Smart all-time vision:The battery-free video communication for urban administration and law enforcement

The Chinese government is dedicated to enhancing the level of informatization in administrative law enforcement to ensure fairness and increase credibility.Currently,law enforcement has exposed such problems as insufficient force,difficulties in collecting evidence,and low evidential power.These problems contradict the principles of rule of law and standardization.Many local governments have implemented advanced information technologies for urban administration and law enforcement,including big data,artificial intelligence,and IoT.Among these technologies,IoT is the core communication infrastructure for innovative law enforcement platforms.However,traditional video communications rely on batteries or dedicated power sources,leading to maintenance challenges and high power consumption.In this paper,we propose AT-Eye,a new video communication paradigm for all-time law enforcement video monitoring,which is battery-free and high-throughput.The key enabler of AT-Eye is ambient backscatter technology,which enables energy harvesting and video communication simultaneously.Unlike previous methods,our proposal introduces a novel CCK-based modulation for tag cameras and achieves 4-way concurrency.The modulation is simple because it uses phase difference and it is energyefficient because generating square waves is adequate.Moreover,to ensure full compatibility with COTS WiFi,we modulate the physical service data unit.Therefore,data recovery is possible using only commercial NICs.We conduct comprehensive experiments to examine our proposal and experiment results show that AT-Eye achieves a throughput of 10.8 Mbps with COTS radios.We also simulate a 16-way battery-free tag camera system,demonstrating AT-Eye’s feasibility of high-definition video communication.

Analysis of Economic Efficiency of Wildlife Law Enforcement in Serengeti Ecosystem Tanzania

Law enforcement remains to be the main strategy used to combat poaching and account for high budget share in protected area management. Studies on efficiency of wildlife law enforcement in the protected areas are limited. This study analyzed economic efficiency of wildlife law enforcement in terms of resource used and output generated using three different protected areas (PAs) of Serengeti ecosystem namely Serengeti National Park (SENAPA), Ikorongo/Grumeti Game Reserves (IGGR) and Ikona Wildlife Management Area (IWMA). Three years (2010-2012) monthly data on wildlife law enforcement inputs and outputs were collected from respective PAs authorities and supplemented with key informant interviews and secondary data. Questionnaire surveys were conducted to wildlife law enforcement staff. Shadow prices for non-marketed inputs were estimated, and market prices for marketed inputs. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to estimate economic efficiency using Variable Return to Scale (VRS) and Constant Return to Scale (CCR) assumptions. Results revealed that wildlife law enforcement in all PAs was economically inefficient, with less inefficiency observed in IWMA. The less inefficiency in IWMA is likely attributed to existing sense of ownership and responsibility created through community-based conservation which resulted in to decrease in law enforcement costs. A slacks evaluation revealed a potential to reduce fuel consumption, number of patrol vehicles, ration and prosecution efforts at different magnitudes between studied protected areas. There is equal potential to recruit more rangers while maintaining the resting time. These finding forms the bases for monitoring and evaluation with respect to resource usage to enhance efficiency. It is further recommended to enhance community participation in conservation in SENAPA and IGGR to lower law enforcement costs. Collaboration between protected area, police and judiciary is fundamental to enhance enforcement efficiency. Despite old dataset, these findings are relevant since neither conservation policy nor institution framework has changed substantially in the last decade.

On the Eve of the Enforcement of the Arbitration Law——An interview with Xu Dayou, vice-chairman of China Council for the Promotion of International Trade and of the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission

The Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China will go into effect on September 1, 1995, which has become the focus of world attention. This is an important law promulgated by China for handling economic disputes. All the parties concerned are making intense preparations for the successful enforcement of the Law. As the first nongovernmental organisation engaged in arbitration affairs, the China Council

Scalable and Accessible Crash Hot Spot Detection for Traffic Law Enforcement

Law enforcement agencies have begun utilizing traffic and crash data to improve traffic law enforcement delivery. However, many agencies often do not have the resources or expertise to harness fully the benefits this data offers. A free to use, scalable traffic crash hot spot detection tool was developed to aid law enforcement agency decision makers, statewide to the local municipality level. The tool was developed to identify crash hot spots algorithmically with a range of customizable parameters based on location, date and time, and crash factors, enabling quick, dynamic queries. These capabilities provide the ability for law enforcement agencies to conduct “what if” analyses and make data-driven allocation decisions, placing officer resources where they are most needed. The two-step algorithm first identifies potential hot spots based on crash density and then ranks each hot spot using a standardized z-score measure of relative significance. To test the viability of the tool, a pilot was conducted identifying 27 hot spots across Wisconsin where targeted enforcement was then deployed. Despite officer skepticism, results from the pilot found officers at sites targeted for speeding and seatbelt violations were nearly twice as likely to initiate traffic stops compared to non-targeted hot spots. Empirical Bayes before-and-after crash analyses found fatal and injury crashes reduced significantly by nearly 11% during the months with targeted enforcement, while property damage crashes and total crashes were unchanged. Overall, the results show the algorithm can identify hotspots where, coupled with targeted enforcement, traffic safety improvements can be made.

Study on Game Theory of Social Law Enforcement

Based on the basis of the two stage dynamic game of complete information and purely tactful perfect equilibrium theory, the non cooperative gaming between the police department and the criminals is analyzed. Dynamic game can be proved to forecast and explain potential tactful choices of the police department and the criminals at various stages, so as to analyze the essence of the law enforcement by the theoretical models.

“Fundamental Rights and Private Law” in China

The Qi Yuling case is a crucial juncture in the study of “fundamental rights and private law” in China, yet relevant research is underpinned on two clues. The first is that the increasing interest in the “constitutionalization of private law” worldwide provides knowledge resources and reference materials for scholars in China;the second is the understanding and exploration of the judicial application of the Constitution since the 1980s. Among them, such concepts as “the Constitution has direct legal effect” and “the Constitution needs to be implemented by the people” could have directly affected the Qi Yuling case. Focusing on such topics as the case of Qi Yuling, judicial enforcement of the Constitution, and the compilation of the Civil Code, scholars discussed the ways and scope for inclu ding fundamental rights in private law based on their experience abroad. They also looked into specific issues, covering how fundamental rights affect civil acts and the private law effects fundamental rights like personality rights, equali ty rights, freedom of speech, and protection of personal information. In the context of promoting the full implementation of the Constitution in the new era, “fundamental rights and private law” is still a field with great potential in both practice and theory.

人工智能体执法并承担执法责任的可能性

人工智能体执法正成为数字法治政府建设的重要表现,将会对以人的行为作为逻辑底色而建构的法律秩序形成冲击。人工智能体或许可以拥有有限的法律人格及有限的责任能力,并为一般行为承担法律责任,但却可能面临执法权行使正当性与执法能力不足的困境。因此,人工智能体不适宜执法或行使公权力,只能承担事务性公务,其执行公务引起的责任可由人工智能体自身、供应商以及行政机关共同承担。

中国环境自动监控行政执法中的法律问题研究

中国环境行政执法中自动监控方式是广泛应用的新模式,也是环境行政监管与执法的未来趋势,但目前无论是国家法律、行政法规、部门规章还是地方规范都片段化且不统一。在2021年修订的《行政处罚法》背景下,亟须围绕该法第41条“电子技术监控”条款生成统一系统的环境非现场行政执法规范。环境自动化监控从主体、程序、证据、处罚四方面给行政处罚带来新的变革:首先,主体上,新的主体第三方服务机构的产生,带来新的第三方执法义务等共治问题。其次,程序上,行政执法流程相比人工时代需要再造,以保障行政相关方的权利。第三,证据上,“数据失真”与自动监控时代执法证据的证明力问题,使得人工“双审”成为要件。第四,罚责上,需做到甄别三种自动监控数据属于违法,并在海量的自动监控数据中降低执法强度。在新的环境自动监测时代,主体、程序、证据、处罚都要考虑行政相对方——企业的权利与利益再平衡。此外,上述结论往往也适用于我国自动化行政执法的许多共性问题。

金融法视阈下的行政执法和解制度探析

《中华人民共和国金融稳定法(草案)》规定了行政执法当事人承诺制度,正在为金融领域行政执法和解制度的构建提供法律依据。与此同时,虽然行政和解暂未形成理论共识,但金融法视阈下行政执法和解的实践已然先行于理论。针对金融风险处置和证券期货领域中的金融纠纷,行政机关在符合依法行政的要求下通过行使自由裁量权,借助协商民主、公众参与等私法化手段采取的行政执法和解措施,可有效化解纠纷且实现各方获益的经济及社会效果。通过对金融领域行政执法和解措施的实践检视,提出以各方均可获益作为启动行政执法和解制度的前提,通过举证责任的倾斜、“自认”的可适用性与行刑衔接的合规机制相结合,将有助于构建更加符合实践理性的行政执法和解制度。

综合行政执法改革过程中的多维结构变迁与能动者策略

推动执法权属地化与综合化是夯实基层政权建设的重要一环,但在政策实践中,并不必然带来治理效能的提升。事权下放后,基层治理结构的实质性变革如何形塑执法主体的行为策略,以提升事权承接的有效性,是亟待回答的重要议题。文章从“结构—过程—功能”的视角出发,对一个街道综合行政执法体制改革进行系统考察,构建理解多维结构变迁中能动者策略生成的分析框架。研究发现,在改革过程中,综合执法部门所嵌入的横向结构在权力、责任和资源维度发生系统性变迁。执法主体在基层治理结构所设定的规则约束与行动空间中,基于复杂性和概率性两个维度,划分四种类型的执法任务,并能动地创设动员式、裁剪式、扩容式等执法策略,衔接再配置的结构性要素与复杂外部事务治理环节,从而有效回应“块块”运作规则和事权下放的内在要求。

整体智治理念下县域综合行政执法改革的逻辑基础与规制路径——基于对龙港市“一支队伍管执法”的观察

在全国综合行政执法改革实践中,“一支队伍管执法”主要集中在乡镇(街道)层级,县域“一支队伍管执法”是龙港市推进新型城镇化综合改革探索的创新实践。龙港市综合行政执法改革遵循“不建机构建机制,不增层级增协同”的原则,遵循条块协同、整体智治理念,将专业化、数字化、科学化嵌入改革全过程,使法治、协同、效能、服务为民等价值属性统一于县域行政执法领域,形成独具特色的“市直管社区”综合行政执法地方实践。整体智治作为政府数字化转型背景下基层治理模式的创新实践,其核心逻辑表现为将制度和技术嵌入治理过程,重置治理结构、重整治理资源、提升治理质效。构建综合行政执法整体智治的治理机制,通过“执法队伍—执法手段—执法程序—执法监督”全过程闭环、多维度规制路径,能够有效破解当前县域“一支队伍管执法”在执法理念、体系构建、体制重整、规范配套及队伍能力尚存短板的难题,保障县域综合行政执法改革成效。

论更加完善的中国特色社会主义法治体系的内涵及建设路径

在中国特色社会主义新时代,要进一步完善以宪法为核心的中国特色社会主义法律体系,加快建设更加完善的中国特色社会主义法治体系。建设更加完善的法治体系是法治中国建设的总目标,也是法治中国建设的总抓手,更是法治中国建设的总依托。更加完善的中国特色社会主义法治体系的基本内容主要包括:明晰中央和地方立法的位阶及判断标准,构建规范高效可行的法律体系形式结构,构建政府职权法定的行政法律规范体系。建设更加完善的中国特色社会主义法治体系的主要路径是:建设与宪法相适应的党内法规体系,建设更加严格规范公正文明的执法体系,建设更加公正高效权威的司法审判体系,建设更加严密的社会主义法治监督体系。

粮食安全视角下农村乱占耕地建房执法问题研究——基于400个典型案例的实证分析

粮食安全关乎国运民生。当前,我国农村乱占耕地建房问题突出,对粮食安全造成一定威胁,国务院及其相关部门虽多次加大对农村乱占耕地建房的执法力度,但执法效果仍存在较大提升空间。文章通过对筛选的400个农村乱占耕地建房典型案例进行实证分析,认为当前农村乱占耕地建房执法仍存在执法权横向划分不明确、基层执法权纵向配置不合理、综合执法力度不足、执法队伍业务水平不高等问题,并提出明确划分执法权限、推进部门综合执法、下放行政执法权、提高执法队伍业务水平是突破农村乱占耕地建房执法困境、守牢耕地红线、夯实粮食安全根基的因应之策。

监管执法公平促进企业高质量发展了吗?——基于证监会随机抽查制度的准自然实验

本文以证监会随机抽查制度作为准自然实验,深入考察了监管执法公平对企业高质量发展的影响及其内在机理。研究发现,证监会随机抽查制度显著提升了上市公司的全要素生产率,即监管执法公平能够有效促进企业高质量发展。该结论经过系列稳健性检验后仍然成立。进一步检验随机抽查制度的公平性效果,发现相较于外部监管效果,随机抽查制度对企业高质量发展的促进作用主要源于监管执法“随机性”和“公开性”的提升。机制检验发现,监管执法公平通过改善会计信息质量、发挥违规惩戒效应来促进企业高质量发展。

再论环境行政执法与刑事司法的衔接

环境犯罪具有行政从属性,是国家基于宏观政策对行政处罚与刑罚的整体考量,旨在用较小成本实现高效管理的同时,避免违反罪刑法定原则。环境行政执法与刑事司法的衔接是为了实质性解决环境犯罪问题,在此过程中应遵循刑事优先原则,当行政手段无法起到充分评价其社会危害性和保护法益之效用时,适用震慑力更强的司法程序。在实践中,环境行政执法与刑事司法的衔接仍存在标准不明确、证据转化难等问题,这些问题会导致案件移送不力、以罚代刑等现象长期存在。故而,在衔接过程中应明确移送案件的标准、完善证据转化制度以及加强检察监督,构建环境行政执法与刑事司法的有效衔接机制,更加充分地保护生态环境。

乡镇执法权的下放和承接问题研究

通过向乡镇干部发放调查问卷和实地走访乡镇执法单位,对执法权下放后的乡镇执法情况开展调研,分析了执法权下放后出现的新问题,提出了乡镇有效承接执法权的若干建议。

环境执法自动化裁量的法治挑战与制度因应

碳中和、碳达峰旨在实现国家和全球的生态环境可持续治理,也为我国环境保护工作的高质量推进指明了方向。为提升执法效能,行政主体已逐步部署算法装置,用于环境违法问题的非现场治理。面对环境执法从街头官僚向算法官僚的转变过程,社会一般主体对技术裁量正当性的疑问成为了行政法治关注的焦点。况且,自动化裁量质效的提升通常基于对海量数据的训练,鉴于政府自身数据记录的局限性,引入并调度私人部门的数据存量用以形成更全面、准确的裁量模型,也是推进自动化裁量高水平演进的题中之义。此外,环境执法部门应正视裁量基准的正向价值,通过完善裁量话语体系的方式,达致生态友好型行政执法的法理情相统一。

论行政区划变更的正当程序

正当程序包括避免偏私规则和公平听证规则,目前其适用的范围不断拓宽,广泛适用于立法、执法和司法过程中。参与的强度不断提升。作为最起码的程序要求,正当程序既适用于英美法系,也为大陆法系所认可,并以宪法或者法律的形式表现出来。我国行政区划法律规范中正当程序存在缺失或者不足,从而导致行政区划调整或者变更存在违法运行、国家机关功能紊乱、社会不稳定因素增加、不利于地方经济文化发展等诸多问题。为此,我们应当确立行政区划多重价值统一的理念,通过宪法确定、法律设定正当程序,通过行政区划主体完善、在具体程序中运用正当程序,通过建立行政区划行政公益诉讼制度和行政区划程序责任等措施落实我国行政区划变更中的正当程序。