TIMI血流帧数(CTFC);于PCI术前、术后24 h记录心电图的ST段回落幅度;记录IRA开通后24 h内Curtis-Walker评分及恶性心律失常例数;于PCI术前、术后0 h、12 h、24 h、3 d及7 d检测血清高敏肌钙蛋白I(hs-cTnI);于PCI术前、术后24 h及7 d检测丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD);于PCI术前、术后7 d、术后1个月、术后6个月及术后12个月检测左心室射血分数(LVEF)。随访记录患者住院期间及出院后30 d内的出血事件及术后12个月内主要不良心血管事件(MACE)。结果(1)PCI术后即刻,C组患者的TIMI血流分级、TMPG均优于A组(Z=-16.610,P=0.023;Z=-18.400,P=0.015)和B组(Z=-15.130,P=0.046;Z=16.550,P=0.035);C组患者的CTFC帧数低于A组(P<0.001)和B组(P=0.001)。(2)PCI术后,C组患者的血清hs-cTnI水平低于A组和B组(均为P<0.001)。(3)PCI术后,C组患者的MDA水平低于A组和B组(均为P<0.001),SOD水平高于A组(P=0.004)和B组(P=0.024)。(4)PCI术后24 h,C组患者的ST段回落幅度大于A组(P=0.003)和B组(P=0.012),Curtis-Walker评分及恶性心律失常发生率低于A组(P=0.008、0.015)和B组(P=0.014、0.034)。(5)PCI术后,C组患者的LVEF水平高于A组和B组(均为P<0.001)。(6)住院期间及出院后30 d内,三组患者均未发生大出血,少量出血和微量出血的发生率比较无统计学差异(χ^(2)=1.385,P=0.500);术后12个月内,C组患者的MACE发生率低于A组和B组(χ^(2)=7.400,P=0.025)。结论尼可地尔+尿激酶原+替罗非班靶血管灌注具有协同作用,可有效改善STEMI患者PCI术后的心肌灌注,减轻术后心肌损伤和氧化应激损伤,促进ST段回落,降低恶性心律失常发生率,有效促进心功能恢复,减少心血管不良事件,且不增加术后出血。