Research on Design Method of Non-Circular Gear Pair with Double Generating Angles

In order to enhance the bearing capacity of non-circular gear pair, the non-circular gear pair with double generating angles is proposed based on the design idea of unsymmetrical gear with double pressure angles. The tooth profile is designed by generating cutting theory, the pure rolling mathematic model that the center line of unsymmetrical rack roll along non-circular pitch curve is built, the digital model of non-circular gear with double generating angles is created through the second development method of CAD software, and then the drive characteristic and tooth strength are analyzed. The results show that the design method for double generating angles non-circular gear proposed in this paper is feasible, which is significant to improve the bearing capacity of non-circular gear pair.

Design and Experimental Research on Seedling Pick-Up Mechanism of Planetary Gear Train with Combined Non-circular Gear Transmission

Currently, transplanting mechanisms for dryland plug seedlings in China are mainly semiautomatic and have low efficiency. The rotary seedling pick-up mechanism with a planetary gear train for non-uniform intermittent transmission, and a concave and convex locking arc device, has a large rigid impact. To solve these problems, according to the design requirements for a dryland plug seedling transplanting mechanism, a rotary seedling pick-up mechanism of a planetary gear train with combined non-circular gear transmission of incomplete eccentric circular and noncircular gears was proposed. This has the characteristics of two-times greater fluctuation of the transmission ratio in a cycle, and can achieve a non-uniform continuous drive. Through analysis of the working principle of the seedling pick-up mechanism, its kinematics model was established. The human–computer interaction optimization method and self-developed computer-aided analysis and optimization software were used to obtain a set of parameters that satisfy the operation requirements of the seedling pick-up mechanism. According to the optimized parameters, the structure of the seedling pick-up mechanism was designed, a virtual prototype of the mechanism was created, and a physical prototype was manufactured. A virtual motion simulation of the mechanism was performed, high-speed photographic kinematics tests were conducted, and the kinematic properties of the physical prototype were investigated, whereby the correctness of the theoretical model and the optimized design of the mechanism were verified. Further, laboratory seedling pick-up tests were conducted. The success ratio of seedling pick-up was 93.8% when the seedling pick-up efficiency of the mechanism was 60 plants per minute per row, indicating that the mechanism has a high efficiency and success ratio for seedling pick-up and can be applied to a dryland plug seedling transplanter.

A distributed dynamic mesh model of a helical gear pair with tooth profile errors

A dynamic model of a helical gear rotor system is proposed.Firstly,a generally distributed dynamic model of a helical gear pair with tooth profile errors is developed.The gear mesh is represented by a pair of cylinders connected by a series of springs and the stiffness of each spring is equal to the effective mesh stiffness.Combining the gear dynamic model with the rotor-bearing system model,the gear-rotor-bearing dynamic model is developed.Then three cases are presented to analyze the dynamic responses of gear systems.The results reveal that the gear dynamic model is effective and advanced for general gear systems,narrow-faced gear,wide-faced gear and gear with tooth profile errors.Finally,the responses of an example helical gear system are also studied to demonstrate the influence of the lead crown reliefs and misalignments.The results show that both of the lead crown relief and misalignment soften the gear mesh stiffness and the responses of the gear system increase with the increasing lead crown reliefs and misalignments.

Kinematic Modeling and Characteristic Analysis of Eccentric Conjugate Non-circular Gear & Crank-Rocker & Gears Train Weft Insertion Mechanism

A novel weft insertion mechanism named eccentric conjugate non-circular gear & crank-rocker & gears train weft insertion mechanism was proposed in order to better meet the requirements of rapier loom's weft insertion mechanism as well as reduce the manufacturing difficulty. Meanwhile, based on the working principle of this mechanism, kinematical mathematic models of this mechanism were established and an aided analysis and simulation software was compiled. The influences of eccentricity ratio, deformation coefficient, and other important parameters on the kinematics characteristics of this mechanism were analyzed by using the software. A group of preferable parameters which could meet the requirements of weft insertion technology were obtained by means of human-computer interactive optimization method. The maximum velocity, maximum acceleration, and variation of acceleration of this mechanism are smaller than those of the conjugate cam weft insertion mechanism applied on TT96 rapier loom under the conditions of the same unilateral total stroke of rapier head and the same rotary speed of loom spindle; meanwhile the other demands of weaving technology can be met by this novel weft insertion mechanism.

Reverse Design and Test of Non-circular Gear & Crank-Rocker & Gear Trains Weft Insertion Mechanism

For the purpose of obtaining satisfactory performance of the non-circular gear & crank-rocker & gear trains (NCCRG) weft insertion mechanism which was proposed in this paper, the ideal kinematic curve of this weft insertion mechanism was given, and the reverse solution models of this mechanism were established. A reverse design and simulation software was compiled based on Visual Basic 6.0 to obtain the mechanism parameters, including the pitch curves and tooth profiles of the non-circular gears. A test-bed of this mechanism was developed according to these parameters. The kinematic performance of this weft insertion mechanism was tested by high-speed video tape recorder with its corresponding video analytical software Blaster's MAS. And the test results were identical with the theoretical calculation. Compared with the conjugate cam weft insertion mechanism which is applied on TT96 rapier loom, under the condition of same weft insertion rate, the variation of acceleration of this mechanism is smaller. This novel weft insertion mechanism can meet the requirements of weft insertion on rapier looms with smooth and steady motion.

Design and Experiment of Non-circular Combined Gear Train Beating-up Mechanism

The most important performance of a beating-up mechanism is that the dwelling time of the sley must ensure the completion of the weft insertion. To meet this requirement, a new non-circular combined gear train beating-up mechanism which is composed of two-stage planetary gear trains is proposed. The first-stage is a Fourier planetary gear train and the second-stage is a non-circular planetary gear train. For designing of this new mechanism, the ideal kinematic equations of the sley are constructed first. Then the kinematic model of the first-stage Fourier planetary gear train is established and the reverse solution for the pitch curves of the second-stage non-circular gears is deduced. With a computer-aided design program, the influences of several important parameters on the pitch curves of the second-stage non-circular gears are analyzed, and a set of preferable structural parameters are obtained. Finally, a test bed of this mechanism is developed and the experimental results show that this new beating-up mechanism can achieve the designed dwelling time, namely it can meet the requirements of beating-up process.

Tribological characteristics of micro or nano particles between the gear pairs

将4种分别含有微米或纳米固体粒子的磨合油应用在45号钢齿轮副磨合试验中，研究这2类粒子对齿轮磨合的影响及行为．研究中使用的2种微米粒子分别是平均粒径为10μm的碳酸钙和100μm的石英砂，2种纳米粒子分别是平均粒径为5nm的金刚石和30nm的导电炭黑，大齿轮和小齿轮未磨合前的齿面三维粗糙度分别是24．00μm和32．97μm．试验结果表明：微米粒子对磨合磨损的主要影响表现为磨粒磨损，且微粒的粒径越大，磨粒磨损越剧烈；纳米粒子对磨合磨损影响不大，但纳米粒子能够吸附、填充和渗入齿面，从而改观齿面形貌和改善齿面摩擦学性能．另外，在含有这2类粒子的磨合磨损中，摩擦副间都有不同程度的“负电阻”现象发生，且两齿轮的磨损率蒡越大，该电现象越明显．

Calculating method of contact stress for non-circular gears

According to Hertz theory, the difference of contact stress for non-circular gears and equivalent gears is compared in the paper, a calculating method of contact stress for non-circular gears by using equivalent gears is researched, and computing formulas of power and rotation speed for equivalent gears are deduced. A numerical simulation of contact stress for non-circular gears has also been conducted based on the finite element method. By the comparison of fitting curves, the feasibility of using equivalent gears instead of non-circular gears to calculate the contact stress is testified.

Matching between mechanics and thermodynamics among 4 individual strokes in a 4-stroke engine by non-circular gear mechanism

The relationship between engine mechanics and thermo-dynamics has been investigated by means of numerical simulation.The inherent mismatching between the mechanical behaviors and the thermodynamic process in internal combustion engine is identified,which is believed to be one of the important limiting factors of energy efficiency for conventional engines available in the current market.An approach for engine efficiency improvement through optimal matching between mechanics and thermodynamics(OMBMT)is proposed.An ideal matching model is defined and the conflicts due to the constraints among the mapping strokes in a 4-stroke engine are analyzed.A novel mechanical model is built for approaching optimal matching among all 4 individual strokes in a 4-stroke spark-ignition engine,which is composed of non-circular gears(NCG)and integrated with conventional slider crank engine mechanism.By means of digital mechanical model and numerical simulation,the matching gains among all 4 strokes are defined and calculated for quantifying the NCG engine efficiency improvement by comparing with a baseline engine.The potentials with the OMBMT implemented and the enhancements made by NCG mechanism for engines in terms of overall engine efficiency are reported.Based on the results achieved,it is recommended that the feasibility studies and the experimental validations should be conducted to verify the engine matching concept and effectiveness of the NCG mechanism engine model proposed,and the engine performance and NCG design parameters should be further optimized.

Bifurcation and Chaos of Gear Pair System Supported by Long Journal Bearings Based on Turbulent Flow Effect and Nonlinear Suspension Effect

A systematic analysis of the dynamic behavior of a gear-bearing system with nonlinear suspension, turbulent flow effect, long journal bearing approximation, nonlinear oil-film force and nonlinear gear mesh force is performed in the present study. The dynamic orbits of the system are observed by bifurcation diagrams plotted using the dimensionless unbalance coefficient and the dimensionless rotational speed ratio as control parameters. The onset of chaotic motion is identified from the phase diagrams, power spectra, Poincaré maps, Lyapunov exponents and fractal dimension of the gearbearing system. The numerical results reveal that the system exhibits a diverse range of periodic, sub-harmonic, quasiperiodic and chaotic behaviors. The results presented in this study provide some useful insights into the design and development of a gear-bearing system for rotating machinery that operates in highly rotational speed and highly nonlinear regimes.

非圆齿扇齿条副齿面接触应力分析及仿真

针对汽车转向器摇臂轴非圆齿扇的工作齿面易发生磨损、点蚀甚至断裂等现象,围绕非圆齿扇齿条副的齿面接触应力理论建模与有限元仿真分析开展研究,提出一种非圆齿扇齿条副接触应力理论计算模型,研究齿扇齿宽B、齿条压力角α和齿扇锥角φ等几何参数对齿面接触应力的影响规律;将非圆齿扇齿条副三维参数化建模与齿面动态啮合有限元仿真分析集成,提出一种非圆齿扇齿条副接触应力参数化、全流程仿真分析计算方法。预期为汽车转向器非圆齿扇齿条副的设计分析提供理论和方法指导。

面向螺旋锥齿轮的主动设计与加工方法研究

针对面铣螺旋锥齿轮的设计和制造,建立了基于自由曲面机床的加工方法的数学模型,在自由曲面机床上采用工件轴固定的方法完成螺旋锥齿轮铣削的主动设计和制造。以啮合性能参数为输入变量,建立了齿轮啮合的数学模型,并根据设计的接触属性对齿轮齿面进行了主动设计。除了传统方法控制的每个小齿轮侧面平均接触点的一阶和二阶参数外,该方法还可以同时保证小齿轮常用驱动侧面上的每个接触路径点,避免了工件轴运动精度差造成的误差和制造难度。最后,通过齿面接触分析(TCA)和滚动试验对该方法进行了有效验证。

旋转对置活塞发动机运动学特性研究

高功率密度发动机是未来内燃机的发展趋势.旋转对置活塞发动机结构简单,做功频率是传统往复式活塞发动机的两倍,可以显著提高发动机的理论功率密度,是小型无人机、混合动力系统的理想动力源.文中通过建立数学模型,探究了旋转对置活塞发动机的结构参数对活塞运动规律、气缸容积变化规律和压缩比的影响,分析了相邻活塞运动碰撞的边界条件.研究结果表明,活塞线速度对椭圆齿轮节曲线偏心率的变化最为敏感,当线速度大于平均值时,线速度与偏心率成正比,线速度小于平均值时则成反比;偏心率的增大可以减小气缸的余隙容积,且使下止点对应的气缸容积增大,进而调节发动机的压缩比;活塞端面夹角增大可以减小气缸的余隙容积;偏心率和活塞端面夹角在±10%的范围内变化时,压缩比相应的变化范围分别为5.62~12.04和5.01~23.45,当偏心率过大时将导致相邻活塞发生碰撞.

新型无困油齿轮泵齿轮副型线优化与工作过程模拟

齿轮泵齿轮副的型线对齿轮泵性能影响极大。传统的渐开线型齿轮泵齿轮存在困油现象,产生局部高压,对其运行产生极大的危害。通过型线设计,来解决齿轮泵困油现象。基于曲线啮合理论,采用圆弧和高次曲线,构建一种新型双圆弧-高次曲线齿轮副,消除了齿轮泵的困油现象。进而,建立其几何模型并推导出型线方程,通过数值模拟,分析新型无困油齿轮泵的流场变化规律,并与现有齿轮泵进行对比。结果表明:新型齿轮泵消除了困油现象,型线组成简单,便于优化设计;此外,新型齿轮泵的工作性能更佳,流场更均匀。

基于改进分形方法的齿面磨损故障直齿轮啮合特性分析

考虑实际的轮齿表面微观形貌,建立了轮齿间相互作用的三维分形接触模型。结合轮齿承载接触分析方法,考虑轮齿间摩擦力的影响,建立了直齿轮副的时变啮合刚度模型,并通过有限元方法进行了验证。结合Archard磨损模型,考虑齿面粗糙度和摩擦力的影响,分析了齿面磨损故障状态下直齿轮副的啮合特性和磨损深度,同时分析了摩擦力和分形参数对时变啮合刚度和磨损深度的影响。摩擦力导致节线处的时变啮合刚度发生突变。当直齿轮副处于双齿啮合时,摩擦因数的增加和分形维数的降低导致磨损深度的增加和时变啮合刚度的降低。时变啮合刚度随分形维数的变化呈线性变化。分形维数对时变啮合刚度和磨损深度的影响随着磨损周期的增加更为明显,超过了摩擦因数对其的影响。

航空高速齿轮泵齿轮端面摩擦副的润滑特性

针对航空外啮合齿轮泵齿轮端面摩擦副磨损严重的问题,在齿轮端面开设仿特斯拉阀型槽和椭圆孔组合的新型复合织构以改善润滑特性。基于流体动力润滑理论和有限元仿真计算方法建立齿轮织构端面摩擦副的润滑理论分析模型,分别在有无织构条件下仿真分析了端面液膜内流体的压力分布和速度分布,研究了工况和结构参数对齿轮端面开启性和密封性的影响规律。结果表明:织构产生的流体动压力可使齿轮端面摩擦副非接触运行,对减摩增效具有积极作用;综合考虑齿轮端面摩擦副的开启性和控漏性,织构结构参数即槽深取7~9μm、高度差取5~6μm、倾斜角取0°~10°、形状因子取0.4~0.5为宜。

煤矿用刮板减速器锥齿轮副的损坏和预防

随着煤炭工业的快速发展,煤矿机械设备在日常生产中的重要性日益凸显。作为煤矿输送系统中的核心部件,刮板减速器锥齿轮副的性能稳定与否直接关系到整个生产线的安全与效率。本文从锥齿轮副在刮板减速器中的重要性出发,分析了刮板减速器锥齿轮副常见损坏类型、预防措施及新的思路,以期保障煤炭生产的顺利进行。

考虑裂纹故障的时变啮合刚度计算研究与分析

以传动系统中存在裂纹故障的直齿轮为研究对象,综合考虑轮齿接触、弯曲、剪切、径向压缩和弹性变形等因素,提出了一种修正裂纹直齿轮副时变啮合刚度的算法。通过简化齿轮为悬臂梁的方式,分析裂纹的长度、深度、角度等参数对直齿圆柱齿轮啮合刚度的影响,采用MATLAB编程实现了时变啮合刚度的修正计算。研究结果为直齿圆柱齿轮副裂纹失效机理提供了理论基础。

基于有限元仿真确定重卡变速箱斜齿轮装配误差

为解决斜齿轮在装配过程中由于误差导致变速箱齿轮副在实际运行中齿根出现裂纹和断裂现象,进而导致变速箱无法稳定运行的问题.基于Pro/E三维建模软件构建了斜齿轮副的三维模型及其存在两轴不平行和齿侧间隙对应的模型,并分别对两种情况下对应的静态接触应力和动态接触应力进行分析,以此确定了重卡变速箱斜齿轮装配时两轴不平度和齿侧间隙的误差,指导实际的装配操作.

Automatic Scallion Seedling Feeding Mechanism with an Asymmetrical High-order Transmission Gear Train

The current automatic scallion-transplanting machine is a complicated mechanism composed of two linkage mechanisms and two band carriers.It delivers seedlings ine ciently because of the movement limitations of the linkage mechanism.This paper proposes a new high-order non-circular gear train for an automatic scallion-seedling feeding mechanism.The proposed gear train has an asymmetrical transmission ratio;i.e.,its transmission ratio varies.This allows the mechanism’s execution component to move in a long displacement and rotate in a large rotation angle.The long displacement enables the execution component to reach the designed working position,and the large rotation angle allows it to feed a scallion in the required pose.A mathematical model for calculating the asymmetrical transmission ratio was established according to the closure requirements and the full-cycle motion of the driven gear pitch curve.Then,the parameter-design model of the new seedling-feeding mechanism was established,based on precise pose points and trajectory-shape control points.Moreover,an aided-design program was developed to obtain the parameter-solution domain of the scallion-seedling feeding mechanism.The mechanism parameters,which met the seedling-feeding function,were optimized to determine the transmission ratio,using a program and a kinematic simulation.Finally,a prototype of the mechanism was produced,and a seedling-feeding experiment was carried out.One-thousand seedlings were tested at a rate of 100 seedlings per minute,and the statistical success rate was 93.4%.Thus,the automatic scallion-seedling feeding mechanism significantly improves the e ciency of automatically transplanting scallions.