Enterogenic Stenotrophomonas maltophilia migrates to the mammary gland to induce mastitis by activating the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway

Background Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland that has serious economic impacts on the dairy industry and endangers food safety.Our previous study found that the body has a gut/rumen-mammary gland axis and that disturbance of the gut/rumen microbiota could result in‘gastroenterogenic mastitis'.However,the mechanism has not been fully clarified.Recently,we found that long-term feeding of a high-concentrate diet induced mastitis in dairy cows,and the abundance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia(S.maltophilia)was significantly increased in both the rumen and milk microbiota.Accordingly,we hypothesized that‘gastroenterogenic mastitis'can be induced by the migration of endogenous gut bacteria to the mammary gland.Therefore,this study investigated the mechanism by which enterogenic S.maltophilia induces mastitis.Results First,S.maltophilia was labelled with superfolder GFP and administered to mice via gavage.The results showed that treatment with S.maltophilia promoted the occurrence of mastitis and increased the permeability of the blood-milk barrier,leading to intestinal inflammation and intestinal leakage.Furthermore,tracking of ingested S.maltophilia revealed that S.maltophilia could migrate from the gut to the mammary gland and induce mastitis.Subsequently,mammary gland transcriptome analysis showed that the calcium and AMPK signalling pathways were significantly upregulated in mice treated with S.maltophilia.Then,using mouse mammary epithelial cells(MMECs),we verified that S.maltophilia induces mastitis through activation of the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway.Conclusions In conclusion,the results showed that enterogenic S.maltophilia could migrate from the gut to the mammary gland via the gut-mammary axis and activate the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway to induce mastitis.Targeting the gut-mammary gland axis may also be an effective method to treat mastitis.

Prevalence of Mastitis and Associated Risk Factors in Lactating Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) on Dairy Farms in Benadir Region, Somalia

The study took a comprehensive approach to understanding mastitis in lactating camels, a disease that significantly impacts milk quantity and quality. This complex and multifactorial disease poses a significant challenge to dairy camel farming, particularly in Somalia. The studys objective was to determine the prevalence of mastitis and the risk factors associated with it among lactating camels on dairy farms in Benadir, Somalia. To achieve this, a cross-sectional study was conducted from May to September 2022 in the Benadir region of Somalia. A total of 96 lactating camels underwent examination using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) to identify clinical and subclinical mastitis cases. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 20 farm employees/owners to gather information on hygiene practices, parity, lactation stage, tick infestation, and the presence of udder/teat lesions. Data regarding parity and lactation stage were obtained through owner interviews. The data collected on specifically designed forms were recorded and entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for analysis using SPSS version 20 statistical software, ensuring a comprehensive and reliable analysis of the data. The studys findings revealed a significant prevalence of camel mastitis, with 34.4% (33/96) of lactating camels affected and clinical and subclinical cases constituting 5.2% and 29.2%, respectively. Quarter-level prevalence was 46.3%, with clinical and subclinical mastitis at 4.7% and 41.6%, respectively. The study also identified significant associations (P < 0.05) among risk factors such as stage of lactation, parity, and age, indicating a higher susceptibility to mastitis in older camels during early lactation compared to those in late lactation and younger camels. These findings underscore the crucial role of inadequate hygienic conditions on camel farms and udder tick infestations in driving the elevated prevalence of mastitis, highlighting the need for improved management practices in dairy farming in Benadir, Somalia. Effective interventions, including improved management practices and extension services, are essential to reduce the burden of mastitis in dairy camels.

Granulomatous mastitis in a 50-year-old male:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Granulomatous mastitis(GM)an inflammatory disease of the breast that usually affects women of childbearing age,occurs very rarely in males.CASE SUMMARY We present a case study of a 50-year-old male patient with GM.The patient developed a breast lump following the cleaning of a previously embedded dirtfilled nipple.While an initial improvement was noted with antibiotic therapy,a recurrence occurred a year later,showing resistance to the previously effective antibiotics.Subsequently,the lesion was excised.The histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of GM.CONCLUSION GM should be considered a possible diagnosis of male breast masses.

Research Progress of Zhuang Medicine Combined with Nanogels in Mastitis

Mastitis is a common and frequently-occurring disease among Chinese women, which seriously harms their mental and physical health. External application of Zhuang medicine has the effects of dredging collaterals, relieving pain, promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, and softening hardness to dissipate stagnation, and show definite curative effect in preventing and treating breast diseases. Nano-composite hydrogels have the advantages of small toxic and side effects, high bioavailability, high targeting and controllable drug release. Therefore, this paper summarized and analyzed relevant literature of Zhuang medicine in treating breast diseases and clinical research of nanogels, providing new ideas and scientific basis for the treatment of mastitis with Zhuang medicine combined with nanogels.

Psychological experience of breastfeeding among primiparous women with lactating mastitis:A qualitative research

Objective:The objective of this study is to comprehensively understand the psychological experience of primiparous women during breastfeeding while dealing with lactating mastitis and to establish a reliable foundation for tailored support measures.Methods:Twenty primiparous mothers from a tertiary hospital in Beijing between January and March 2023 were chosen using purposive sampling for semi-structured interviews.After conducting 20 interviews,data saturation was achieved.The Colaizzi’s seven-step analytical approach was employed to analyze,summarize,and refine the identified themes.Results:Among primiparous women afflicted by lactating mastitis,the primary themes regarding breastfeeding attitudes included three key aspects:(1)uncertainty during the initial diagnosis phase,(2)intricate emotional journey during treatment,and(3)positive psychological outlook during the recovery stage.Conclusion:Primiparous women undergoing lactating mastitis experience substantial physical and psychological strain.It is crucial for medical personnel,family caregivers,and society at large to be attuned to the emotions of these patients.Tailored support measures should be offered to enhance patients’physical and mental well-being and facilitate disease recovery.

Correlation Between Granulomatous Mastitis and Autoimmune Function and the Immuneregulating Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Granulomatous mastitis(GM)is a benign granulomatous condition,and its pathogenesis may be related to autoimmune disorders.Cellular immunity,humoral immunity,immunoglobulins,and complement could all play a role in the disease process,showing certain clinical patterns.Corticosteroids can quickly control disease progression,and immunosuppressants can be used for complex and refractory GM cases.In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),“healthy qi”is similar to immune system function.For GM with deficient healthy qi,TCM treatments such as internal and external herbal applications can help regulate immune function and shorten disease duration by staged and TCM treatment,regulating viscera,reinforcing healthy qi,and eliminating pathogenic factors.

Granulomatous lobular mastitis treated by a combined internal and external treatment of traditional Chinese medicine:A case report

BACKGROUND Granulomatous lobular mastitis(GLM)is a rare benign inflammatory disease of the breast and is classified under comedo mastitis in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).The etiology of this disease is unknown,and it mainly occurs in women of childbearing age.The diagnosis depends on histopathological biopsy.At present,there is no systematic and standardized treatment plan for GLM.In the absence of evidence supporting an infectious etiology,affected patients might continue to receive multiple courses of antibiotics and unnecessary surgery.CASE SUMMARY A 37-year-old Chinese woman with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 infection presented with swelling and pain in the left breast.She also had erythema,nodules in the lower extremities,arthritis in both knees,cough,and headache.In the early stage of GLM,the mass was not significantly reduced by conservative treatment with internal application of TCM;hence,surgical treatment was carried out.The aim of postoperative treatment was to drain the pus,eliminate the necrosed tissue,and expand the muscles;fumigation and washing using TCM was applied.CONCLUSION Combined internal and external treatment with TCM,following the principle of“Prioritize internal treatment before ulceration and emphasize external treatment after ulceration”was effective in our patient with GLM.The prognosis was good.We believe that TCM offered valuable therapeutic benefits in this disease.

Value of identifying and diagnosing mammary carcinoma and non-lactation mastitis lump by color Doppler ultrasonography

Objective: To evaluate the value of identifying and diagnosing mammary carcinoma and non-lactation mastitis lump (NLM) by multicolor Doppler ultrasonography. Methods: We compared and analyzed the examination results of 69 cases of mammary carcinoma proved by surgical pathology and 22 cases of NLM before surgery by multicolor Doppler ultra-sonography. Results: The detection rates of mammary carcinoma and NLM focus by ultrasonic examining were 100%. The shape, envelope, foul line, blood stream between sound and image of two diseases were similar. Of the two diseases, the representation with slight calcification in lump, lower echo in low echo, bloodstream distribution and resistance were different. Conclusion: By analyzing the sound and image representation of mammary lump, we find color Doppler ultrasonography has significant value in identifying and diagnosing mammary carcinoma and non-lactation mastitis lump.

Genetic Polymorphism of TLR4 Gene and Correlation with Mastitis in Cattle

Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4） recognizes pathogen ligands and mediates signaling to initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. In this experiment, a 316 bp and 382 bp fragments of TLR4 gene named T4CRBR1 and T4CRBR2, of Chinese Holstein, Sanhe cattle, and Chinese Simmental was amplified by polymerase chain reaction （PCR）, respectively. The genetic polymorphisms in the three populations were detected by Single-Strand Conformational Polymorphism （SSCP） in the first locus and by digesting the fragments with restriction endonuclease Alu I in the second one. Results showed that both alleles （A and B） of two loci were found in all the three populations and the value of polymorphism information content （PIC） indicated that these were a moderate polymorphism. Statistical results of X^2 test indicated that two polymorphism sites in the three populations fitted with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium （P 〉 0.05）. After sequencing, A-G single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） was identified at nucleotide 4,525 in intron 1 of TLR4 gene and C-T SNP was identified at nucleotide 1,397 in exon 3 of TLR4 gene. Meanwhile, the effect of polymorphism of TLR4 gene on somatic cell score （SCS） was analyzed, the results indicated that the cattle with allele A in T4CRBR1 showed lower somatic cell score than that of allele B （P 〈 0.05）. In short, the allele A might play an important role in mastiffs resistance in bovine.

Drug Sensitive Test on Main Pathogenic Bacteria of Cow Recessiveness Mastitis Using Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation “Zengrujianniusan”

According to the theory of Chinese veterinary medicine and characteristics of Chinese herbal medicine, four different preparations of compound Chinese medicine ＂Zengrujianniusan＂ were composed, and the prepared water decoction was used to carry on the bacteriostatic test on main pathogens of cow recessiveness mastitis. The results showed that the four different prescriptions of water decoction all had antibacterial effects. The prescription 3 was sensitive to Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae, while the other three prescriptions showed high sensitivity, and the prescription 3 had the strongest bacteriostatic effects.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Yeast Mastitis in Dairy Cattle

[Objective] Study on the yeast mastitis in dairy cattle cases which have been ineffectively treated by multiple antibiotics through traditional Chinese medicine prescription. [ Method] The isolated pathogenic fungi from milk were used for drug sensitivity testing and the ones proved were clinically treated by self-made traditional Chinese medicine prescription ＂Ruxiaotang＂. [ Result] 19 cases of 20 selected dairy cattle cases were diagnosed as yeast mastitis and cured with the except of a Candida tropicalis case. [ Conclusion] The results provide a new reference for curing yeast mastitis.

Aetiology of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a rare chronic inflammatory lesion of the breast that can clinically and radiographically mimic breast carcinoma. The most common clinical presentation is an unilateral, discrete breast mass, nipple retraction and even a sinus formation often associated with an inflammation of the overlying skin. The etiology of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is still obscure. Its treatment remains controversial. The cause may be the autoimmune process, infection, a chemical reaction associated with oral contraceptive pills, or even lactation. Various factors, including hormonal imbalance, autoimmunity, unknown microbiological agents, smoking and α 1-antitrypsin deficiency have been suggested to play a role in disease aetiology. In this review, causing factors in the aetiology of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis are reviewed in detail.

Management of granulomatous lobular mastitis: an international multidisciplinary consensus(2021 edition)

Granulomatous lobular mastitis(GLM) is a rare and chronic benign inflammatory disease of the breast. Difficulties exist in the management of GLM for many front-line surgeons and medical specialists who care for patients with inflammatory disorders of the breast. This consensus is summarized to establish evidence-based recommendations for the management of GLM. Literature was reviewed using PubMed from January 1, 1971 to July 31, 2020. Sixty-six international experienced multidisciplinary experts from 11 countries or regions were invited to review the evidence.Levels of evidence were determined using the American College of Physicians grading system, and recommendations were discussed until consensus. Experts discussed and concluded 30 recommendations on historical definitions,etiology and predisposing factors, diagnosis criteria, treatment, clinical stages, relapse and recurrence of GLM. GLM was recommended as a widely accepted definition. In addition, this consensus introduced a new clinical stages and management algorithm for GLM to provide individual treatment strategies. In conclusion, diagnosis of GLM depends on a combination of history, clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, laboratory examinations and pathology.The approach to treatment of GLM should be applied according to the different clinical stage of GLM. This evidencebased consensus would be valuable to assist front-line surgeons and medical specialists in the optimal management of GLM.

Granulomatous lobular mastitis secondary to Mycobacterium fortuitum

Granulomatous lobular mastitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast of unknown etiology. Most present as breast masses in women of child-bearing age. A 29-year-old female presented with a swollen, firm and tender right breast, initially misdiagnosed as mastitis. Core needle biopsy revealed findings consistent with granulomatous lobular mastitis, and cultures were all negative for an infectious etiology. She was started on steroid therapy to which she initially responded well. A few weeks later she deteriorated and was found to have multiple breast abscesses. She underwent operative drainage and cultures grew Mycobacterium fortuitum. Granulomatous lobular mastitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast. The definitive diagnose entails a biopsy. Other causes of chronic or granulomatous mastitis should be ruled out, including atypical or rare bacteria such as Mycobacterium fortuitum. This is the first reported case of granulomatous mastitis secondary to Mycobacterium fortuitum. With pathologic confirmation of granulomatous mastitis, an infectious etiology must be ruled out. Atypical bacteria such as Mycobacterium fortuitum may not readily grow on cultures, as with our case. Medical management is appropriate, with surgical excision reserved for refractory cases or for drainage of abscesses.

Genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis cases in Northwest China

Staphylococcus aureus is the most common etiological pathogen of bovine mastitis. The resistant strains make the disease difficult to cure. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic nature of the antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus cultured from bovine mastitis in Northwest China in 2014. A total of 44 S. aureus were isolated for antimicrobial resistance and resistance-related genes. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by disc diffusion and the corresponding resistance genes were detected by PCR. Phenotype indicated that S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin （84.09%）, erythromycin （20.45%）, tetracycline （15.91%）, gentamicin （9.09%）, tobramycin （6.82%）, kanamycin （6.82%） and methicillin （2.27%）. 9.09% of the S. aureus isolates were classified as multidrug resistant. In addition, genotypes showed that the isolates were resistant to rifampicin （100%, rpoB）, penicillin （95.45%, blaZ）, tetracycline （22.73%, tetK, tetM, alone or in combination）, erythromycin （22.73%, ermB or ermC）, gentamicin/tobramycin/kanamycin （2.27%, aacA-aphD）, methicillin （2.27%, mecA） and vancomycin （2.27%, vanA）. Resistance to tetracycline was attributed to the genes tetK and tetM （r=0.558, P〈0.001）. This study noted high-level geno- and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis cases in Northwest China.

Month-Wise Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows in Guangdong Province,China

To evaluate the month-wise prevalence of subclinical mastitis （SM） and its relations with climatic temperature and humidity, and to provide references for control and prevention of mastitis in dairy cows in Guangdong, China, California mastitis test method was used to determine the monthly prevalence of SM （MPSM, %） of lactating Holstein cows from 11 dairy farms in Guangdong Province, China, including about 516 cows per monthly examination. The average MPSM on a cow and a quarter basis were 30 and 13% respectively, and there was a positive linear correlation between monthly mean air temperature （MT, °C） and MPSM on a cow basis （r=0.763, P=0.004） or a quarter basis （r=0.577, P=0.049）, but there were no correlations between MT and MPSM on a cow or a quarter basis （P〉0.05）. There was a shift in MPSM trend that the highest MPSM （38.4%） was not for the hottest July with MT at 30.8°C, but for the later September at 27.9°C. The farms need to develop new housing conditions to control cowshed temperatures in the hot season to reduce the mastitis prevalences in the post-hot months.

Polysaccharide Nucleic Acid of Bacillus Calmette Guerin Modulates Th1/Th2 Cytokine Gene Expression in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mastitis in Rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate, in rats, the changes in the T helper type 1（Th1）/Th2 radio in mammary glands after an intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide （LPS） and to characterize the moderating effects of the polysaccharide nucleic acid of Bacillus Calmette Guerin （BCG-PSN） on the mammary gland. In the control group, the levels of IL-2 and INF-7 mRNA expression increased, whereas IL-4 mRNA expression decreased after LPS challenge. As a consequence, the INF-γ/IL-4 mRNA ratio was significantly higher at 3, 6, and 9 h post-infusion （PI） compared to the control value （0 h; P〈0.01）. BCG-PSN increased mRNA expression of both INF-γ and IL-4 before infusion of LPS. LPS challenge significantly the reduced Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio due to Thl cytokine IFN-γ suppression and Th2 cytokine IL-4 upregulation compared with the control group. A significant reduction of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase （NAGase） was observed at 24 h PI in the BCG-PSN treatment group compared to the control group （P〈 0.05）. Thus, it was demonstrated that level of BCG-PSN might change the Th1/Th2 ratio mainly by enhancing the Th2 immune response. This is the first report of a Th1/Th2 change induced by coliform mastitis and characterization of the effect of BCG-PSN on mammary gland inflammation. This study makes a better understanding of the mechanisms of coliform mastitis and provides a putative novel strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of mastitis.

ANALYSIS ON THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE MASTITIS WITH ACUPOINT LIEQUE

Remarkable curative effects were obtained in the treatment of acute mastitiswith acupoint Lieque(LU 7).202 cases out of 230 patients were cured and 20 cases were basicallycured,occupying 96.4％of the total.The manipulation was simple and easy to master.The crux layin controlling the time of treatment.The shorter the course of the disease,the better the curative ef-feet.The cure rate was 51.5％after one treatment if the patients were treated within 24 hours of theoccurrence of the disease.

In-vitro antimicrobial activity screening of some ethnoveterinary medicinal plants traditionally used against mastitis,wound and gastrointestinal tract complication in Tigray Region,Ethiopia

Objective:To screen the antibacterial activity of nine ethnoveterinary plants traditionally used for the treatment of mastitis,wound and gastrointestinal complications.Methods:Hydroalcoholic exctracts of medicinal plants namely,Achyranthes aspera(A.aspera) L.(Family Asparagaceae),Ficus caria(F.caria)(Family Moraceae).Malvi parviflora(M.parviflora)(Family Malvaceae),Vernonia species(V.species) docal name Alakit.Family Asteraceae),Solatium hastifolium(S.hastifolium)(Family Solanaceae),Calpurinia aurea(C.aurea)(Ait) Benth(Family Fabaceae),Nicotiana tabacum(N.tabacum) L.(Family Solanaceae),Ziziphus spina-christi(Z.spina-christi)(Family Rhamnaceae).Croton macroslachys(C.macrostachys)(Family Fuphorhiaceae).were screened against clinical bacterial isolates of veterinary importance from October 2007 to April2009.The antibacterial activity was tested using disc diffusion at two concentrations(200 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL) and broth dilution methods using 70%methanol macerated leal extracts.Results:With the exception ol S.hastifolium all plant extracts exhibited antibacterial activity.Among the medicinal plants tested C.aurea.C.macrostachyus,A.aspera,N.tabacum and vcrnonia species(Alakit) showed the most promising antimicrobial properties.Conclusions:It can be concluded that many of the tested plants have antibacterial activity and supports the traditional usage of the plants for mastitis,wound and gastrointestinal complications treatment.Further studies into their toxicity and phytochemistry is advocated.

Management and prevention of mastitis:A multifactorial approach with a focus on milking,bedding and data-management

Mastitis is a complex, multifactorial disease. Pathogens, cows and farmers （via management） all play a role. It is costly and annoying for the farmer and threatens the image of the entire dairy industry. Prevention and control of mastitis is based on multiple principles that have been known for a long time. To implement them successfully, they should be put forward by a motivated and motivating advisor that transfers the existing knowledge to the farmer. When the changes are data-driven, applied by an encouraged farmer through a farm-specific implementation, prevention and control of mastitis will be successful and result in happy cows, happy farmers, happy advisors, happy consumers, and a happy industry. Nationwide projects focussing on communication and transfer of existing knowledge in prevention and control are very helpful in reaching high numbers of farmers and advisors and harmonizing the message brought by different parties. This paper gives an overview of multifactorial approach of mastitis management and prevention with a focus on milking, bedding and data-analysis.