Restraining effect of nitrogen on coal oxidation in different stages:Non-isothermal TG-DSC and EPR research

Nitrogen is widely used to prevent the spontaneous combustion of coal in underground coal mines. A spontaneous combustion-prone coal seam was studied to investigate the restraining effect of nitrogen on coal oxidation in different oxidation stages, based on non-isothermal thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry(TG-DSC) and electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR) experiments. We found that the key feature temperatures grow steadily with increasing nitrogen in the oxidation environment,resulting in longer oxidation stages. The most significant finding is that there is a stagnation of the inhibitory effect of nitrogen on coal oxidation in the range of 85.0–95.0% nitrogen in the slow and the rapid oxidation stages, owing to the competitive adsorption of coal by nitrogen and oxygen. However, the restraining effect cannot be reflected by the kinetic parameters of the coal before it reaches the thermal decomposition and combustion stage. Nitrogen can also affect free radical types and free radical concentrations during coal oxidation: the higher the concentration of nitrogen in the oxidation environment, the greater the number of free radical types and the lower the free radical concentration. This experimental study improves the understanding of the restraining effect of nitrogen on coal oxidation in different oxidation stages and provides an important reference for coal fire prevention in spontaneous combustionprone coal seams.

Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Studies in a Circular Tube Fitted with Twisted Tape Consisting of Wire-nails

This paper deals with the experimental investigation on Nusselt number,friction factor and thermal en-hancement factor of a double pipe heat exchanger equipped with twisted tape consisting wire nails(WN-TT) and plain twisted tapes(P-TT) with three different twist ratios of y 2.0,4.4 and 6.0. Test runs are conducted using the water as the working fluid with Reynolds number range between 2000 and 12000 for WN-TT and P-TT. It is found that Nusselt number,friction factor and thermal enhancement factor in the tube equipped with WN-TT appreciably higher than those in the tube fitted with P-TT and plain tube. Over the range considered Nusselt number,friction factor and thermal enhancement factor in a tube with WN-TT are respectively,1.08 to 1.31,1.1 to 1.75 and 1.05 to 1.13 times of those in tube with P-TT. The better performance of WN-TT is due to combined effects of the follow-ing factors:(1) common swirling flow generated by P-TT,(2) additional turbulence offered by the wire nails. Em-pirical correlations for Nusselt number,friction factor and thermal enhancement factor are also formulated from the experimental results of WN-TT and P-TT.

Estimating underground mine ventilation friction factors from low density 3D data acquired by a moving LiDAR

Ventilation system analysis for underground mines has remained mostly unchanged since the Atkinson method was made popular by Mc Elroy in 1935. Data available to ventilation technicians and engineers is typically limited to the quantity of air moving through any given heading. Because computer-aided modelling, simulation, and ventilation system design tools have improved, it is now important to ensure that developed models have the most accurate information possible. This paper presents a new technique for estimating underground drift friction factors that works by processing 3 D point cloud data obtained by using a mobile Li DAR. Presented are field results that compare the proposed approach with previously published algorithms, as well as with manually acquired measurements.

Friction factor correlation for airflow through broken rocks and its applications in mine ventilation

The Atkinson equation along with its friction factor is commonly used to estimate pressure requirement in mine ventilation.However,friction factor correlation of flow through broken rock,typically found in blasted stope,gob,rock pit or block caving rock deposits,etc.,is currently unavailable.Also,it is impractical to conduct direct measurements of flow resistance in an inaccessible broken rock zone.This paper aims to develop a new friction factor correlation of flow through broken rock that can be used directly in Atkinson equation.The proposed correlation is valid for broken rocks with diameter between 0.04 and 1.2 m and porosity ranging from 0.23 to 0.7.

Direct Calculation of Unsteady-State Weymouth Equations for Gas Volumetric Flow Rate with Different Friction Factors in Horizontal and Inclined Pipes

Direct calculations of unsteady-state Weymouth equations for gas volumetric flow rate occur more frequently in the design and operation analysis of natural gas systems. Most of the existing gas pipelines design procedures are based on a particular friction factor and steady-state flow analysis. This paper examined the behavior of different friction factors and the need to develop model analysis capable of calculating unsteady-state gas flow rate in horizontal and inclined pipes. The results show different variation in flow rate with Panhandle A and Panhandle B attaining stability in accurate time with initial unsteadiness at the instance of flow. Chen and Jain friction factors have opposition to flow with high flow rate: The prediction also reveals that Colebrook-White degenerated to Nikuradse friction factor at high Reynolds number. The horizontal and inclined flow equations are considerably enhanced on the usage of different friction factors with the aid of Matlab to handle these calculations.

Heat transfer and friction factor of Therminol liquid phase heat transfer fluid in a ribbed tube

Experiments and simulations on flow and heat transfer behavior of Therminol-55 liquid phase heat transfer fluid have been conducted in a ribbed tube with the outer diameter and inner diameter 25.0 and 20.0 mm,pitch and rib height of 4.5 and 1.0 mm.respectively.Experimental results show that the heat transfer and thermal performance of Therminol-55 liquid phase heat transfer fluid in the ribbed tube are considerably improved compared to those of the smooth tube.The Nusselt number increase with the increase of Reynolds number.The increase in heat transfer rate of the ribbed tube has a mean value of 2.24 times.Also,the pressure drop results reveal that the average friction factor of the ribbed tube is in a range of 2.4 and 2.8 times over the smooth tube.Numerical simulations of three-dimensional flow behavior of Therminol-55 liquid phase heat transfer fluid are carried out using three different turbulence models in the ribbed tube.The numerical results show that the heat transfer of ribbed tube is improved because vortices are generated behind ribs,which produce some disruptions to fluid flow and enhance heat transfer compared with smooth tube.The numerical results prove that the ribbed tube can improve heat transfer and fluid flow performances of Therminol liquid phase heat transfer fluid.

An Accurate and Computationally Efficient Explicit Friction Factor Model

The implicit Colebrook equation has been the standard for estimating pipe friction factor in a fully developed turbulent regime. Several alternative explicit models to the Colebrook equation have been proposed. To date, most of the accurate explicit models have been those with three logarithmic functions, but they require more computational time than the Colebrook equation. In this study, a new explicit non-linear regression model which has only two logarithmic functions is developed. The new model, when compared with the existing extremely accurate models, gives rise to the least average and maximum relative errors of 0.0025% and 0.0664%, respectively. Moreover, it requires far less computational time than the Colebrook equation. It is therefore concluded that the new explicit model provides a good trade-off between accuracy and relative computational efficiency for pipe friction factor estimation in the fully developed turbulent flow regime.

Investigation into the Computational Costs of Using Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing for the Optimization of Explicit Friction Factor Models

Research reports show that the accuracies of many explicit friction factor models, having different levels of accuracies and complexities, have been improved using genetic algorithm (GA), a global optimization approach. However, the computational cost associated with the use of GA has yet to be discussed. In this study, the parameters of sixteen explicit models for the estimation of friction factor in the turbulent flow regime were optimized using two popular global search methods namely genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA). Based on 1000 interval values of Reynolds number (Re) in the range of and 100 interval values of relative roughness () in the range of , corresponding friction factor (f) data were obtained by solving Colebrook-White equation using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. These data were then used to modify the parameters of the selected explicit models. Although both GA and SA led to either moderate or significant improvements in the accuracies of the existing friction factor models, SA outperforms the GA. Moreover, the SA requires far less computational time than the GA to complete the corresponding optimization process. It can therefore be concluded that SA is a better global optimizer than GA in the process of finding an improved explicit friction factor model as an alternative to the implicit Colebrook-White equation in the turbulent flow regime.

Development of Heat Transfer Coefficient and Friction Factor Correlations for Serrated Fins in Water Medium using CFD

Abstract： The most popularly used fin types in compact heat exchangers are the serrated fins, wavy fins, louvered fins and plain fins. Amongst these fin types the serrated fins assume lot of importance due to its enhanced thermo-hydraulic performance. Thermo-hydraulic design of CHEs （Compact heat exchangers） is strongly dependent upon the predicted/measured dimensionless performance （Colburnj factor and Fanning friction vs. Reynolds number） of heat transfer surfaces. This paper describes the numerical analysis to study the heat transfer coefficient and friction factor of Serrated fins in water medium. CFD （Computational fluid dynamics） methodology has been used to develop the single phase water heat transfer coefficient and friction factor correlations for serrated fins using ANSYS Fluent 14.5. The results are compared with previous air-cooled models and experimental results of water. The water cooled CFD analysis results shows that the Prandtl number has a large effect on the Nusselt number of the serrated fin geometry. Finally, the generalized correlations are developed for serrated fins taking all geometrical parameters into account. This numerical estimation can reduce the number of tests/experiments to a minimum for similar applications.

Developing Flow Pressure Drop and Friction Factor of Water in Copper Microchannels

Experiments of de-ionized water flowing in microchannels made in copper blocks were carried out to obtain pressure drop and friction factor and to investigate any possible discrepancies from conventional theory. Three channels with widths of 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.71 mm, a depth of 0.39 mm and a length of 62 mm were tested. For adiabatic tests, the temperature of the working fluid was maintained at 30 ℃, 60 ℃ and 90 ℃ without any heat fluxes supplied to the test section. The experimental conditions covered a range of Reynolds numbers from 234 to 3,430. For non-adiabatic tests, the inlet temperature and heat flux applied were 30 ℃ and 147 kW/m2 and only for the 0.635 mm channel. The friction factors obtained for the widest channel （Dh = 0.635 mm） are reported for both adiabatic and non-adiabatic experiments to assess possible temperature effects. The paper focuses on the effect of hydraulic diameter on pressure drop and friction factor over the experimental conditions. The pressure drop was found to decrease as the inlet temperature was increased, while the friction factors for the three test sections did not show significant differences. The experimental friction factors were in reasonable agreement with conventional developing flow theory. The effect of temperature on friction factor was not considerable as the friction factor with and without heat flux was almost the same.

Which Friction Factor Model Is the Best？ A Comparative Analysis of Model Selection Criteria

The ongoing research for model choice and selection has generated a plethora of approaches. With such a wealth of methods, it can be difficult for a researcher to know what model selection approach is the proper way to proceed to select the appropriate model for prediction. The authors present an evaluation of various model selection criteria from decision-theoretic perspective using experimental data to define and recommend a criterion to select the best model. In this analysis, six of the most common selection criteria, nineteen friction factor correlations, and eight sets of experimental data are employed. The results show that while the use of the traditional correlation coefficient, R2 is inappropriate, root mean square error, RMSE can be used to rank models, but does not give much insight on their accuracy. Other criteria such as correlation ratio, mean absolute error, and standard deviation are also evaluated. The AIC （Akaike Information Criterion） has shown its superiority to other selection criteria. The authors propose AIC as an alternative to use when fitting experimental data or evaluating existing correlations. Indeed, the AIC method is an information theory based, theoretically sound and stable. The paper presents a detailed discussion of the model selection criteria, their pros and cons, and how they can be utilized to allow proper comparison of different models for the best model to be inferred based on sound mathematical theory. In conclusion, model selection is an interesting problem and an innovative strategy to help alleviate similar challenges faced by the professionals in the oil and gas industry is introduced.

Pipes with Trapezoidal Cut Twisted Tape Inserts in the Laminar Flow Regime:Nusselt Number and Friction Coefficient Analysis

The thermal behavior of pipes with a twisted tape inside(used to enhance heat transfer through the tube wall)is studied in the laminar flow regime.Oil is used as the work fluid with the corresponding Reynolds Number spanning the interval 200–2000.It is found that in such conditions the‘Nusselt Number’(Nu)gradually increases with reducing the tape twist ratio,whereas the friction factor is detrimentally affected by the presence of the tape(as witnessed by the comparison with the companion case where a plain tube is considered).In particular,it is shown that the heat transfer efficiency can be improved by nearly 69%if tape inserts with a relatively low twist ratio are used.On the basis of these findings,it is concluded that loose fit tape inserts are superior to tight fit tapes in terms of heat transfer and ease of replacement.

The Influence of Friction Factor on the Convective and Radiative Heat Transfer in Inclined Cylindrical Annulus

The effect of friction factor on the unsteady state mixed convective-radiative heat transfer in an inclined cylindrical annulus is investigated from continuity, momentum and energy equations. The outer cylinder is kept at a constant temperature while the inner cylinder is heated with constant heat flux. The governing equations are normalized and solved using the vorticity-stream function and the BFC （body fitted coordinates） methods. The two heat transfer mechanisms of convection and radiation are treated independently and simultaneously. A computer program （Fortran 90） was built to calculate Nusselt number （Nu） and friction factorffor unsteady state condition for fluid Prandtl number fixed at （Pr = 0.7） （for air as working fluid） with radius ratio （/~ = 2.6）, Rayleigh number （0 〈 Ra 〈 103）, Reynolds number （50 〈 Re 〈 2,000）, conduction-radiation parameter （0 〈 N 〈 10）, optical thickness （0 〈 l＂ 〈 10） and different annulus inclination with horizontal plane （0~ _〈 d 〈 90~） for concentric cylindrical annulus. For the range of parameters considered, results show that radiation enhance heat transfer. It is also indicated in the results that as 3 increasefwill be decrease and also when Re increasefwill be decrease for any value of Ra causing increase in heat transfer. The maximum value off can be recognized at ~ = 90~ and the minimum value at 6 = 0~ for low Re. There is an optimum value of annulus inclination that gives maximum value of Nu, this maximum value appears at 90~ of annulus inclination comparison of the result with the previous work shows a good agreement.

Analysis of Friction and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Tubes with Trapezoidal Cut Twisted Tape Inserts

The thermo-hydraulic properties of circular tubes with a twisted tape inside(used accordingly to induce turbulence and enhance heat transfer through the tube wall)are described for Reynolds Numbers ranging from 830 to 1990.Tapes twisted with the three distinct twist ratios are considered,namely,6,4.4 and 3.Air is used as the working fluid in several tests.For the sake of comparison,the standard tube with no insert is also examined.It is shown that in the presence of the twisted tape,the‘frictional factor’,‘Nusselt Number’and the‘thermal performance factor’are much higher than those obtained for the plain tube.Moreover,the tapes having the lowest twist ratio,i.e.,3,are more effective than the others in terms of heat transfer augmentation.The‘thermal performance factor’is greater than one for all the twisted tapes used in the experiments,which confirms the enhanced performances of the heat exchanger and the related savings in terms of total energy.

多锥形摩擦副接合过程摩擦转矩特性研究

多锥形摩擦副是新型湿式离合器的关键部件,具有体积小、转矩传递性能好等优点.针对多锥形摩擦副的特殊构型,考虑油膜承载力、微凸体接触以及摩擦元件温升等因素,建立了接合过程中摩擦转矩的多物理场耦合数学模型并进行数值求解.计算得到的摩擦转矩与试验数据相比误差小于10%,仿真模型具有较高的准确性.基于该模型对不同加载压力和相对转速下的摩擦转矩特性进行了研究.此外,采用Box-Behnken Design试验设计,通过响应面分析得到锥面数量、锥形角度、锥形高度等锥形参数对摩擦转矩的影响规律.结果表明:摩擦转矩与加载压力呈正相关关系,当加载压力从0.1 MPa增加到0.2 MPa时,摩擦转矩峰值增大了102.2%;减小锥形角度的同时增大锥形数量可更有效地提高摩擦副的转矩传递能力,缩短同步时间.研究结果可为新型多锥形摩擦副的优化设计提供参考依据.

螺栓设计参数对连接状态的影响及轴向力可视化方法研究

螺栓结构的连接状态与轴向力密切相关,而轴向力受多因素的影响,在拧紧或者松动过程中不断变化且无法做到无传感器实时监测。首先,基于螺栓的外螺纹轮廓方程,建立了精细化的螺栓有限元模型。其次,基于此模型研究了螺纹接触面摩擦因数、牙型角、螺距对于螺栓预紧过程及松动过程的影响规律。最后,关联松动角度和轴向力,结合深度学习目标检测算法,将螺栓的轴向力信息可视化。研究结果表明:在拧紧和松动过程中,螺栓轴向力实现了可观和可控,同时螺栓在预紧相同角度的情况下,其轴向力随着螺距和牙型角的增大而增加;其预紧力矩随着螺纹接触面摩擦因数和螺距的增大而变大,但会随着牙型角的增大而变小。

超高压应力增塑镦粗变形坯料外形轮廓理论模型预测

对超高压应力增塑镦粗成形工艺下坯料的成形过程展开研究,从理论角度构建了坯料在超高压应力下的外形轮廓模型,可实现超高压应力下坯料的外形轮廓预测。利用ABAQUS软件建立了超高压应力增塑镦粗有限元模型,分析了摩擦力和超高压应力对理论模型预测精度的影响。通过实验得到的坯料外形轮廓对仿真模型进行了验证,进一步探讨了超高压应力对坯料变形均匀性的影响机理。研究结果表明,理论模型能够较好地预测不同摩擦力和超高压应力下坯料的外形轮廓变化,仿真和实验得到的外形轮廓吻合较好。与传统镦粗相比,在超高压应力作用下坯料的塑性和变形均匀性均得到显著提高。

基于PCA-BP神经网络的巷道通风摩擦阻力系数预测模型

根据实测巷道通风摩擦阻力系数数据的特点,建立了主成分分析PCA-BP神经网络预测模型。采用PCA法对影响巷道通风摩擦阻力系数的支护类型、断面形状、巷道宽、巷道高、支护部分周边长、巷道断面积和巷道长度7个因素进行降维。将降维后因素的贡献率进行排序筛选,得到3个主成分指标(F_(1)、F_(2)和F_(3)),作为BP神经网络输入层的神经元。利用实测数据对PCA-BP神经网络模型进行训练和测试,并将测试结果与支持向量机回归(SVM)模型和BP神经网络模型的测试结果进行对比,结果显示:全因素的BP神经网络预测模型和SVM预测模型的平均精度分别为92.9420%、93.0235%,而PCA-BP预测模型的平均精度达到了96.4325%。PCA-BP神经网络模型不但简化了网络结构,更提高了网络的泛化能力,使预测误差更小、精度更高,为更准确地获得巷道通风摩擦阻力系数提供了一种有效的方法。

微织构排布方式对水润滑轴承启停过程摩擦学性能的影响

梯度排布微织构在提升水润滑轴承摩擦学性能方面具有显著效果,然而梯度排布微织构在水润滑轴承中的应用仍缺乏系统性研究。为了探究梯度排布微织构对水润滑轴承启停过程摩擦学性能的影响,基于Greenwood-Tripp微凸体接触模型、Archard磨损模型求解轴瓦表面的磨损量。通过CFT-I材料表面性能综合测试仪对CNC雕刻机加工的织构化表面进行水润滑条件下的摩擦学试验研究。针对光滑、单一圆形织构、圆形与三角形以轴向交错平行■和周向交错平行分布(1212)方式梯度排布的表面,测量各个表面的磨损量和摩擦因数。通过立体显微镜、扫描电子显微镜对摩擦磨损试验前后的表面形貌和摩擦因数进行分析。数值模拟和试验结果显示,与光滑表面和单一织构化表面相比,梯度排布微织构化表面磨损量和摩擦因数显著降低;圆形与三角形以■方式的梯度排布微织构化表面摩擦学性能最佳,接触表面磨损量最小、表面摩擦因数最低。梯度排布微织构在流体润滑过程中相互影响,可以起到提高轴承表面举升力,减少表面接触,降低表面磨损和摩擦因数的作用。研究不同形状、排布方式下梯度排布微织构化表面的磨损量和摩擦因数的变化规律,可为舰船装备水润滑轴承研制阶段主动设计提供理论基础。

混合动力汽车湿式离合器摩擦副温度场及其影响因素研究

热失效是混合动力汽车湿式离合器发生故障的主要原因之一。摩擦副滑摩过程中具有高度非线性,同时摩擦副温度场受到多个参数影响。为深入研究混合动力汽车离合器摩擦副温度场分布情况,通过搭建混合动力汽车离合器热结构耦合分析模型,对滑摩过程进行仿真计算。在此基础上,深入研究初始转速、接合油压、对偶钢片厚度和摩擦衬片材料等因素对摩擦副温度场的影响。