Pressure relief, gas drainage and deformation effects on an overlying coal seam induced by drilling an extra-thin protective coal seam

Numerical simulations and field tests were used to investigate the changes in ground stress and deformation of, and gas flow from, a protected coal seam under which an extra-thin coal seam was drilled. The geological conditions were: 0.5 meter mining height, 18.5 meter coal seam spacing and a hard limestone/fine sandstone inter-stratum. For these conditions we conclude: 1) the overlying coal-rock mass bends and sinks without the appearance of a caving zone, and 2) the protected coal seam is in the bending zone and undergoes expansion deformation in the stress-relaxed area. The deformation was 12 mm and the relative defor- mation was 0.15%. As mining proceeds, deformation in the protected layer begins as compression, then becomes a rapid expansion and, finally, reaches a stable value. A large number of bed separation crannies are created in the stress-relaxed area and the permeability coefficient of the coal seam was increased 403 fold. Grid penetration boreholes were evenly drilled toward the protected coal seam to affect pressure relief and gas drainage. This made the gas pressure decrease from 0.75 to 0.15 MPa, the gas content decrease from 13 to 4.66 m3/t and the gas drainage reach 64%.

Evolution and application of in-seam drilling for gas drainage

The presence of seam gas in the form of methane or carbon dioxide presents a hazard to underground coal mining operations.In-seam drilling has been undertaken for the past three decades for gas drainage to reduce the risk of gas outburst and lower the concentrations of seam gas in the underground ventilation.The drilling practices have reflected the standards of the times and have evolved with the development of technology and equipment and the needs to provide a safe mining environment underground.Early practice was to adapt equipment from other felds,with rotary drilling being the only form of drilling available.This form of drainage allowed various levels of gas drainage coverage but with changing emphasis,research and development within the coal industry has created specifc equipment,technology and practices to accurately place in-seam boreholes to provide effcient and effective gas drainage.Research into gas content determination established a standard for the process and safe levels for mining operations to continue.Surveying technology improved from the wire-line,single-shot Eastman survey instruments which was time-dependent on borehole depth to electronic instruments located in the drill string which transmitted accurate survey data to the drilling crew without time delays.This allowed improved directional control and increased drilling rates.Directional drilling technology has now been established as the industry standard to provide effective gas drainage drilling.Exploration was identifed as an additional beneft with directional drilling as it has the ability to provide exploration data from long boreholes.The ability of the technology to provide safe and reliable means to investigate the need for inrush protection and water drainage ahead of mining has been established.Directional drilling technology has now been introduced to the Chinese coal industry for gas drainage through a practice of auditing,design,supply,training and ongoing support.Experienced drilling crews can offer site specifc gas drainage drilling services utilising the latest equipment and technology.

Microscopic properties and sealing performance of new gas drainage drilling sealing material

The geological condition of Chinese coal mines are complex and high gassy,which account for ffty percent to seventy percent.Because of the abundant pores and cracks around the drainage drilling hole,the gas concentration attenuates rapidly,and the effective gas drainage period is short.The traditional sealing materials of yellow mud and cement-sand grout will readily shrink after the drilling hole is sealed,the sealing length is short and the sealing quality is not satisfactory.Currently widely used polyurethane material will shrink when it comes into contact with water,and the price is also very high.In this study,taking cement as a base material,a novel composite sealing material mixed by expansion admixture,additive,and fbrin and coupling agent was developed and the sealing performance and expansion property of the material were also studied and analyzed.The FEI Quanta TM 250 environmental scanning electron microscope was used to investigate the microstructure of material.The results revealed that the new composite sealing material had a desirable expansion performance and a defnite fluidity convenient for grouting.The solidifed material,combining closely with the drilling wall,possessed an adequate strength and was not easy to shrink.Compared to the conventional polyurethane,the gas drainage concentration by drilling sealing exceeded 40 percent,and the sealing capacity improves5 times,the sealing effect increases signifcantly.

Comparative experiments of gas drainage in different types of drillings

Gas drainage effect is the utmost important factor for mining speed and mining safety. It has great meaning to study the effect of gas drainage. Comparative experiment of gas drainage in different types of drillings shows that the initial rate of gas natural emission by hydraulic loosed cross drilling is 1.5 times more than that of parallel drilling, and the drilling gas at- tenuation coefficients reduces to 0.78 times, the effect of gas drainage is good. The ultimate quantity of gas drainage of parallel drilling, cross drilling, hydraulic loosed cross drilling are 859.1, 1 323.5 and 1 833.6 m3/100 m. The results of the measurement through these three kinds of drillings of 100 meters drilling is considered as following： cross drilling is 1.54 times more than that of parallel drillings, hydraulic loosed cross drilling are 2.13 times more than parallel drilling. The drainage rate of parallel drilling, cross drilling and hydraulic loosed cross drilling reached 10% to 15% in 3 months with the pre-draining time. Among these, the drainage effect of hydraulic loosed cross drilling increased by 46% than that of parallel drilling in three months.

Discussion on the Development of Intelligent Drilling Technology and Equipment for Gas Drainage

This paper deals about the application and development of gas drainage intelligent drilling technology and equipment from remote automatic drilling,ground controlled drilling,ground long distance automatic control drilling,downhole remote control drilling,sub-source,and sub-area independent unit management.The main direction of our research is to achieve full automatic drilling,intelligent drilling and drilling robots that can realize gas drainage,and also to promote innovation and development of gas drainage intelligent drilling technology.

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of methane drainage by high-level drill holes in a lower protective coal seam with a “U” type face

Different drill-hole positions may produce different drainage results in low protective coal seams.To investigate this possibility,a 3D stope model is established,which covers three kinds of drill holes.The FLUENT computational fluid mechanics software is used to solve the mass,momentum and species conservation equations of the model.The spatial distributions of oxygen and methane was obtained by calculations and the drainage results of different drill-hole positions were compared.The results show that,from top to bottom,methane dilution by oxygen weakens gradually from the intake to the return side,and methane tends to float;methane and oxygen distribute horizontally.The high-level crossing holes contribute to better methane drainage and a greater level of control.Around these holes,the methane density decreases dramatically and a "half circle"distribution is formed.The methane density decreases on the whole,but a proportion of the methane moves back to deep into the goaf.The research findings provide theoretical grounds for methane drainage.

Fracture evolution and pressure relief gas drainage from distant protected coal seams under an extremely thick key stratum

When an extremely thick rock bed exists above a protected coal seam in the bending zone given the condition of a mining protective seam, this extremely thick rock bed controls the movement of the entire overlying stratum. This extremely thick rock bed, called a ＂main key stratum＂, will not subside nor break for a long time, causing lower fractures and bed separations not to close and gas can migrate to the bed separation areas along the fractures. These bed separations become gas enrichment areas. By analyzing the rule of fracture evolution and gas migration under the main key stratum after the deep protective coal seam has been mined, we propose a new gas drainage method which uses bore holes, drilled through rock and coal seams at great depths for draining pressure relief gas. In this method, the bores are located at a high level suction roadway （we can also drill them in the drilling field located high in an air gateway）. Given the practice in the Haizi mine, the gas drainage rate can reach 73% in the middie coal group, with a gas drainage radius over 100 m.

Research on forced gas draining from coal seams by surface well drilling

Surface drilling was performed at the Luling Coal Mine,in Huaibei,to shorten the period required for gas draining.The experimental study was designed to reduce the cost of gas control by efficiently draining gas from the upper protected layer.The structural arraignment and technical principles of pressure relief via surface drilling are discussed.Results from the trial showed that gas drained from the surface system over a period of 10 months.The total amount of collected gas was 248.4 million m^3.The gas draining occurred in three stages：a growth period;a period of maximum gas production;and an attenuation period.The period of maximum gas production lasted for 4 months.During this time the methane concentration ranged from 60%to 90%and the average draining rate was 10.6 m^3/min.Combined with other methods of draining it was possible to drain 70.6%of the gas from middle coal seam groups.The amount of residual gas dropped to 5.2 m^3/ton,and the pressure of the residual gas fell to 0.53 MPa, thereby eliminating the outburst danger in the middle coal seam groups.The factors affecting pressure relief gas draining by surface drilling were analysed.

A case study of gas drainage to low permeability coal seam

Gas drainage at low gas permeability coal seam is a main barrier affecting safety and efficient production in coal mines. Therefore, the research and application of drainage technology at low permeability coal seam is a key factor for gas control of coal mine. In order to improve the drainage effect, this paper establishes a three-dimensional solid-gas-liquid coupling numerical model, and the gas drainage amounts of different schemes are examined inside the overburden material around the goaf. The Yangquan mine area is selected for the case study, and the gas movement regularity and emission characteristics are analyzed in detail, as well as the stress and fissure variation regularity. Also examinations are the released gas movement, enrichment range and movement regularity during coal extraction. Moreover, the gas drainage technology and drainage parameters for the current coal seam are studied. After measuring the gas drainage flow in-situ, it is concluded that the technology can achieve notable drainage results, with gas drainage rate increase by 30%–40% in a low permeability coal seam.

Study on temperature field of the drilling machine during the course of drilling in coal mine

The working conditions of the MK-3 type full hydraulic tunnel drilling machine during the course of drilling were analyzed. Based on the energy balance governing equations for the drill rod, the temperature field of drill rod at the normal and non-normal working conditions was numerically obtained. The numerical results show that the maximum temperature at the head of drill rod under the normal working circumstance is insufficient to ignite the gas. But under the non-normal working condition, the local high temperature can ignite the gas easily and cause the fire. In order to prevent the gas fire, the occurrence of the non-normal operating condition must be prevented as far as possible during the drilling.

Proactive interburden fracturing using UIS drilling with validation monitoring

A series of gas inrush events occurred during development at Grosvenor Mine resulting in exposure to elevated levels of methane at the production face.A total of 22 gas inrush events occurred,with between 15 and 130 m3 of methane released during each event.The presence of an undrained seam in the immediate floor,geotechnical characteristics of the floor,and the stress environment all contributed to these dynamic floor events,while the geological characteristics of the seam below,such as the seam thickness and ash content of 75%,prevented effective predrainage.However,events only occurred in headings mined parallel to the principal horizontal stress direction.In cut-throughs(C/T)perpendicular to the principal stress direction no events occurred,and higher methane levels were observed at the production face.The solution to preventing the gas inrush events involved creating a conduit in the interburden between the mined seam and the seam in the immediate floor to allow the gas to be drained during the development of the headings,as occurred in the cut-throughs(cut-through and cross-cut are regional terms that are analogous).A series of underground inseam(UIS)holes were drilled using the directional drill rig with the aim of fracturing this interburden ahead of the face and promote floor failure to allow the gas to release consistently.The floor fracturing was conducted using water pressure generated from a longwall salvage pump,with the current UIS drilling equipment retrofitted with a series of subs,packers and a fracturing tool.The packers and the fracturing tool were shifted to desired locations along the drilled UIS borehole to achieve the required fracture.The fractures were monitored using a proving hole and with a HYDAC data logger attached to the salvage pack,with the results analysed on the surface to ensure connectivity to the working seam.

自驱修孔钻头动力参数及钻齿结构研究

自驱修孔钻头是修复失效长钻孔的有效技术手段,为进一步提高修孔速度和瓦斯抽采效果,本文基于射流反冲理论,分析了射流反冲力与喷嘴参数的关系,构建了自驱修孔钻头旋转力学理论模型。采用LS-DYNA开展不同结构钻齿破煤过程,分析了不同钻进压力和扭矩作用下钻齿对煤体破坏形式和钻齿破煤体积变化规律,并开展了破煤实验验证数值模拟结果。形成了自驱修孔钻头参数确定方法,设计了自驱修孔钻头,并在郑煤集团超化煤矿22煤柱面底抽巷进行了工程实验。研究结果表明:(1)喷嘴张角α和偏心角β是决定钻进压力和扭矩分配的关键参数,通过调控张角和偏心角可实现钻进压力和扭矩的最优匹配。(2)相同钻进参数条件下,钻齿结构对破煤体积影响较大,阶梯钻齿破煤效果最优。在钻进压力为120N、扭矩0.6N·m时,阶梯型钻齿结构的修孔钻头能够实现钻进压力和扭矩最优匹配。(3)确定了最优修孔钻头结构参数为:钻头外径28 mm;后置喷嘴张角20°,偏心角90°;前置喷嘴张角90°,偏心角0°。(4)工程应用结果表明:瓦斯抽采纯量提高了1.96倍,瓦斯抽采体积分数提高了3.98倍,修孔速度提高了1.2倍。通过改进钻头动力参数及优化钻齿结构,设计的自驱修孔钻头在工程实践中达到了提高修孔速度和瓦斯抽采效果的目的。

松软煤层钻进钻杆减重降阻机制及应用研究

施工瓦斯抽采钻孔是治理瓦斯危害的必要手段,针对松软煤层钻进因钻杆自重大引起的钻进阻力大、钻进效率低及劳动强度高等问题,提出了优化钻杆结构以减少自重并降低钻进阻力的研究思路,通过设置四翼内凹结构达到减小钻杆自重及降低钻进阻力的目的,并依此设计了四翼内凹刻槽钻杆,兼顾钻杆推进阻力和旋转扭矩损失,建立了钻杆钻进阻力模型,结合ANSYS数值模拟方法对四翼内凹刻槽钻杆进行强度校核分析与参数优化,研制了四翼内凹刻槽钻杆,并进行了现场工业性试验。研究表明:(1)对于100m钻孔深度,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆相对于圆状刻槽钻杆质量减轻了21.88%,在正常钻进时,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆与圆钻杆相比旋转扭矩损失降低了25.10%;与圆状刻槽钻杆相比降低了20.90%。在塌孔10m的情况下,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆钻进阻力相对于圆钻杆降低了51.44%,相对于圆状刻槽钻杆降低了43.65%。(2)对四翼内凹刻槽钻杆进行强度分析与参数优化,结果显示,在常规坑道钻机作用下,钻杆最大应力与内凹深度呈正相关,与壁厚呈负相关,壁厚对于应力的影响大于内凹深度的影响,且在内凹宽度为33mm、深度为4mm、壁厚为11.5mm时,安全系数为1.59。(3)现场工业性试验表明,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆排渣顺畅,强度可靠,钻进深度提高了18.18%,钻进效率提高了17.80%。在保证钻杆强度的前提下、通过钻杆结构创新有效降低钻杆质量,对于降低工人劳动强度、提高钻进效率和成孔率具有显著的效果,为推动复杂地层钻探技术发展提供了新的方法。

四翼内凹刻槽钻杆高效排渣钻进技术研究

为解决松软煤层钻进钻孔排渣通道堵塞这一制约钻孔施工效果的关键难题,基于优化钻杆截面形状以增大排渣空间、预防钻孔堵塞这一理念,提出四翼内凹刻槽钻杆几何设计构想,通过孔内排渣阻力力学方程计算验证、钻杆排渣效果数值模拟,分析钻杆结构参数对排渣性能的影响,研制四翼内凹刻槽钻杆并在某矿进行工业性试验。研究结果表明:相较于传统圆状刻槽钻杆,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆在施工过程中具有更大的排渣空间,通过孔内沿程阻力计算对比,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆孔内沿程阻力较圆状刻槽钻杆低13%;数值模拟计算结果表明,当弧形内凹切槽对钻杆的圆心角α=35°、切入深度|EF|=4 mm时,渣体运移距离最大,平均运移速度最大,排渣性能最优;工业性试验表明,使用四翼内凹刻槽钻杆施工钻孔,班进尺长度和终孔深度得到显著提升。研究结果可为煤矿瓦斯抽采钻孔钻具设计提供参考。

经钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿患者血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平变化及其临床意义

目的探讨经钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿患者血清血小板反应蛋白1(TSP1)、血小板反应蛋白2(TSP2)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、中枢神经特异蛋白(S-100β)水平变化及其临床意义。方法选取江苏省中医院2019年1月~2023年6月收治的慢性硬膜下血肿患者142例作为病例组,均进行钻孔引流术;另选取同期健康体检人员146例作为健康对照组,比较两组不同脑损伤、手术前后、不同复发情况的血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平,分析血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平与慢性硬膜下血肿患者脑损伤程度的相关性。结果与健康对照组比较,病例组血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平均相对更高;与轻度脑损伤组进行比较,中度脑损伤组、重度脑损伤组血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平均相对更高,且重度脑损伤组高于中度脑损伤组;与术前进行比较,术后7 d慢性硬膜下血肿患者血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平均相对较低;与复发组进行比较,未复发组血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平均相对较低(P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,慢性硬膜下血肿患者血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平与GCS评分均呈负相关关系(r=-0.655、-0.674、-0.711、-0.689、-0.705,P<0.05)。结论慢性硬膜下血肿患者经钻孔引流术后血清TSP1、TSP2、bFGF、VEGF、S-100β水平均降低,并与患者脑损伤程度、转归具有高度相关性,临床上可通过检测慢性硬膜下血肿患者上述各项血清学指标的变化情况,以便及时判断慢性硬膜下血肿患者的脑损伤程度。

低渗煤层大直径钻孔瓦斯抽采参数优化研究

针对低渗煤层瓦斯抽采存在预抽难度大的问题,提出大直径钻孔预抽能够降低低渗煤层瓦斯含量的方法。但由于低渗煤层对气固耦合效应影响敏感,抽采中渗透率变化过程不明确,导致大直径钻孔抽采参数设计依据不足。首先分析了低渗煤体渗透率演化的主控因素,建立了煤层瓦斯运移理论模型,模拟研究了大直径钻孔不同工况下对低渗煤体的瓦斯抽采效果,对比分析不同孔径、负压、孔间距下煤层瓦斯渗流规律。结果表明钻孔孔径越大造成的煤体卸压区越大,瓦斯抽采量越高,瓦斯残余含量也越小,但抽采效果增加幅度逐渐降低。负压越大瓦斯抽采量越大,但差别较小,因此负压对提升抽采效率影响较小。受渗透率演化的影响,不同钻孔间距下瓦斯抽采总量差别较大,在间距为3 m时,40~120 d阶段内抽采量最高,后期抽采量缓慢下降。间距5 m时抽采总量最高,抽采范围内的瓦斯残余含量降低较多。现场优化抽采后的瓦斯抽采纯量与模拟结果一致,表明了研究结论可靠。该研究结果可为煤矿井下大直径钻孔瓦斯抽采参数设计提供理论依据与应用参考。

老年慢性硬膜下血肿病人钻孔引流术后谵妄风险评估体系的建立

目的:构建老年慢性硬膜下血肿(chrionic subdural hematoma,CSDH)病人钻孔引流术后谵妄(postoperative delirium,POD)的危险评估指标体系,为临床护士早期预警CSDH病人钻孔引流POD的发生提供参考,促进病人早日康复。方法:通过文献检索、分析筛选确定CSDH病人钻孔引流POD发生风险指标条目池,采用德尔菲专家函询法评价、修订CSDH病人钻孔引流POD发生风险因素,形成CSDH病人钻孔引流POD风险评估体系。结果:两轮函询问卷回收率为95.23%和100.00%,研究第1轮、第2轮函询中专家对评价内容的判断依据(Ca)、专家对问题的熟悉程度(Cs)分别为(0.93,0.94)、(0.80,0.84),本研究第1轮、第2轮专家权威程度(Cr)分别为0.86,0.89,两轮函询表明Cr较高,结果具有可靠性。本研究第1轮函询CV为0.045~0.551,肯德尔协调系数(Kendall′s W)为0.396;第2轮函询CV为0.078~0.318,Kendall′s W值为0.384。最终形成CSDH病人钻孔引流术后POD发生风险因素评估体系包含4个一级指标和16个二级指标。结论:基于德尔菲法构建老年慢性CSDH病人钻孔引流术后谵妄的危险评估指标体系信效度和预测能力较好,可为老年慢性CSDH病人钻孔引流术后谵妄的危险评估和预防提供量化指标。

瓦斯抽采钻孔布置方案参数优化:以保德煤矿为例

针对高瓦斯中低渗透率厚煤层工作面常规预抽钻孔预抽浓度低、钻孔衰减系数大、瓦斯预抽时间长等难题,以保德煤矿8号煤层为研究对象。通过8号煤层渗透率各项异性实验分析和现场测试,对8号煤层钻孔布孔方位以及封孔工艺最优参数进行研究。结果表明:预抽钻孔与煤壁裂隙呈90°,钻孔倾角为-6°时钻孔抽采效果最好;采用新材料+囊袋作为封孔材料,封孔距离8~16 m时,增大压力和“两堵两注”的注浆方式,能有效地提供封孔的气密性。通过3种不同的测试方法,确定4个月时的钻孔抽采有效半径约为4 m,6个月有效抽采半径为4.5 m。以此为依据,得出工作面瓦斯抽采钻孔最佳布置参数。研究成果为高瓦斯低渗透率厚煤层工作面预抽钻孔设计提供了参考依据。

煤矿井下碎软煤层气动定向钻进技术与装备研究

【目的】我国煤层赋存地质条件复杂,碎软煤层分布广泛,高瓦斯和煤与瓦斯突出矿井众多,目前采用钻孔瓦斯抽采是防治瓦斯灾害的有效措施。碎软煤层常规回转钻进存在轨迹不可控、成孔深度浅、抽采盲区大,常规定向钻进卡埋钻事故多、成孔困难、钻进效率低等问题。【方法】系统阐述了煤矿井下碎软煤层钻进技术的发展历程与应用现状,研制了气动螺杆钻具、定向钻机、随钻测量系统、除尘泵车、空压机或制氮机、油雾润滑装置等组成的煤矿井下气动定向钻进装备,并配套开发了气动定向钻进工艺和筛管完孔技术等关键技术,解决碎软煤层定向钻进成孔难题,保障瓦斯抽采效果。利用该成套技术与装备在两淮、山西、贵州等地区煤矿进行的碎软煤层定向钻孔试验。【结果和结论】研究表明:(1)气动定向钻进技术是碎软煤层钻孔瓦斯治理的有效技术手段,其钻进深度普遍达到200 m以上,最大钻孔深度达607 m,且可有效控制钻孔轨迹在目标煤层中延伸,煤层钻遇率达90%以上。(2)现场试验表明,气动定向钻进成孔效果好、施工效率高,最大效率达到3 594 m/(台·月),有力推动气动定向钻进技术从小规模试验到大规模的工业化推广应用。结合此成套技术与装备的应用现状和煤矿安全高效生产对钻探技术装备的发展需求,提出煤矿井下气动定向钻进技术与装备的拓展应用方向以及向自动化、智能化和集约化方向发展的现实需求和必然趋势。

下向低浓钻孔“抽-注”排水排渣抽采一体化技术研究

为了防止永夏矿区陈四楼煤矿煤与瓦斯突出事故的发生,在采用水力排渣钻孔进行抽采瓦斯时,发现在钻孔内存在着大量的水和煤渣,堵塞了煤体内部的孔隙通道,对煤层瓦斯运移和钻孔孔壁的稳定性产生不利影响,从而严重影响了瓦斯抽采的效果。针对煤矿急需解决的俯孔排水排渣问题,提出采用压风吹孔技术,将孔内水和煤渣带出孔外,疏通钻孔堵塞通道。该技术在陈四楼煤矿井下现场应用效果良好,吹孔后钻孔平均在抽浓度由11.86%提升到了18.73%~56.38%,低浓钻孔提升效果明显;代替了以往水力排渣钻进技术,达到高效抽采瓦斯、保证煤矿安全生产的目的,对钻孔抽采瓦斯过程中能够及时排出水和煤渣有一定指导意义。在此基础上,形成的一套下向低浓钻孔“抽—注”排水排渣一体化技术及工艺,为下向低浓钻孔排水排渣工作提供参考借鉴。