Effects of multiple shapes for steady flow with transformer oil+Fe_(3)O_(4)+TiO_(2) between two stretchable rotating disks

In this study,we examine the effects of various shapes of nanoparticles in a steady flow of hybrid nanofluids between two stretchable rotating disks.The steady flow of hybrid nanofluids with transformer oil as the base fluid and Fe_(3)O_(4)+TiO_(2)as the hybrid nanofluid is considered.Several shapes of Fe_(3)O_(4)+TiO_(2)hybrid nanofluids,including sphere,brick,blade,cylinder,and platelet,are studied.Every shape exists in the same volume of a nanoparticle.The leading equations(partial differential equations(PDEs))are transformed to the nonlinear ordinary differential equations(ODEs)with the help of similarity transformations.The system of equations takes the form of ODEs depending on the boundary conditions,whose solutions are computed numerically by the bvp4c MATLAB solver.The outputs are compared with the previous findings,and an intriguing pattern is discovered,such that the tangential velocity is increased for the rotation parameter,while it is decreased by the stretching values because of the lower disk.For the reaction rate parameter,the concentration boundary layer becomes shorter,and the activation energy component increases the rate at which mass transfers come to the higher disk but have the opposite effect on the bottom disk.The ranges of various parameters taken into account are Pr=6.2,Re=2,M=1.0,φ_(1)=φ_(2)=0.03,K=0.5,S=-0.1,Br=0.3,Sc=2.0,α_(1)=0.2,γ=0.1,E_(n)=2.0,and q=1.0,and the rotation factor K is within the range of 0 to 1.

Analyzing Thermal Stratification and Nanoparticle Shapes Influence on an EMHD Ternary Nanofluid Flow amidst Two Spinning Disks

The present study examines the thermal distribution of ternary nanofluid flow amid two spinning disks influenced by electric and magnetic fields. Keeping in view the shape of the particles, the electrically conducting ternary nanofluid is analyzed with variable thermophysical features. Three types of nanoparticles namely Copper, Aluminum Oxide, and Graphene with spherical, cylindrical, and platelet shapes are taken respectively and are immersed in a (50-50)% ratio of water and ethylene glycol mixture which acts as a base fluid. The anticipated problem is addressed by employing a reliable and user-friendly numerical bvp4c built-in collocation scheme. This solution is then showcased through illustrations and tables. Strengthening the radiation results in an enhanced heat transfer rate. Radial and azimuthal velocities once rotation of disks is enhanced. The key findings provide a strong theoretical background in photovoltaic cells, solar collectors, radiators, solar water heaters, and many other applications.

Hydromagnetic flow between two porous disks rotating about non-coincident axes

Hydromagnetic flow between two porous disks rotating with same angular velocity Ω about two noncoincident axes has been studied in the presence of a uniform transverse magnetic field. An exact solution of the governing equations has been obtained in a closed form. It is found that the primary velocity f/Ωl increases and the secondary velocity g/Ωl decreases with increase in either Reynolds number Re or the Hartman number M. It is also found that the torque at the disk η= 0 increases with increase in either M^2 or K^2. On the other hand there is no torque at the disk η= 1 for large M^2 and K^2. The heat transfer characteristic has also been studied on taking viscous and Joule dissipation into account. It is seen that the temperature increases with increase in either M^2 or K^2. It is found that the rate of heat transfer at the disk η= 0 increases with increase in either M or K. On the other hand the rate of heat transfer at the disk η= 1 increases with increase in K but decreases with increase in M.

Hydrodynamic Flow between Two Non-Coincident Rotating Disks Embedded in Porous Media

Hydrodynamic viscous incompressible fluid flow through a porous medium between two disks rotating with same angular velocity about two non-coincident axes has been studied. An exact solution of the govern-ing equations has been obtained in a closed form. It is found that the primary velocity decreases and the sec-ondary velocity increases with increase in porosity parameter to the left of the z-axis and the result is re-versed to the right of the z-axis. It is also found that the torque on the disks increases with increase in either rotation parameter or porosity parameter. For large rotation, there exist a thin boundary layer near the disks and the thickness of this boundary layer decreases with increase in porosity parameter.

Transition from isotropic to polar state of self-driven eccentric disks

Inspired by the eccentricity design of self-driven disks,we propose a computational model to study the remarkable behavior of this kind of active matter via Langevin dynamics simulations.We pay attention to the effect of rotational friction coefficient and rotational noise on the phase behavior.A homogeneous system without rotational noise exhibits a sharp discontinuous transition of orientational order from an isotropic to a polar state with the increase of rotational friction coefficient.When there is rotational noise,the transition becomes continuous.The formation of polar state originates from the effective alignment effect due to the mutual coupling of the positional and orientational degrees of freedom of each disk.The rotational noise could weaken the alignment effect and cause the large spatial density inhomogeneity,while the translational noise homogenizes the system.Our model makes further conceptual progress on how the microscopic interaction among self-driven agents yields effective alignment.

Can near-to-mid Infrared Spectral Energy Distribution Quantitatively Trace Protoplanetary Disk Evolution?

Infrared(IR)spectral energy distribution(SED)is the major tracer of protoplanetary disks.It was recently proposed to use the near-to-mid IR(or K-24)SED slopeαdefined between 2 and 24μm as a potential quantitative tracer of disk age.We critically examine the viability of this idea and confront it with additional statistics of IR luminosities and SED shapes.We point out that,because the statistical properties of most of the complicated physical factors involved in disk evolution are still poorly understood in a quantitative sense,the only viable way is to assume them to be random so that an idealized“average disk”can be defined,which allows theαhistogram to trace its age.We confirm that the statistics of the zeroth order(luminosity),first order(slopeα),and second order characteristics(concavity)of the observed K-24 SEDs indeed carry useful information upon the evolutionary processes of the“average disk”.We also stress that intrinsic diversities in K-24 SED shapes and luminosities are always large at the level of individual stars so that the application of the evolutionary path of the“average disk”to individual stars must be done with care.The data of most curves in plots are provided on GitHub(Disk-age package https://github.com/starage/disk-age/).

Probing the Kinematic Signatures of Planet Formation in the Gas Disk of MWC 480

The disk around MWC 480 has shown multiple substructures in both dust and gas observations,possibly suggesting ongoing planet formation in situ.In this paper,we explore the gas kinematics of the MWC 480 disk by analyzing the archival Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations of^(12)CO(J=2-1),^(13)CO(J=2-1),and C^(18)O(J=2-1).By modeling the line-of-sight velocities,inferred from the Doppler shifts of the emission lines,we are able to decompose the three-dimensional(3D)velocity field of the disk into rotational,radial,and vertical components.Further analysis reveals the presence of large-scale gas flows in the(r,z)plane.Notably,we identify potential meridional flows across various heights as traced by all three CO isotopologues in the 80–120 au region,possibly associated with ongoing planet formation activities in this region.Moreover,we find upward flows near 200 au for all three CO isotopologues,which may point to the presence of disk winds.

Photocatalytic ozonation-based degradation of phenol by ZnO—TiO_(2)nanocomposites in spinning disk reactor

Spinning disk reactor(SDR)has emerged as a novel process intensification photocatalytic reactor,and it has higher mass transfer efficiency and photon utilization for the degradation of toxic organic pollutants by advanced oxidation processes(AOPs).In this study,ZnO—TiO_(2)nanocomposites were prepared by solgel method,and coated on the disk of SDR by impregnation-pull-drying-calcination method.The performance of catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscope,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,photoluminescence and ultraviolet—visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.Photocatalytic ozonation in SDR was used to remove phenol,and various factors on degradation effect were studied in detail.The results showed that the rate of degradation and mineralization reached 100%and 83.4%under UV light irradiation after 50 min,compared with photocatalysis and ozonation,the removal rate increased by 69.3%and 34.7%,and mineralization rate increased by 56.7%and 62.9%,which indicated that the coupling of photocatalysis and ozonation had a synergistic effect.The radical capture experiments demonstrated that the active species such as photogenerated holes(h^(+)),hydroxyl radicals(·OH),superoxide radical(·O_(2)-)were responsible for phenol degradation,and·OH played a leading role in the degradation process,while h+and·O_(2)^(-)played a non-leading role.

An Asymmetric Galactic Stellar Disk Traced by OB-type Stars from LAMOST DR7

Using 9943 OB-type stars from LAMOST DR7 in the solar neighborhood,we fit the vertical stellar density profile with the model including a single exponential distribution at different positions(R,Φ).The distributions of the scale heights and scale length show that the young disk traced by the OB-type stars is not axisymmetric.The scale length decreases versus the azimuthal angleΦ,i.e.,from.■kpc withΦ=-3°to■kpc withΦ=9°.Meanwhile we find signal of non-symmetry in the distribution of the scale height of the north and south of the disk plane.The scale height in the north side shows signal of flaring of the disk,while that of the south disk stays almost constant around h_(s)=130 pc.The distribution of the displaceeent of the disk plane Z_(0)also shows variance versus the azimuthal angleΦ,which displays significant differences with the warp model constrained by the Cepheid stars.We also test different values for the position of the Sun,and the distance between the Sun and the Galactic center affects the scale heights and the displacement of the disk significantly,but that does not change our conclusion that the disk is not axisymmetric.

Thermal analysis for brake disks of SiC/6061 Al alloy co-continuous composite for CRH3 during emergency braking considering airflow cooling

The mass of high-speed trains can be reduced using the brake disk prepared with SiC network ceramic frame reinforced 6061 aluminum alloy composite （SiCn/Al）. The thermal and stress analyses of SiCn/Al brake disk during emergency braking at a speed of 300 km/h considering airflow cooling were investigated using finite element （FE） and computational fluid dynamics （CFD） methods. All three modes of heat transfer （conduction, convection and radiation） were analyzed along with the design features of the brake assembly and their interfaces. The results suggested that the higher convection coefficients achieved with airflow cooling will not only reduce the maximum temperature in the braking but also reduce the thermal gradients, since heat will be removed faster from hotter parts of the disk. Airflow cooling should be effective to reduce the risk of hot spot formation and disc thermal distortion. The highest temperature after emergency braking was 461 °C and 359 °C without and with considering airflow cooling, respectively. The equivalent stress could reach 269 MPa and 164 MPa without and with considering airflow cooling, respectively. However, the maximum surface stress may exceed the material yield strength during an emergency braking, which may cause a plastic damage accumulation in a brake disk without cooling. The simulation results are consistent with the experimental results well.

Analytical Solution for Laminar Viscous Flow inthe Gap Between Two Parallel Rotary Disks

Aim To get the analytical for laminar viscous flow in the gap of two parallel rotating disks. Methods By estimating the order of magnitude of each term in the Navier-Stokes equations to drop small terms and achieve the required simplified differential equations, and by integrating the equations to obtain the solution for theflow between two rotary disks. Results Parameters related to the laminar viscous flow in the gap between two parallel rotary disks, such as the velocity, the pressure, the flowrate, the force, the shearing stress, the torque and the power derived. Conclusion The result provides a theoretical basis and an effective method for the designs of the devices connected with the laminar viscous flow in the gap between two parallel rotary disks.

使用Broadcast Disks方法分布的空中位图索引

提出一种使用BroadcastDisks算法来分布位图索引的空中索引方法,根据数据项访问概率,使用位图作为数据广播的索引,减少了移动终端等待数据时保持激活状态的时间,达到节能的目的。

Evaluation of Stress Intensity Factors for Multiple Cracked Circular Disks Under Crack Surface Tractions with SBFEM

Stress intensity factors （SIFs） for the cracked circular disks under different distributing surface tractions are evaluated with the scaled boundary finite element method （SBFEM）. In the SBFEM, the analytical advantage of the solution in the radial direction allows SIFs to be directly determined from its definition, therefore no special crack-tip treatment is necessary. Furthermore anisotropic material behavior can be treated easily. Different distributions of surface tractions are considered for the center and double-edge-cracked disks. The benchmark examples are modeled and an excellent agreement between the results in the present study and those in published literature is found. It shows that SBFEM is effective and possesses high accuracy. The SIFs of the cracked orthotropic material circular disks subjected to different surface tractions are also evaluated. The technique of substructure is applied to handle the multiple cracks problem.

MHD flow and heat transfer of micropolar fluid between two porous disks

A numerical study is carried out for the axisymmetric steady laminar incompressible flow of an electrically conducting micropolar fluid between two infinite parallel porous disks with the constant uniform injection through the surface of the disks. The fluid is subjected to an external transverse magnetic field. The governing nonlinear equations of motion are transformed into a dimensionless form through yon Karman＇s similarity transformation. An algorithm based on a finite difference scheme is used to solve the reduced coupled ordinary differential equations under associated boundary conditions. The effects of the Reynolds number, the magnetic parameter, the micropolar parameter, and the Prandtl number on the flow velocity and temperature distributions are discussed. The results agree well with those of the previously published work for special cases. The investigation predicts that the heat transfer rate at the surfaces of the disks increases with the increases in the Reynolds number, the magnetic parameter, and the Prandtl number. The shear stresses decrease with the increase in the injection while increase with the increase in the applied magnetic field. The shear stress factor is lower for micropolar fluids than for Newtonian fluids, which may be beneficial in the flow and thermal control in the polymeric processing.

APPROXIMATION BY COMPLEX SZSZ-DURRMEYER OPERATORS IN COMPACT DISKS

In the present paper, we deal with the complex Szasz-Durrmeyer operators and study Voronovskaja type results with quantitative estimates for these operators attached to analytic functions of exponential growth on compact disks. Also, the exact order of approximation is found.

Low Co-Cultivation Temperature at 20°C Resulted in the Reproducible Maximum Increase in Both the Fresh Weight Yield and Stable Expression of GUS Activity after <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i>-Mediated Transformation of Tobacco Leaf Disks

The importance of controlled temperature during the four-days co-cultivation period was evaluated under the most physiologically relevant conditions for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi (nn, Smith)) leaf disks. We compared the effect of temperatures ranging from 15°C, 18°C, 20°C, 22°C to 25°C on the stable expression of β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity of 14 days old hygromycin-selected leaf disks, and on the increase in the fresh weight yield of 28 days old kanamycin-selected calli. The highest average of GUS activity was obtained at 20°C among the five temperatures tested although the difference between the 18°C and 20°C treatment was not statistically significant. The GUS activity at 15°C was statistically lower than those at 18°C and 20°C. The GUS activity in 22°C treatment was an intermediate between the highest (18/20°C) and second highest averages (15°C), and was not statistically significantly different. The lowest average of GUS activity was observed at 25°C. The highest increase in the plate average of fresh weight yield was obtained at 20°C among the five temperature tested. The 20°C treatment was statistically significantly better than the 15°C and 18°C treatments. The 20°C co-cultivation treatment resulted in the higher FW yield than 22°C and 25°C even though the differences were not statistically significant. In conclusion, low co-cultivation temperature at 20°C resulted in the reproducible maximum increase in both the fresh weight yield and stable expression of GUS activity after transformation of tobacco leaf disks.

CRITICAL ISSUES OF POWDER METALLURGY TURBINE DISKS

P/M superalloy disks obtain their final strength by appropriate heat treatments; the maximum attainable strength depends on the rapid cooling rate from the solution annealing. A rapid quench of a large disk forging can cause two problems, surface cracking and shape distortion.In the past,many attempts employ the finite element code to model and to predict temperature evolution and induced stress distribution in a large turbine disk. The major difficulty was the correct description of alloy behavior; particularly the thermomechanical properties and the failure criteria of material during the cooling. High temperature fatigue resistance is always the key requirement for disk materials. New methodology of residual life management emphasizes the initiation as well as the propagation of the cracks developed under the service conditions. One of major challenges to P/M superalloys is the time-dependent behavior of fatigue cracking, which relates to the well-known SAGBO (stress-assisted grain boundary oxidation) phenomenon.A great effort has been done to understand the micro-mechanism of time-dependent fatigue crack propagation resulted in the second generation of P/M superalloys. Further improvement on temperature capability of disk alloys at rim area may lead to the idea of dual-property disks.Different grain structures at different portions of a large disk are possible,as the property requirements for different locations are different. This goal is achievable if the thermal history at specific disk locations can be controlled to develop desirable microstructures and properties.Some suggestions on the future direction of research efforts will be discused.

Numerical investigations of asymmetric flow of a micropolar fluid between two porous disks

Numerical solution is presented for the two- dimensional flow of a micropolar fluid between two porous coaxial disks of different permeability for a range of Reynolds number Re （-300≤ Re 〈 0） and permeability parameter A （1.0≤A ≤2.0）. The main flow is superimposed by the injection at the surfaces of the two disks. Von Karman＇s similarity transformations are used to reduce the governing equations of motion to a set of non-linear coupled ordinary differential equations （ODEs） in dimensionless form. An algorithm based on the finite difference method is employed to solve these ODEs and Richardson＇s extrapolation is used to obtain higher order accuracy. The results indicate that the parameters Re and A have a strong influence on the velocity and microrotation profiles, shear stresses at the disks and the position of the viscous/shear layer. The micropolar material constants cl, c2, c3 have profound effect on microrotation as compared to their effect on streamwise and axial velocity profiles. The results of micropolar fluids are compared with the results for Newtonian fluids.

A Multi-harmonic Method for Studying Effects of Mistuning on Resonant Features of Bladed Disks with Dry Friction Damping

An efficient multi-harmonic method is proposed for studying the effects of mistuning on resonant features of bladed disks with blade-to-blade dry friction damping. This method is able to predict accurately the forced response of bladed disks in frequency domain, which is validated by numerical integration method in time domain. The resonant features of both tuned and mistuned systems are investigated by using this method under various system coupling strengths, viscous dampings, and dry friction darnpings, etc. The results demonstrate that the proposed multi-harmonic method is very efficient for studying the mistuning effects on the resonant response of bladed disks with blade-to-blade dry friction damping, especially considering the combined effects of various system parameters.

Flow of micropolar fluid between two orthogonally moving porous disks

The unsteady, laminar, incompressible, and two-dimensional flow of a mi- cropolar fluid between two orthogonally moving porous coaxial disks is considered. The extension of von Karman＇s similarity transformations is used to reduce the governing partial differential equations （PDEs） to a set of non-linear coupled ordinary differential equations （ODEs） in the dimensionless form. The analytical solutions are obtained by employing the homotopy analysis method （HAM）. The effects of various physical param- eters such as the expansion ratio and the permeability Reynolds number on the velocity fields are discussed in detail.