The exploitation of high performance redox-active substances is critically important for the development of non-aqueous redoxflow batteries.Herein,three tetrathiofulvalene(TTF)derivatives with different substitution gr...The exploitation of high performance redox-active substances is critically important for the development of non-aqueous redoxflow batteries.Herein,three tetrathiofulvalene(TTF)derivatives with different substitution groups,namely TTF diethyl ester(TTFDE),TTF tetramethyl ester(TTFTM),and TTF tetraethyl ester(TTFTE),are prepared and their energy storage properties are evaluated.It has been found that the redox potential and solubility of these TTF derivatives in conventional carbonate electrolytes increases with the number of ester groups.The battery with a catholyte of 0.2 mol L^(-1) of TTFTE delivers a specific capacity of more than 10 Ah L^(-1) at the current density of 0.5 C with two discharge voltage platforms locating at as high as 3.85 and 3.60 V vs.Li/Liþ.Its capacity retention can be improved from 2.34 Ah L^(-1) to 3.60 Ah L^(-1) after 100 cycles by the use of an anion exchange membrane to block the crossover of TTF species.The excellent cycling stability of the TIF esters is supported by their well-delocalized electrons,as revealed by the density function theory calculations.Therefore,the introduction of more and larger electron-withdrawing groups is a promising strategy to simultaneously increase the redox-potential and solubility of redox-active ma-terials for non-aqueous redoxflow batteries.展开更多
The development of pollution-free dyeing technology, including anhydrous dyeing and non-aqueous dyeing technologies, has always been an important way and research hot in energy conservation and emission reduction. Des...The development of pollution-free dyeing technology, including anhydrous dyeing and non-aqueous dyeing technologies, has always been an important way and research hot in energy conservation and emission reduction. Designing new structural dye molecules is the key to water-saving dyeing processes.Herein, three reactive dyes were designed and synthesized, which contained large planar multiconjugated systems and multi-reactive groups. The designed reactive dyes are expected to have high affinity and high fixations in non-aqueous or small bath dyeing processes. The reactive dyes were applied in the decamethylcyclopentasiloxane(DMCS) reverse micelle dyeing for cotton fabric. High exhaustion rate of 99.35%, 98.10% and 98.80%, and fixation rate of 95.15%, 96.34% and 94.40% for three dyes, R1,R2 and R3, could be respectively obtained. The dyes can be fully utilized and had excellent dyeing performance, fastness and levelling properties under the revere micelle dyeing. The cotton fabric is like an oil-water separator in the dyeing process, where the dye micelles rapidly absorb and permeate into the cotton fibers. DMCS circulates around the fabric to transfer mass and energy. After dyeing, the solvent can be separated quickly and reused. The new reactive dyes containing large planar and multi-conjugated systems have potential application in green and sustainable dyeing technology with less wastewater and higher utilization.展开更多
The scenario of geothermal tunnel is commonly observed around the world,and increases with the new constructions in the long and deep tunnels,for example in China.Tunnel insulation is generally divided into active and...The scenario of geothermal tunnel is commonly observed around the world,and increases with the new constructions in the long and deep tunnels,for example in China.Tunnel insulation is generally divided into active and passive insulation.In passive insulation,it is an effective way to set low thermal con-ductivity materials as the thermal insulation layer as the choice of insulation material mainly depends on the thermal conductivity.Polymer is a kind of material with good geothermal performance,but there are relatively few studies.In this context,the transient plane source(TPS)method was used to measure the thermal conductivity of the developed polymer.Then,the temperature field of the high geothermal tunnel insulated by the non-aqueous reactive polymer layer was simulated.With the parametric analysis results,the suggestions for the tunnel layers were proposed accordingly.It revealed that the thermal conductivity of polymer first increases and then decreases with temperature.There are two rising sec-tions(?40e10?C and 20e90?C),one flat section(10e20?C)and one descending section(>90?C).It is observed the thermal conductivity of polymer increases with increase of the density of insulation layer and the density,and the thermal conductivity decreases when exposed to high temperatures.The temperature of the surrounding rocks increases with increase of the thermal conductivity and the thickness of polymer.Finally,a more economical thickness(5 cm)was proposed.Based on the parametric study,a thermal insulation layer with thermal conductivity less than 0.045 W/(m K),thickness of 5 cm and a density less than 0.12 g/cm 3 is suggested for practice.展开更多
A pore-network model physically based on pore level multiphase flow was used to study the water-non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) displacement process, especially the effects of wettability, water-NAPL interracial ten...A pore-network model physically based on pore level multiphase flow was used to study the water-non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) displacement process, especially the effects of wettability, water-NAPL interracial tension, the fraction of NAPL-wet pores, and initial water saturation on the displacement. The computed data show that with the wettability of the mineral surfaces changing from strongly water-wet to NAPL-wet, capillary pressure and the NAPL relative permeability gradually decrease, while water-NAPL interfacial tension has little effect on water relative permeability, but initial water saturation has a strong effect on water and NAPL relative permeabilities. The analytical results may help to understand the micro-structure displacement process of non-aqueous phase liquid and to provide the theoretical basis for controlling NAPL migration.展开更多
yb3+/Dy3+ co-doped A1203 nanopowders have been prepared by the non-aqueous sol-gel method and their up- conversion photoluminescence spectra are measured under excitation by a 980-nm semiconductor laser. The results...yb3+/Dy3+ co-doped A1203 nanopowders have been prepared by the non-aqueous sol-gel method and their up- conversion photoluminescence spectra are measured under excitation by a 980-nm semiconductor laser. The results show that there are comparatively abundant spectra of up-conversion emissions centered at 378, 408, 527 and 543, and 663 nm, corresponding to 4C9/2→ 6H13/2, 4C9/2→ 6Hll/2, 4115/2 → 6H13/2, and 4F9/2 →6Hll/2 transitions of Dy3+, respectively. Two-photon and three-photon processes are involved in ultraviolet, violet, green, and red up-conversion emissions. The energy transition between Yb3+ and Dy3+ is discussed.展开更多
Flow batteries with high energy density and long cycle life have been pursued to advance the progress of energy storage and grid application. Non-aqueous batteries with wide voltage windows represent a promising techn...Flow batteries with high energy density and long cycle life have been pursued to advance the progress of energy storage and grid application. Non-aqueous batteries with wide voltage windows represent a promising technology without the limitation of water electrolysis, but they suffer from low electrolyte concentration and unsatisfactory battery performance. Here, a non-aqueous lithium bromine rechargeable battery is proposed, which is based on Br;/Br;and Li;/Li as active redox pairs, with fast redox kinetics and good stability. The Li/Br battery combines the advantages of high output voltage(;.1 V),electrolyte concentration(3.0 mol/L), maximum power density(29.1 m W/cm;) and practical energy density(232.6 Wh/kg). Additionally, the battery displays a columbic efficiency(CE) of 90.0%, a voltage efficiency(VE) of 88.0% and an energy efficiency(EE) of 80.0% at 1.0 m A/cm;after continuously running for more than 1000 cycles, which is by far the longest cycle life reported for non-aqueous flow batteries.展开更多
Polyoxometalates have been explored as multi-electron active species in both aqueous and non-aqueous redox flow batteries. Although non-aqueous systems in principle offer a wider voltage window for redox flow battery ...Polyoxometalates have been explored as multi-electron active species in both aqueous and non-aqueous redox flow batteries. Although non-aqueous systems in principle offer a wider voltage window for redox flow battery operation, realization of this potential requires a judicious choice of solvent as well as polyoxometalate properties. We demonstrate here the superior performance of N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF)compared to acetonitrile as a solvent for redox flow batteries based on Li3PMo12O40. This compound displays two 1-electron transfers in acetonitrile but can access an extra quasi-reversible 2-electron redox process in DMF. A cell containing 10 mM solution of Li3PMo12O40 in DMF produced a cell voltage of 0.7 V with 2-electron transfers(State of Charge = 60%) and showed a good cyclability. As a means to boost energy density, operation of the redox flow battery at a higher concentration of 0.1 M Li3PMo12O40 produced cells with cell voltage of 0.6 V in acetonitrile and a cell voltage of 1.0 V in DMF;both showed excellent coulombic efficiencies of more than 90% over the course of 30 cycles. Energy density was also increased by employing an asymmetric cell with different polyoxometalates on each side to extend cell voltage.Li6P2W18O62 exhibited 3 quasi-reversible 2-electron transfers in the potential range between-2.05 V and-0.5 V vs. Ag/Ag+. 10 mM Li6P2W18O62/Li3PMo12O40 in DMF produced a cell with cell voltage of 1.3 V involving 4-electron transfers(State of Charge = 50%) with coulombic efficiency of nearly 100% and energy efficiency of nearly 70% throughout the test with more than 20 cycles. These promising results demonstrate proof-of-concept approaches to improving the performance of polyoxometalates in non-aqueous redox flow batteries.展开更多
The demands for high-performance and low-cost batteries make K-ion batteries(KIBs) considered as promising supplements or alternatives for Li-ion batteries(LIBs). Nevertheless, there are only a small amount of convent...The demands for high-performance and low-cost batteries make K-ion batteries(KIBs) considered as promising supplements or alternatives for Li-ion batteries(LIBs). Nevertheless, there are only a small amount of conventional inorganic electrode materials that can be used in KIBs, due to the large radius of K^+ ions. Diff erently, organic electrode materials(OEMs) generally own sufficiently interstitial space and good structure flexibility, which can maintain superior performance in K-ion systems. Therefore, in recent years, more and more investigations have been focused on OEMs for KIBs. This review will comprehensively cover the researches on OEMs in KIBs in order to accelerate the research and development of KIBs. The reaction mechanism, electrochemical behavior, etc., of OEMs will all be summarized in detail and deeply. Emphasis is placed to overview the performance improvement strategies of OEMs and the characteristic superiority of OEMs in KIBs compared with LIBs and Na-ion batteries.展开更多
Unilamellar vesicles from the mixtures of 1:1 sodium 10-undecenoate and trimethyl[2-(10-undecenoyloxy)ethyl]ammonium iodide in the mixed solvents of ethanol and heptane can be formed spontaneously or by sonication. Th...Unilamellar vesicles from the mixtures of 1:1 sodium 10-undecenoate and trimethyl[2-(10-undecenoyloxy)ethyl]ammonium iodide in the mixed solvents of ethanol and heptane can be formed spontaneously or by sonication. They can exist in the variation of concentrations and volume ratios of ethanol to heptane, which indicates to some extent the high capability of vesicle formation in such mixed systems.展开更多
In-situ characterization of non-aqueous nano-dispersion systems(NANDS) by freeze-etching transmission electron microscope(FETEM) was reported.To improve just-for-once successive rate of specimen preparation and ge...In-situ characterization of non-aqueous nano-dispersion systems(NANDS) by freeze-etching transmission electron microscope(FETEM) was reported.To improve just-for-once successive rate of specimen preparation and get good characterization results,an improving specimen preparation method of freezing etching was developed.Size,distribution and morphology of NANDS were directly visualized.Some information of particle dispersion feature and particle density can also be obtained.Reproductivity of the FETEM characterization is excellent.Comparing with laser scattering method,which is liable to give positive error especially for small size particle anchoring disperser,FETEM characterization can give more accurate measurement of particle size.Moreover,FETEM can give dispersion feature of nanoparticle in non-aqueous medium.展开更多
Glycerides are first separated to classes of triglycerides(TGs), diglycerides(DGs) and monoglycerides(MGs) by normal phase HPLC on silica gel column. Individual triglyceride separation is then achieved by non-aqueous ...Glycerides are first separated to classes of triglycerides(TGs), diglycerides(DGs) and monoglycerides(MGs) by normal phase HPLC on silica gel column. Individual triglyceride separation is then achieved by non-aqueous reversed phase(NARP) HPLC on C_(18) column with UV detection at 215nm.展开更多
A new method of determination for roxithromycin tablets by non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) with square-wave amperometric detection was carried out. Several parameters affecting the NACE-AD determination ...A new method of determination for roxithromycin tablets by non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) with square-wave amperometric detection was carried out. Several parameters affecting the NACE-AD determination were studied. The data was modified by spline wavelet least square (SWLS). The method is simple, rapid and highly reliable for routine analysis.展开更多
Standard free energies (ΔG0t(i) ) and entropies (ΔS0t(i)) of transfer of some homologous α-amino acids viz. glycine (gly), dl-alanine (ala), dl-α-amino butyric acid (aba) and dl-nor-valine (nor-val) from protic et...Standard free energies (ΔG0t(i) ) and entropies (ΔS0t(i)) of transfer of some homologous α-amino acids viz. glycine (gly), dl-alanine (ala), dl-α-amino butyric acid (aba) and dl-nor-valine (nor-val) from protic ethylene glycol (EG) to dipolar aprotic N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) have been evaluated from solubility measure-ments at five equidistant temperatures i.e from 15 to 350C. The observed ΔG0t(i) and TΔS0t(i) Vs composition profiles are complicated because of the various interaction effects. The chemical effects of the transfer Gibbs energies (ΔG0t.ch(i)) and entropies of transfer (ΔS0t.ch(i)) have been obtained after elimination of cavity effect, estimated by the scaled particle theory and dipole-dipole interaction effects, estimated by the use of Keesom-orientation expression. The chemical contributions of transfer energetics of homologous α-amino acids are guided by the composite effects of increased dispersion interaction, basicity and decreased acidity, hydrogen bonding effects and solvophobic solvation of ethylene glycol and N, N-dimethyl formamide mixed solvent as compared to that of reference solvent (ethylene glycol).展开更多
Non-aqueous absorbents(NAAs)have attracted increasing attention for CO_(2)capture because of their great energy-saving potential.Primary diamines which can provide high CO_(2)absorption loading are promising candidate...Non-aqueous absorbents(NAAs)have attracted increasing attention for CO_(2)capture because of their great energy-saving potential.Primary diamines which can provide high CO_(2)absorption loading are promising candidates for formulating NAAs but suffer disadvantages in regenerability.In this study,a promising strategy that using tertiary amines(TAs)as proton-transfer mediators was proposed to enhance the regenerability of an aminoethylethanolamine(AEEA,diamine)/dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)(A/D)NAA.Surprisingly,some employed TAs such as N,N-diethylaminoethanol(DEEA),N,N,N’,N’’,N’’-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine(PMDETA),3-dimethylamino-1-propanol(3DMA1P),and N,N-dimethylethanolamine(DMEA)enhanced not only the regenerability of the A/D NAA but also the CO_(2)absorption performance.Specifically,the CO_(2)absorption loading and cyclic loading were increased by about 12.7%and 15.5%-22.7%,respectively.The TA-enhanced CO_(2)capture mechanism was comprehensively explored via nuclear magnetic resonance technique and quantum chemical calculations.During CO_(2)absorption,the TA acted as an ultimate proton acceptor for AEEA-zwitterion and enabled more AEEA to form carbamate species(AEEACOO-)to store CO_(2),thus enhancing CO_(2)absorption.For CO_(2)desorption,the TA first provided protons directly to AEEACOO-as a proton donor;moreover,it functioned as a proton carrier and facilitated the low-energy step-wise proton transfer from protonated AEEA to AEEACOO-.Consequently,the presence of TA made it easier for AEEACOO-to obtain protons to decompose,resulting in enhanced CO_(2)desorption.In a word,introducing the TA as a proton-transfer mediator into the A/D NAA enhanced both the CO_(2)absorption performance and the regenerability,which was an efficient way to“kill two birds with one stone”.展开更多
Three-dimensional investigation of sulfides is required in order to improve the mechanical properties of steel by controlling the sulfides in the steel.A method including its principles and device is introduced for th...Three-dimensional investigation of sulfides is required in order to improve the mechanical properties of steel by controlling the sulfides in the steel.A method including its principles and device is introduced for the investigation of threedimensional morphology of sulfides.The method is suitable for gear steel,free cutting steel,non-quenched steel,tempered steel(ws≥0.02 wt.%),etc.The influences of current density,time,and temperature on the exposure degree of sulfide inclusions were investigated by using 16MnCrS5 steel.The best parameters of electrolytic etching of sulfur steel,as found by experimentation,are as follows:current density,37.5-52.5 mA/cm2;time,30-35 min;and temperature,—10 to 0℃.Under these conditions,the three-dimensional morphology of sulfide inclusions in sulfur-bearing steel can be exposed effectively.展开更多
A non-aqueous suspension polycondensation method was proposed to proceed the reaction ofp-phenylenediamine and terephthaloyl chloride for the preparation of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA). The system was...A non-aqueous suspension polycondensation method was proposed to proceed the reaction ofp-phenylenediamine and terephthaloyl chloride for the preparation of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA). The system was operated with NMP-CaCI2 solution as the dispersed phase and inert liquid paraffin as the continuous phase. Each of NMP-CaCl2 solution microdroplet suspended in paraffin served as a microreactor where the polycondensation took place. According to the results of TGA, XRD, IR, SEM and EA, PPTA with good quality was obtained through this novel method, and a number of main factors influencing this process were investigated to determine the optimum condition for the preparation of PPTA. Besides, this two-phase polycondensation system brings many unique advantages compared to the conventional solution polycondensation method, including a sealed reaction environment keeping the reactants away from oxygen and water, easy removal of HCI to promote the reaction, well-controlled temperature and low viscosity which means less energy cost.展开更多
Nanocrystalline semiconductors are potentially useful materials due to their novel prop-erties which are markedly different from those of the bulk solids,the most notable one beingquantum confinement.Preparation and a...Nanocrystalline semiconductors are potentially useful materials due to their novel prop-erties which are markedly different from those of the bulk solids,the most notable one beingquantum confinement.Preparation and application of nanocrystalline Ⅲ-V class of materialssuch as InP have recently attracted much attention.It is difficult to synthesize Ⅲ-V mat-erials by use of the traditional solid-state methods,due to their high synthesis temper-展开更多
The energy density of non-aqueous carbon-based electrochemical capacitors(cEC)is mainly determined by the specific capacitance and operational voltage range.In this study,we propose to construct an unbalanced structur...The energy density of non-aqueous carbon-based electrochemical capacitors(cEC)is mainly determined by the specific capacitance and operational voltage range.In this study,we propose to construct an unbalanced structure to make full use of stable voltage range for improving energy density.The stable voltage range is firstly carefully explored using cyclic voltammetry.Then an unbalanced carbon-based electrochemical capacitor(ucEC)is constructed with an optimized positive electrode to negative electrode weight ratio and voltage range.Its electrochemical performance is comprehensively investigated,including energy density,power density as well as cycle life.The ucEC is capable to deliver an improved energy density up to 64.9 Wh/kg(1.4 times as high as a general cEC)without sacrificing the power density and cycle life.The electrode properties after cycling are also analyzed,illustrating the change of electrode potential caused by unbalanced structure.The proposed structure demonstrates a great potential for improving the energy density at little cost of electrode design and cell configuration.展开更多
In this article,the Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid(NAPL)transport in the single filled fracture was studied with the Shan-Chen multi-component multiphase Lattice Boltzmann Method(LBM)with special consideration of wettab...In this article,the Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid(NAPL)transport in the single filled fracture was studied with the Shan-Chen multi-component multiphase Lattice Boltzmann Method(LBM)with special consideration of wettability effects.With the help of the model,the contact angle of the non-wetting phase and wetting phase interface at a solid wall could be adjusted.By considering a set of appropriate boundary conditions,the fractured conductivity was investigated in condition that the NAPL blocks the channels in the single filled fracture.In order to study the wettability effects on the NAPL transport,a constant driving force was introduced in the Shan-Chen multi-component multiphase LBM.Flow regimes with different wettabilities were discussed.Simulated results show that the LBM is a very instrumental method for simulating and studying the immiscible multiphase flow problems in single filled fracture.展开更多
The electrostatic interaction between additive and analyte is of great importance to non-aqueous cap- illary electrophoresis(NACE)separation.Three tetraalkylammonium bromides and acetonitrile were applied as additives...The electrostatic interaction between additive and analyte is of great importance to non-aqueous cap- illary electrophoresis(NACE)separation.Three tetraalkylammonium bromides and acetonitrile were applied as additives and running solvent respectively.The effect of alkyl chain length and concentra- tion of additive on electrostatic interactions was investigated by the separation of phenols.The sepa- ration ability was found to increase with decreasing alkyl chain length of the additive,and the resolu- tion values were increased with increasing additive concentration.The separation was seriously dete- riorated after a little amount of water was added in the running solution.Furthermore,the electrostatic interaction is strong under the conditions of low electron cloud density,weak steric hindrance and multi-interaction sites.Thus,the separation result can be predicted by theoretical analysis,which is helpful for the separation of other substances in NACE based on electrostatic interaction.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos:51503038 and 51873037).
文摘The exploitation of high performance redox-active substances is critically important for the development of non-aqueous redoxflow batteries.Herein,three tetrathiofulvalene(TTF)derivatives with different substitution groups,namely TTF diethyl ester(TTFDE),TTF tetramethyl ester(TTFTM),and TTF tetraethyl ester(TTFTE),are prepared and their energy storage properties are evaluated.It has been found that the redox potential and solubility of these TTF derivatives in conventional carbonate electrolytes increases with the number of ester groups.The battery with a catholyte of 0.2 mol L^(-1) of TTFTE delivers a specific capacity of more than 10 Ah L^(-1) at the current density of 0.5 C with two discharge voltage platforms locating at as high as 3.85 and 3.60 V vs.Li/Liþ.Its capacity retention can be improved from 2.34 Ah L^(-1) to 3.60 Ah L^(-1) after 100 cycles by the use of an anion exchange membrane to block the crossover of TTF species.The excellent cycling stability of the TIF esters is supported by their well-delocalized electrons,as revealed by the density function theory calculations.Therefore,the introduction of more and larger electron-withdrawing groups is a promising strategy to simultaneously increase the redox-potential and solubility of redox-active ma-terials for non-aqueous redoxflow batteries.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (20ZR1400300)Textile Vision Applied Basic Research Project (J202005)National Key Research & Development Program of China (2017YFB0309600)。
文摘The development of pollution-free dyeing technology, including anhydrous dyeing and non-aqueous dyeing technologies, has always been an important way and research hot in energy conservation and emission reduction. Designing new structural dye molecules is the key to water-saving dyeing processes.Herein, three reactive dyes were designed and synthesized, which contained large planar multiconjugated systems and multi-reactive groups. The designed reactive dyes are expected to have high affinity and high fixations in non-aqueous or small bath dyeing processes. The reactive dyes were applied in the decamethylcyclopentasiloxane(DMCS) reverse micelle dyeing for cotton fabric. High exhaustion rate of 99.35%, 98.10% and 98.80%, and fixation rate of 95.15%, 96.34% and 94.40% for three dyes, R1,R2 and R3, could be respectively obtained. The dyes can be fully utilized and had excellent dyeing performance, fastness and levelling properties under the revere micelle dyeing. The cotton fabric is like an oil-water separator in the dyeing process, where the dye micelles rapidly absorb and permeate into the cotton fibers. DMCS circulates around the fabric to transfer mass and energy. After dyeing, the solvent can be separated quickly and reused. The new reactive dyes containing large planar and multi-conjugated systems have potential application in green and sustainable dyeing technology with less wastewater and higher utilization.
文摘The scenario of geothermal tunnel is commonly observed around the world,and increases with the new constructions in the long and deep tunnels,for example in China.Tunnel insulation is generally divided into active and passive insulation.In passive insulation,it is an effective way to set low thermal con-ductivity materials as the thermal insulation layer as the choice of insulation material mainly depends on the thermal conductivity.Polymer is a kind of material with good geothermal performance,but there are relatively few studies.In this context,the transient plane source(TPS)method was used to measure the thermal conductivity of the developed polymer.Then,the temperature field of the high geothermal tunnel insulated by the non-aqueous reactive polymer layer was simulated.With the parametric analysis results,the suggestions for the tunnel layers were proposed accordingly.It revealed that the thermal conductivity of polymer first increases and then decreases with temperature.There are two rising sec-tions(?40e10?C and 20e90?C),one flat section(10e20?C)and one descending section(>90?C).It is observed the thermal conductivity of polymer increases with increase of the density of insulation layer and the density,and the thermal conductivity decreases when exposed to high temperatures.The temperature of the surrounding rocks increases with increase of the thermal conductivity and the thickness of polymer.Finally,a more economical thickness(5 cm)was proposed.Based on the parametric study,a thermal insulation layer with thermal conductivity less than 0.045 W/(m K),thickness of 5 cm and a density less than 0.12 g/cm 3 is suggested for practice.
文摘A pore-network model physically based on pore level multiphase flow was used to study the water-non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) displacement process, especially the effects of wettability, water-NAPL interracial tension, the fraction of NAPL-wet pores, and initial water saturation on the displacement. The computed data show that with the wettability of the mineral surfaces changing from strongly water-wet to NAPL-wet, capillary pressure and the NAPL relative permeability gradually decrease, while water-NAPL interfacial tension has little effect on water relative permeability, but initial water saturation has a strong effect on water and NAPL relative permeabilities. The analytical results may help to understand the micro-structure displacement process of non-aqueous phase liquid and to provide the theoretical basis for controlling NAPL migration.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11004092) and the Scientific Research Fund of Education Department of Liaoning Province, China (Grant No. 2009A417).
文摘yb3+/Dy3+ co-doped A1203 nanopowders have been prepared by the non-aqueous sol-gel method and their up- conversion photoluminescence spectra are measured under excitation by a 980-nm semiconductor laser. The results show that there are comparatively abundant spectra of up-conversion emissions centered at 378, 408, 527 and 543, and 663 nm, corresponding to 4C9/2→ 6H13/2, 4C9/2→ 6Hll/2, 4115/2 → 6H13/2, and 4F9/2 →6Hll/2 transitions of Dy3+, respectively. Two-photon and three-photon processes are involved in ultraviolet, violet, green, and red up-conversion emissions. The energy transition between Yb3+ and Dy3+ is discussed.
基金financial supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21476224,21406219 and 51361135701)
文摘Flow batteries with high energy density and long cycle life have been pursued to advance the progress of energy storage and grid application. Non-aqueous batteries with wide voltage windows represent a promising technology without the limitation of water electrolysis, but they suffer from low electrolyte concentration and unsatisfactory battery performance. Here, a non-aqueous lithium bromine rechargeable battery is proposed, which is based on Br;/Br;and Li;/Li as active redox pairs, with fast redox kinetics and good stability. The Li/Br battery combines the advantages of high output voltage(;.1 V),electrolyte concentration(3.0 mol/L), maximum power density(29.1 m W/cm;) and practical energy density(232.6 Wh/kg). Additionally, the battery displays a columbic efficiency(CE) of 90.0%, a voltage efficiency(VE) of 88.0% and an energy efficiency(EE) of 80.0% at 1.0 m A/cm;after continuously running for more than 1000 cycles, which is by far the longest cycle life reported for non-aqueous flow batteries.
文摘Polyoxometalates have been explored as multi-electron active species in both aqueous and non-aqueous redox flow batteries. Although non-aqueous systems in principle offer a wider voltage window for redox flow battery operation, realization of this potential requires a judicious choice of solvent as well as polyoxometalate properties. We demonstrate here the superior performance of N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF)compared to acetonitrile as a solvent for redox flow batteries based on Li3PMo12O40. This compound displays two 1-electron transfers in acetonitrile but can access an extra quasi-reversible 2-electron redox process in DMF. A cell containing 10 mM solution of Li3PMo12O40 in DMF produced a cell voltage of 0.7 V with 2-electron transfers(State of Charge = 60%) and showed a good cyclability. As a means to boost energy density, operation of the redox flow battery at a higher concentration of 0.1 M Li3PMo12O40 produced cells with cell voltage of 0.6 V in acetonitrile and a cell voltage of 1.0 V in DMF;both showed excellent coulombic efficiencies of more than 90% over the course of 30 cycles. Energy density was also increased by employing an asymmetric cell with different polyoxometalates on each side to extend cell voltage.Li6P2W18O62 exhibited 3 quasi-reversible 2-electron transfers in the potential range between-2.05 V and-0.5 V vs. Ag/Ag+. 10 mM Li6P2W18O62/Li3PMo12O40 in DMF produced a cell with cell voltage of 1.3 V involving 4-electron transfers(State of Charge = 50%) with coulombic efficiency of nearly 100% and energy efficiency of nearly 70% throughout the test with more than 20 cycles. These promising results demonstrate proof-of-concept approaches to improving the performance of polyoxometalates in non-aqueous redox flow batteries.
基金CAS-DOE Collaborative Project(121421KYSB20170032)DICP funding(ZZBS201707)National Natural Science Foundation of China(21706253)。
文摘The demands for high-performance and low-cost batteries make K-ion batteries(KIBs) considered as promising supplements or alternatives for Li-ion batteries(LIBs). Nevertheless, there are only a small amount of conventional inorganic electrode materials that can be used in KIBs, due to the large radius of K^+ ions. Diff erently, organic electrode materials(OEMs) generally own sufficiently interstitial space and good structure flexibility, which can maintain superior performance in K-ion systems. Therefore, in recent years, more and more investigations have been focused on OEMs for KIBs. This review will comprehensively cover the researches on OEMs in KIBs in order to accelerate the research and development of KIBs. The reaction mechanism, electrochemical behavior, etc., of OEMs will all be summarized in detail and deeply. Emphasis is placed to overview the performance improvement strategies of OEMs and the characteristic superiority of OEMs in KIBs compared with LIBs and Na-ion batteries.
文摘Unilamellar vesicles from the mixtures of 1:1 sodium 10-undecenoate and trimethyl[2-(10-undecenoyloxy)ethyl]ammonium iodide in the mixed solvents of ethanol and heptane can be formed spontaneously or by sonication. They can exist in the variation of concentrations and volume ratios of ethanol to heptane, which indicates to some extent the high capability of vesicle formation in such mixed systems.
基金Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50572121) Key Pre-research Foundation of Weapon and Equipment(No. 9140A27010206JB35)
文摘In-situ characterization of non-aqueous nano-dispersion systems(NANDS) by freeze-etching transmission electron microscope(FETEM) was reported.To improve just-for-once successive rate of specimen preparation and get good characterization results,an improving specimen preparation method of freezing etching was developed.Size,distribution and morphology of NANDS were directly visualized.Some information of particle dispersion feature and particle density can also be obtained.Reproductivity of the FETEM characterization is excellent.Comparing with laser scattering method,which is liable to give positive error especially for small size particle anchoring disperser,FETEM characterization can give more accurate measurement of particle size.Moreover,FETEM can give dispersion feature of nanoparticle in non-aqueous medium.
文摘Glycerides are first separated to classes of triglycerides(TGs), diglycerides(DGs) and monoglycerides(MGs) by normal phase HPLC on silica gel column. Individual triglyceride separation is then achieved by non-aqueous reversed phase(NARP) HPLC on C_(18) column with UV detection at 215nm.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Guang Dong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(29675033 and 20175037 001237)
文摘A new method of determination for roxithromycin tablets by non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) with square-wave amperometric detection was carried out. Several parameters affecting the NACE-AD determination were studied. The data was modified by spline wavelet least square (SWLS). The method is simple, rapid and highly reliable for routine analysis.
文摘Standard free energies (ΔG0t(i) ) and entropies (ΔS0t(i)) of transfer of some homologous α-amino acids viz. glycine (gly), dl-alanine (ala), dl-α-amino butyric acid (aba) and dl-nor-valine (nor-val) from protic ethylene glycol (EG) to dipolar aprotic N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) have been evaluated from solubility measure-ments at five equidistant temperatures i.e from 15 to 350C. The observed ΔG0t(i) and TΔS0t(i) Vs composition profiles are complicated because of the various interaction effects. The chemical effects of the transfer Gibbs energies (ΔG0t.ch(i)) and entropies of transfer (ΔS0t.ch(i)) have been obtained after elimination of cavity effect, estimated by the scaled particle theory and dipole-dipole interaction effects, estimated by the use of Keesom-orientation expression. The chemical contributions of transfer energetics of homologous α-amino acids are guided by the composite effects of increased dispersion interaction, basicity and decreased acidity, hydrogen bonding effects and solvophobic solvation of ethylene glycol and N, N-dimethyl formamide mixed solvent as compared to that of reference solvent (ethylene glycol).
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(Nos.2023GXNSFAA026381 and 2020GXNSFBA297071)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22006027 and 52260023)。
文摘Non-aqueous absorbents(NAAs)have attracted increasing attention for CO_(2)capture because of their great energy-saving potential.Primary diamines which can provide high CO_(2)absorption loading are promising candidates for formulating NAAs but suffer disadvantages in regenerability.In this study,a promising strategy that using tertiary amines(TAs)as proton-transfer mediators was proposed to enhance the regenerability of an aminoethylethanolamine(AEEA,diamine)/dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)(A/D)NAA.Surprisingly,some employed TAs such as N,N-diethylaminoethanol(DEEA),N,N,N’,N’’,N’’-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine(PMDETA),3-dimethylamino-1-propanol(3DMA1P),and N,N-dimethylethanolamine(DMEA)enhanced not only the regenerability of the A/D NAA but also the CO_(2)absorption performance.Specifically,the CO_(2)absorption loading and cyclic loading were increased by about 12.7%and 15.5%-22.7%,respectively.The TA-enhanced CO_(2)capture mechanism was comprehensively explored via nuclear magnetic resonance technique and quantum chemical calculations.During CO_(2)absorption,the TA acted as an ultimate proton acceptor for AEEA-zwitterion and enabled more AEEA to form carbamate species(AEEACOO-)to store CO_(2),thus enhancing CO_(2)absorption.For CO_(2)desorption,the TA first provided protons directly to AEEACOO-as a proton donor;moreover,it functioned as a proton carrier and facilitated the low-energy step-wise proton transfer from protonated AEEA to AEEACOO-.Consequently,the presence of TA made it easier for AEEACOO-to obtain protons to decompose,resulting in enhanced CO_(2)desorption.In a word,introducing the TA as a proton-transfer mediator into the A/D NAA enhanced both the CO_(2)absorption performance and the regenerability,which was an efficient way to“kill two birds with one stone”.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51671124 and 51474142)State Key Laboratory of Development and Application Technology of Automotive Steel(Baosteel Group).
文摘Three-dimensional investigation of sulfides is required in order to improve the mechanical properties of steel by controlling the sulfides in the steel.A method including its principles and device is introduced for the investigation of threedimensional morphology of sulfides.The method is suitable for gear steel,free cutting steel,non-quenched steel,tempered steel(ws≥0.02 wt.%),etc.The influences of current density,time,and temperature on the exposure degree of sulfide inclusions were investigated by using 16MnCrS5 steel.The best parameters of electrolytic etching of sulfur steel,as found by experimentation,are as follows:current density,37.5-52.5 mA/cm2;time,30-35 min;and temperature,—10 to 0℃.Under these conditions,the three-dimensional morphology of sulfide inclusions in sulfur-bearing steel can be exposed effectively.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1463208 and 91334201)
文摘A non-aqueous suspension polycondensation method was proposed to proceed the reaction ofp-phenylenediamine and terephthaloyl chloride for the preparation of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA). The system was operated with NMP-CaCI2 solution as the dispersed phase and inert liquid paraffin as the continuous phase. Each of NMP-CaCl2 solution microdroplet suspended in paraffin served as a microreactor where the polycondensation took place. According to the results of TGA, XRD, IR, SEM and EA, PPTA with good quality was obtained through this novel method, and a number of main factors influencing this process were investigated to determine the optimum condition for the preparation of PPTA. Besides, this two-phase polycondensation system brings many unique advantages compared to the conventional solution polycondensation method, including a sealed reaction environment keeping the reactants away from oxygen and water, easy removal of HCI to promote the reaction, well-controlled temperature and low viscosity which means less energy cost.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinathe Chimbing Project of the National Committee of ScienceTechnology of China.
文摘Nanocrystalline semiconductors are potentially useful materials due to their novel prop-erties which are markedly different from those of the bulk solids,the most notable one beingquantum confinement.Preparation and application of nanocrystalline Ⅲ-V class of materialssuch as InP have recently attracted much attention.It is difficult to synthesize Ⅲ-V mat-erials by use of the traditional solid-state methods,due to their high synthesis temper-
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51777140)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities at Tongji University(No.22120180519/22120180308)partly supported by US Army Research Laboratory(No.W911NF-12-R-0011-03)。
文摘The energy density of non-aqueous carbon-based electrochemical capacitors(cEC)is mainly determined by the specific capacitance and operational voltage range.In this study,we propose to construct an unbalanced structure to make full use of stable voltage range for improving energy density.The stable voltage range is firstly carefully explored using cyclic voltammetry.Then an unbalanced carbon-based electrochemical capacitor(ucEC)is constructed with an optimized positive electrode to negative electrode weight ratio and voltage range.Its electrochemical performance is comprehensively investigated,including energy density,power density as well as cycle life.The ucEC is capable to deliver an improved energy density up to 64.9 Wh/kg(1.4 times as high as a general cEC)without sacrificing the power density and cycle life.The electrode properties after cycling are also analyzed,illustrating the change of electrode potential caused by unbalanced structure.The proposed structure demonstrates a great potential for improving the energy density at little cost of electrode design and cell configuration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51079043,41172204)the Program for Non-profit Industry Financial Program of Ministry of Water Resources(Grant Nos.200901064,201001020)the Research Innovation Program for College Graduates of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.CXZZ11_0450)
文摘In this article,the Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid(NAPL)transport in the single filled fracture was studied with the Shan-Chen multi-component multiphase Lattice Boltzmann Method(LBM)with special consideration of wettability effects.With the help of the model,the contact angle of the non-wetting phase and wetting phase interface at a solid wall could be adjusted.By considering a set of appropriate boundary conditions,the fractured conductivity was investigated in condition that the NAPL blocks the channels in the single filled fracture.In order to study the wettability effects on the NAPL transport,a constant driving force was introduced in the Shan-Chen multi-component multiphase LBM.Flow regimes with different wettabilities were discussed.Simulated results show that the LBM is a very instrumental method for simulating and studying the immiscible multiphase flow problems in single filled fracture.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.20375051)the Excellent Young Teachers Program of Ministry of Education(Grant No.[2002]123)
文摘The electrostatic interaction between additive and analyte is of great importance to non-aqueous cap- illary electrophoresis(NACE)separation.Three tetraalkylammonium bromides and acetonitrile were applied as additives and running solvent respectively.The effect of alkyl chain length and concentra- tion of additive on electrostatic interactions was investigated by the separation of phenols.The sepa- ration ability was found to increase with decreasing alkyl chain length of the additive,and the resolu- tion values were increased with increasing additive concentration.The separation was seriously dete- riorated after a little amount of water was added in the running solution.Furthermore,the electrostatic interaction is strong under the conditions of low electron cloud density,weak steric hindrance and multi-interaction sites.Thus,the separation result can be predicted by theoretical analysis,which is helpful for the separation of other substances in NACE based on electrostatic interaction.