Utilisation of Non-Conventional Animal Waste as Feeds by Multiple Livestock Species Farmers in Lake Victoria Crescent of Central Uganda

A cross-sectional survey was conducted to establish the utilisation of non-conventional animal waste in multiple livestock species systems. Farmers (150) were selected from four out of ten districts of Central Uganda in Lake Victoria Crescent. A structured questionnaire was used and descriptive analysis showed that over 80% are smallholder farmers on 3.0) years. Household husbands (80%) significantly (P 1.0) as they cause poor livestock health due to pathogens, parasites and toxins which are associated (OD > 1.0) with poor growth, mortality and condemnation of livestock products. The remedy to unsafe non-conventional feeds is to apply effective solar-heating (75%), chemical and ensiling treatment methods. The study showed that there are no significant (P < 0.001) public health risks associated with utilising treated non-conventional feeds instead it improves production and sustainability of multiple livestock species systems.

Review on non-conventional machining of shape memory alloys

Shape memory alloys （SMAs） are the developing advanced materials due to their versatile specific properties such as pseudoelasticity, shape memory effect （SME）, biocompatibility, high specific strength, high corrosion resistance, high wear resistance and high anti-fatigue property. Therefore, the SMAs are used in many applications such as aerospace, medical and automobile. However, the conventional machining of SMAs causes serious tool wear, time consuming and less dimensional deformity due to severe strain hardening and pseudoelasticity. These materials can be machined using non-conventional methods such as laser machining, water jet machining （WJM） and electrochemical machining （ECM）, but these processes are limited to complexity and mechanical properties of the component. Electrical discharge machining （EDM） and wire EDM （WEDM） show high capability to machine SMAs of complex shapes with precise dimensions. The aim of this work is to present the consolidated references on the machining of SMAs using EDM and WEDM and subsequently identify the research gaps. In support to these research gaps, this work has also evolved the future research directions.

Non-Conventional Plasma Assisted Catalysts for Diesel Exhaust Treatment: A Case Study

This paper reports the application of pulse discharges along with catalysts in treat- ing the exhaust gas at higher temperatures. In the present work a plasma reactor, filled with catalysts, called as plasma catalytic reactor, is studied for removal of oxides of nitrogen, total hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. The experiments are conducted on an actual diesel engine exhaust at no-load and at different temperatures starting from room temperature to 300°C. The removal efficiencies of these pollutants are studied. The experiments are carried out with both con- ventional and non-conventional catalysts. The idea is to explore the pollutant removal efficiency characteristics by non-conventional catalysts. The efficiency results are compared with that of conventional catalysts. The experiments are carried out at a constant pulse repetition rate of 120 pps. Both pellet and honeycomb type catalysts are used in the study.

An efficient synthesis of benzofuran derivatives under conventional/non-conventional method

l-Methyl-3-ethyl imidazolium bromide[meim]Br/basic alumina（Al2O3） has been found to promote the cyclocondensation of chloroacetone/chloroethyl acetate with salicylaldehydes under conventional as well as microwave irradiation to yield benzofuran derivatives.

Approximation of some minerals in soil and forage as a function of non-conventional compost: A case study

In present study concentration of some metals (Magnesium, Nickel and Calcium) were determined in soil and different parts of Avena sativa treated with poultry waste grown in the pots. Nine different treatments of poultry waste were used: 0 (control), 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg/ha applied to soil as full doses before sowing, and 60, 90, 120, and 150 applied as two equal splits, 1st before sowing and the 2nd before flower instigation. The samples of soil were obtained after mixing the poultry waste with soil in each pot before sowing. Different parts (roots, leaves, and seeds) of plants were taken after 90 days of sowing and after grain filling. Samples of soil and forages were analyzed. Mg concentrations found both in soil and plants were non-significantly affected by treatments and were lower than the requirements of ruminants in forage crops, but above requirement of forages in soil. Soil and forage Ni was affected non-significantly from the treatments of poultry waste and soil and forage Ni levels were found to be lower than the toxic level for animals and forages. Soil Ca was affected non-significantly by treatments having far lower values than the requirements of both forage species and ruminants. The study showed that soil Mg was higher and Ca was lower than the requirements of forages, but forage Mg and Ca were not fulfilling the requirements of livestock indicating the non significant effect of poultry waste on their concentrations. From the results of this study it has been anticipated that various deficiency problems in livestock may be resulted as these elements play very important role in animals’ metabolic progression. Therefore, soil amendment with poultry manure along with other synthetic fertilizers for enhancing the levels of various minerals is acceptable. The soil amendment and specifically tailored mineral mixture with appropriate proportion of these elements is the dire needs for livestock consuming Avena sativa in pasture treated with poultry waste.

The Selection and Application of Non-Conventional Decoration Materials in Indoor Design

In indoor design innovation, the material role can not be ignored. In indoor design, using non-conventional decoration materials can make space more personalized and charming. This is one of the material innovation modes and also one of the indoor design innovation modes. The design method should obtain more attention.

Large-Scale Discovery of Non-conventional Peptides in Maize and Arabidopsis through an Integrated Peptidogenomic Pipeline

Non-conventional peptides(NCPs),which include small open reading frame-encoded peptides,play critical roles in fundamental biological processes.In this study,we developed an integrated peptidogenomic pipeline using high-throughput mass spectra to probe a customized six-frame translation database and applied it to large-scale identification of NCPs in plants.A total of 1993 and 1860 NCPs were unambiguously identified in maize and Arabidopsis,respectively.These NCPs showed distinct characteristics compared with conventional peptides and were derived from introns,3′UTRs,5′UTRs,junctions,and intergenic regions.Furthermore,our results showed that translation events in unannotated transcripts occur more broadly than previously thought.In addition,we found that dozens of maize NCPs are enriched within regions associated with phenotypic variations and domestication selection,indicating that they potentially are involved in genetic regulation of complex traits and domestication in maize.Taken together,our study developed an integrated peptidogenomic pipeline for large-scale identification of NCPs in plants,which would facilitate global characterization of NCPs from other plants.The identification of large-scale NCPs in both monocot(maize)and dicot(Arabidopsis)plants indicates that a large portion of plant genome can be translated into biologically functional molecules,which has important implications for functional genomic studies.

Non-conventional humanitarian interventions on Ebola outbreak crisis in West Africa: health, ethics and legal implications

Due to the lack of Ebola outbreak early warning alert,preparedness,surveillance and response systems,the most deadly,complex and largest ever seen Ebola war has been devastating West African communities.The unparalleled Ebola tsunami has prompted interrogations into,and uncertainties about,the effectiveness and efficiency of national,regional and international community’s illed-responses using conventional humanitarian control and containment approaches and methods.The late humanitarian and local non-government organisations emergency responses and challenges to curb transmission dynamics and stop the ongoing spread in the Ebola outbreak in West Africa have led to an unprecedented toll of 14,413 reported Ebola cases in eight countries since the outbreak began,with 5,177 reported deaths including 571 health-care workers and 325 died as 14 November 2014.These indications the need of further evaluation of monitoring as substantial proportion of infections outside the context of Ebola epicentres,Ebola health centres treatment and care,infection prevention and control quality assurance checks in these countries.At the same time,exhaustive efforts should target ensuring an sufficient supply of optimal personal protective equipment(PPE)to all Ebola treatment facilities,along with the provision of training and relevant guidelines to limit to the minimum possible level of risk.The continent hosts a big proportion of the world’s wealth,yet its people live in abject poverty,with governments unable to feed and govern them effectively,and who are condemned to endure even darker moments with the Ebola outbreak in West Africa.Institutionalisation of practical and operational non-conventional emergency response models efficient health systems,and tailored programmes can clearly support to prevent,control and eventually stamp out Ebola geo-distribution in addition to population mental health services that are requisite to address the massive range of the health,socio-psychological and economic consequences during and post Ebola associated crises.There is a critical need for a more pragmatic and robust scientific approach to transform and re-orient the huge natural and human resource potentials towards achieving universal coverage,the 2015-2030 Millennium Developing Goals(MDGs),sustainable growth and development in Africa.

Mesoscale analysis and simulation of heavy rainfall in Shanghai urban area by using non-conventional data

In this paper, a local record severe rainfall since1949 occurring in the Shanghai urban area on 5-6 August,2001 is investigated by using non-conventional observationaldata provided by the "973" basic research project of China,including automatic meteorological stations data, wind pro-filer data, Doppler radar echoes and GMS5 satellite data andNCEP data. By analyzing, it is revealed: (1) the heavy rain-fall, caused by a serious of mesoscale βconvective cloudclusters developing inside the landing tropical depression(TD), occurred suddenly with the typical characteristics ofurban heavy rainfall disaster; (2) the landing tropical de-pression, moved eastward to Shanghai and re-intensifiedbefore entering the sea, was very favorable for the occur-rence of the heavy rainfall in Shanghai; (3) there may existsthe interaction of different scale systems between the tropicaldepression and mesoscale convective cloud clusters; and (4)the various advanced intensive data contribute importantlyto detect earlier and predict successfully the urban meteoro-logical disasters.

The Research on CAD/CAPP Integrated System for Welding Boxlike Parts Made of Plate

By adopting the parameterized designing method of f ea ture assembled and feature unit, for the feature of non-conventional type parts , such as welding box and bearer, by use of Visual C++ and AutoCAD a s soft tools, the system can successfully carry out the basic function of featur e assembled, the processing of two-dimensional figure, the building of three-d imensional feature, the automatic producing of technical papers, and so on. The thoughts and design methods of this system can be served as the preference to CA D/CAPP integrated for othernon-conventional type parts. For non-conventional parts, its feature is too much, so the parameter is much. By adopting interactive entry for graphic parameter, under the control of main c ontrol module, through inputting the feature parameter and calling the feature g raphic unit, the function for modeling is completed. To reduce input of feature parameter, the description of position feature is adopted in the feature descrip tion of non-conventional parts, that is, fix position is constraint through str ucture and dimension of non-conventional parts. In such a manner, the assembled process has been transformed the coordinate conversion process, and this is ver y important in the production of three-dimensional graphics. In the one hand, b y calling the feature of parts in the library of feature-graphic unit, the two -dimensional DXF file and three-dimensional SCR file are automatically produce d in AutoCAD. On the other hand, by calling the rules and standard operational s equences in the technologic knowledge base, through inferring of inference engin e, the assembled sequence of non-conventional parts and welding sequences are a utomatically produced. The two aspects constitute overall design philosophy for system. So the CAD/CAPP integration of feature-assembled for non-conventio nal parts are completed. The principle of dividing feature is based on the thought of group technology, t hat is, according to the function feature of parts. The feature-assembled p arameterized design method is to divide the parts into many feature-units, acco rding to the structure, function, and secondary feature, and the each unit is in teractively produced, so the whole part is assembled gradually. At the same time , to display the sequences which deviser chooses varied features, hidden feature code is adopted. The feature-unit parameterized design method is to assemble dimension, margin tolerance and fitting-in, and surface roughness into one unit that it becomes a fixed structure. However big it is, it could be added to or taken off like a ba sic feature-unit.By adopting above-mentioned methods, the module of parts is e stablished. Under the integrated environment, according to basic construct of expert system, CAPP system is made up of three sectionsdynamic database (document-view ), knowledge library and inference engine. Dynamic database is served as storing initialized and middle information as well as ultimate design result. The knowl edge library is composed of static database, rule set, and standard welding proc ess library.

Modelling Electricity Generation and Capacity with CO₂Emissions for Sub Saharan Africa

In this investigation the electricity generation and the electricity capacity of energy mix for sub Saharan Africa from 2020 to 2040 including CO2 emission from (coal, oil, gas) (Total Final Consumption, transport) and power generation were analyzed. These energy sources include conventional and renewable energy sources such as coal, oil, gas, hydro, nuclear, bioenergy, solar PV, and other renewables. We developed a linear regression equation based on the least-square method of estimation to forecast the value of energy and CO2 emission. We fit a linear trend to the energy time series including CO2 emission to show how simple linear regression analysis can be used to forecast future value. The predicted results from 2020 to 2040 show that the electricity capacity and the electricity generation from gas, hydro, solar PV and other renewables will dominate compared to nuclear and bioenergy. Some forms of energies contributions such as nuclear and bioenergy will remain insignificant. The gas will continue to emit a lot carbon dioxide compared to the emission from oil and coal. The emission of CO2 from total final consumption (TFC) of oil will be high compared to its emission from power generation (PG) and transport. The least squares estimated regression equation adequately describes the relationship between Energy or CO2 emission and time period with a high R-squared. This approach of modeling in a linear regression, the energy and CO2 emission simplifies significantly the analysis to help policy makers underlying reasons for the trends to develop appropriate strategies for the future, may be useful to assess the sustained economic development and transformation that require a definition of electricity access in those countries.

Effects of Fermented Whey in Treating Bacillary Dysentery and on the Gastrointestinal Flora of Apparently Healthy Albino Rats

In this study, the effects of fermented whey （FW） in treating bacillary dysentery caused by Shigellaflexneri in albino rats and on the gastrointestinal （GIT） flora of apparently healthy albino rats （AHARs） were investigated. Prior the therapeutic assay, the growth inhibitory activity （GIA） of whey subjected to different fermentation durations at 30 ~ 2 ~C was first investigated using agar diffusion assay on the test organism, conventional antibiotics served as control. After this, the infectious dose of the organism was determined and used to infect another set of AHARs. The infected rats were grouped into two; group one was treated with 1.0 mL of the FW that exerted the highest GIA in the in vitro assay （FW1）, once daily for 7 d while group two was left untreated. The rats were observed for signs of recovery while their large intestine was subjected to histopathological examinations. For the effects of whey on GIT flora of AHARs, another group of AHARs was fed with FW1 for 3months. At 7 d intervals, their faeces were examined for microbial types and load. The in vitro GIA of the FWs on the test organism was superior to that of most of the antibiotics used and the administration of FW1 to infected rats caused them to recover by 72 h while those not treated with FW1 started to recover by 168 h. FWl did not significantly （p 〈 0.05） affect the GIT microflora loads but only the types.

Portland Cement Mortar Composite with Partial Sand Replacement by Eggshell Particles

Agro-industrial activities generate a large amount of wastes. According to their specific properties, most of them can partially replace mineral aggregates, aiming to produce non-structural cement composites. In this research work, the behavior of a Portland cement mortar with partial replacement of sand by treated eggshell particles (0% to 66%) has been evaluated. Firstly, chemical compatibility between eggshell particles and Portland cement was carried by hydration curves. In a second step, a mixture of cement mortar based on treated eggshell (cold water, warm water and oven-dry) was prepared. Composite hardening was monitored by an ultrasound technique. At initial ages, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) along the time was sensitivity enough to detect the sand-to-eggshell ratio effect. Compressive strength at 28 days ranged from 23 to 9 MPa depending on sand to eggshell particles ratio, which indicated that the composite was suitable for non-bearing structures, mainly at rural areas.

Applying Photogrammetric Techniques to Determine Facade Decays: The Case Study of Zisa Palace, Italy

The aim of this paper is to present a non-destructive method for fa?ade decay analysis and quantifying with many applications to architectural heritage (monuments, historical buildings, etc.). The proposed methodology is based on the combination of topographic surveys, digital photogrammetry and image processing techniques by means of four control points and one photography of the target fa?ade, at least, that become metric rectified image at any plane defined by the user. It is possible to quantify any physical characteristic of the surface of a building as well as alterations on its surface that produce deviations from flatness. The Bundle adjustment was applied to a 2D reconstruction algorithm instead to a 3D reconstruction algorithm to control the flatness of a fa?ade of a monument, the Zisa Palace in Palermo (Italy). Significant deviations of the points in the vicinity of the edge left of the fa?ade with respect to the coordinates of the points of support were evidenced, indicating that the overall facade of the monument is not a flat surface. The results, with an estimated 10–3 accuracy, suggest that a structural failure in an area of the fa?ade may be occurred after the restoration work or, alternatively, that such restoration was not performed successfully in that area.

Optical Spectra and Stokes Shift in Nanometric Quantum Wells

We consider semiconductor heterostructures in nanometric quantum wells, which as a consequence of the growth process display at the rugged interfaces fractal characteristics, and largely influence optical and transport properties of the carriers system. The photoluminescence and excited photoluminescence spectra in such fractal conditions are theoretically analyzed, obtaining good agreement with the experimental results. The Stokes shift and linewidth are strongly dependent on the nonequilibrium thermomechanical-statistical state of the system. The Stokes shift has its origin in the presence of a gain region in the absorption spectrum, only present when the carriers system is in a statistical degenerate state.

Comparison of Magnetic Pulse Welding with Other Welding Methods

The paper explains the comparison of magnetic pulse welding method which belongs to non-conventional machining methods with other conventional and non-conventional welding methods which include brazing, explosive welding, ultrasonic welding, tungsten and metal inert gas and roll bonding. Magnetic pulse welding differs completely in technology when compared with conventional welding processes because the process is done with high velocity and without heat or consumable materials. It is better than other methods because it＇s cold process and can be done without any heat affect zone. In addition, there is no need for rework and post welding cleaning and there is no scrap problem. Magnetic pulse welding is a green process used to design and build light structure with high strength to reduce the weight and the energy. Magnetic pulse welding reduces the risk of corrosion by limiting the metallic interaction to just the two metals welded; therefore, it replaces the brazing method. Also, it is better than the explosive welding method because there is no risk of handling the explosive material and there is no noise. The part assembly by magnetic pulse welding is stronger than the parts assembly by tungsten and metal inert gas welding and it is easy to achieve a good aesthetic with high speed. Therefore, using magnetic pulse welding technology will not affect the environment.

Impact of Sensor Technology for Line Protection Performance

The paper has presented the impact on the line protection performance with the introduction of MUs （merging units） in the process bus level. The paper begins with the introduction on modem digital substation structure and process bus. Then, the paper describes the performances of different sensors such as CTs （current transformers）, CVTs （capacitive voltage transformers）, FOCS （fiber optical current transducers） and FOVS （fiber optical voltage transducers）. With the use of above transducers together with MUs, the performance of distance protection function and line differential protection function have been investigated and presented. Finally, conclusions based on the study are presented in the paper.

Application of Life-Cycle Assessment for the Study of Carbon and Water Footprints of the 16.5 MWe Wind Farm in Villonaco, Loja, Ecuador

Wind technology is considered to be among the most promising types of renewable energy sources, and due to high oil prices and growing concerns about climate change and energy security, it has been the subject of extensive considerations in recent years, including questions related to the relative sustainability of electricity production when the manufacturing, assembly, transportation and dismantling processes of these facilities are taken into account. The present article evaluates the environmental impacts, carbon emissions and water consumption, derived from the production of electric energy of the Villonaco wind farm, located in Loja, Ecuador, during its entire life cycle, using the Life Cycle Analysis for this purpose. Finally, it is concluded that wind energy has greater environmental advantages since it has lower values of carbon and water footprints than other energy sources. Additionally, with the techniques Cumulative Energy Demand and Energy Return on Investment, sustainability in the production of electricity from wind power in Ecuador is demonstrated;and, that due to issues of vulnerability to climate change, the diversification of its energy mix is essential considering the inclusion of non-conventional renewable sources such as solar or wind, this being the only way to reduce both the carbon footprint and the water from the energy supply.

Incorporation of SCBA in Red Ceramics and Sintering in Microwave Oven

The present study investigated the incorporation of sugarcane bagasse ash(SCBA)in red ceramics,sintered in conventional oven and microwave oven,aiming to provide an alternative product,and a sintering process with higher energy efficiency in the production of red ceramics.The raw materials were characterized by XRF,XRD,thermogravimetry,particle size distribution and specific mass analyses.The specimens were shaped by extrusion in two different compositions,red clay and red clay with addition of 20%SCBA and sintered at temperatures from 700 to 1100℃.The conventional sintering occurred for 60 min with heating rate of 10℃/min.In the microwave oven the sintering occurred in a hybrid way,with heating rate of 50℃/min for 5,10 and 15 mins.After sintering the tests of linear shrinkage,compressive strength,water absorption,apparent porosity and apparent specific mass were performed.The addition of SCBA causes an increase in the values of water absorption and decreases the compressive strength and specific mass of the red ceramic.This occurs due to the creation of pores inside the material from the volatilization of organic matter present in the ashes.The sintering in microwave oven,when compared to conventional sintering,promotes an increase in the values of compressive strength and specific mass and reduction of water absorption values of ceramics,probably due to the refinement of the microstructure and the higher densification.Thus the incorporation of ashes can be partially compensated by a more efficient sintering.The use of SCBA and the sintering in microwave oven,showed to be viable alternatives in the development of a more sustainable and light material,promoting the management of waste,reduction in the consumption of raw materials and energy saving.

Pichia as yeast cell factory for production of industrially important bio-products:Current trends,challenges,and future prospects

Yeast has been used as a cell factory for thousands of years to produce a wide variety of com-plex biofuels,bioproducts,biochemicals,food ingredients,and pharmaceuticals.For a variety of biotechnological production hosts,a few specific genera of yeast have proven themselves.Rapid developments in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology provide a workable long-term supply solution for these substances.In this review,we have covered recent advances in the design of yeast cell factories for the synthesis of terpenoids,alkaloids,phenylpropanoids,and other natural chemicals,primarily focusing on Pichia species.Cutting-edge solutions involving genetic and process engineering have also been discussed.Overall,the review summarized recent advancements and challenges in synthetic and systems biology,as well as initiatives in metabolic engineering aimed at commercializing non-conventional yeasts like Pichia.The processes used in non-traditional yeasts to produce enzymes,therapeutic proteins,lipids,and metabolic products for industrial applications were thoroughly elaborated.