Experimental Evidence of Non-Baryonic Dark Matter in High Energy Physics

If most of the universe is made of baryons, we encounter a serious contradiction in explaining the observed structure formulation. Therefore, we need non-baryonic dark matter to comprise the universe. In a previous paper, the present author proposed an infinite sub-layer quark model in which there exists an infinite number of up quark qu (∞) and down quark qd (∞) at an infinite sub-layer level. These quarks have non-baryon quantum number with one-half electric charge. Thus, qu (∞) and qd (∞) quarks are candidates for the non-baryonic dark matter. It is then shown that CP is violated only in the doublet of qu (∞) and qd (∞) quarks to account for the asymmetry of the number of particles and anti-particles in the present universe. It should be emphasized that if the internal space of qu (∞) and qd (∞) quarks in the first generation is a noncommutative geometry, CP violation can be explained without increasing the number of particles and generations. Thus, a pair of an infinite number of qu (∞) and qd (∞) quarks would be produced in the first moments after the Big Bang and form the hadrons including the nucleons and remain as the non-baryonic cold dark matter for all time. From the qf (∞) quarks with the flavors f = u, d, s, c, t, and b, we compared our prediction value of the cross-section ratio R with the experimental values. We obtained the theoretical branching ratio R = 15/4 = 3.75 which is in good agreement with the experimental values from 12.00 GeV to 46.47 GeV in electron-positron annihilation into muon pairs and quark pairs.

Evidence for Non-Baryonic Dark Matter

There exists an infinite number of quarks u(∞) and anti-quarks at an infinite sub-layer level. These particles are considered as the ultimate building blocks of the universe, since they are structure-less and absolutely stable. These particles are also regarded as the non-baryonic dark matter, since the baryon number is zero and the Rp-parity is -1. It is emphasized that supersymmetric particle, neutralino has also the Rp-parity of -1 and well known good cold dark matter candidate. In modern particle physics, all ordinary particles have the Rp-parity of +1, while both the ultimate quark u(∞) and neutralino have the Rp-parity of -1. This means that these particles can only be created or annihilated in pairs in reactions of ordinary particles. From electron-positron annihilation experiments at high energies, it is shown that the prediction value from the ultimate quark u(∞) is in good agreement with many ring-storage collider experiments.

What Is the Universe Ultimately Made of?

As the ultimate building blocks of the universe, the limit structureless quark u∞ and its anti-quark are considered at the infinite sublayer level of the quark model. Then CP is violated in the doublet of u∞ and u∞CP quarks to account for the asymmetry of the number of particles and anti-particles. This CP violation is explained by a SU(2) noncommutative geometry. The second, third and fourth generation quarks are considered only as the excited states of the first generation u∞ and u∞CP quarks. The fourth generation quarks are derived from both CPT transformation and the SU(2)L×U(1) gauge theory. The dark matter, quarks, leptons, gauge bosons and Higgs bosons are composed of only the u∞ and u∞CP quarks and the cosmological constant in Einstein’s field equation is also derived from the Higgs potential. Thus, the limit particle u∞ and its anti-particle u∞CP are the ultimate particles of the universe and produced thermally in the hot early universe of the Big Bang.