High-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) resistance expresses when plants grow old and the weather becomes warm. This non-race specific and durable type of resistance has been used successfully in control of wheat stripe r...High-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) resistance expresses when plants grow old and the weather becomes warm. This non-race specific and durable type of resistance has been used successfully in control of wheat stripe rust in the US since early 1960s. This article describes practical procedures for identification and characterization of HTAP resistance and reviews recent studies on discovery of genes conferring HTAP resistance. Recent studies providing insights to the molecular basis for the durability of HTAP resistance will be presented. Strategies for improving levels of HTAP resistance and improving control of stripe rust through combining HTAP resistance with effective all-stage resistance will be discussed.展开更多
<strong>Introduction: </strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Female Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-...<strong>Introduction: </strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Female Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">related deaths in the U.S. While the incidence rate is lower in Hispanic-Black, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mortality rate is higher compared to Non-Hispanic White. This study investigates the trends of incidence and mortality rate of breast cancer in the U.S.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2000-2016. It further explores the racial disparities between these two races. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Method: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Data for four age groups (15</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">39</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs, 40</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">64</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs, 65</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">74</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs, 75+</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs) of Hispanic-Black and Non-Hispanic White women for breast cancer were extracted from SEER;age</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">adjusted rate (U.S. 2000 standard pop</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ulation). Primary trend analysis was done with PyCharm 2020.3.3. (line </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">charts) and regression models to check any significant increase or decrease over the years were done with JoinPoint 4.8.0.1 (APC, 95% CI, significant p-value: </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><0.05). </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Result: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Incidence rate is higher in Non-Hispanic White women, </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">whereas mortality rate is higher in Hispanic Black. The 40</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">64</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs age groups showed </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">an </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">increase in incidence rate for Hispanic Black women, whereas </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">an </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">decrease for White women. The least vulnerable group, 15</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">39</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs age</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> showed an increase in incidence rate in Non-Hispanic White women. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mortality rate was declining overall for both races. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Disparities in oncologic healthcare, insurance system and socio-economic factors </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">are</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> possi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">bly responsible for the higher mortality in Black American women. Im</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">provements in these factors may reduce racial differences.</span></span>展开更多
文摘High-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) resistance expresses when plants grow old and the weather becomes warm. This non-race specific and durable type of resistance has been used successfully in control of wheat stripe rust in the US since early 1960s. This article describes practical procedures for identification and characterization of HTAP resistance and reviews recent studies on discovery of genes conferring HTAP resistance. Recent studies providing insights to the molecular basis for the durability of HTAP resistance will be presented. Strategies for improving levels of HTAP resistance and improving control of stripe rust through combining HTAP resistance with effective all-stage resistance will be discussed.
文摘<strong>Introduction: </strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Female Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">related deaths in the U.S. While the incidence rate is lower in Hispanic-Black, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mortality rate is higher compared to Non-Hispanic White. This study investigates the trends of incidence and mortality rate of breast cancer in the U.S.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2000-2016. It further explores the racial disparities between these two races. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Method: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Data for four age groups (15</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">39</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs, 40</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">64</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs, 65</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">74</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs, 75+</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs) of Hispanic-Black and Non-Hispanic White women for breast cancer were extracted from SEER;age</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">adjusted rate (U.S. 2000 standard pop</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ulation). Primary trend analysis was done with PyCharm 2020.3.3. (line </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">charts) and regression models to check any significant increase or decrease over the years were done with JoinPoint 4.8.0.1 (APC, 95% CI, significant p-value: </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><0.05). </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Result: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Incidence rate is higher in Non-Hispanic White women, </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">whereas mortality rate is higher in Hispanic Black. The 40</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">64</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs age groups showed </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">an </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">increase in incidence rate for Hispanic Black women, whereas </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">an </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">decrease for White women. The least vulnerable group, 15</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">39</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs age</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> showed an increase in incidence rate in Non-Hispanic White women. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mortality rate was declining overall for both races. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Disparities in oncologic healthcare, insurance system and socio-economic factors </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">are</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> possi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">bly responsible for the higher mortality in Black American women. Im</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">provements in these factors may reduce racial differences.</span></span>