6A01-T5铝合金/304不锈钢的缝隙腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究6A01-T5铝合金和304不锈钢异种金属间的缝隙腐蚀行为规律。方法 采用常温常压浸泡腐蚀方法,结合SEM、EDS、XRD和白光干涉检测,对6A01-T5铝合金/304不锈钢缝隙结构在碱性Na Cl溶液中的腐蚀行为进行研究。结果 6A01-T5铝合金/304不锈钢缝隙腐蚀表现为在缝口处产生沿缝口方向的凹陷渠,在缝内,以局部减薄和腐蚀坑为主,并随着腐蚀时间的延长,腐蚀程度逐渐加重。不同区域腐蚀产物的形貌和成分组成不尽相同,缝外暴露区的腐蚀产物表现为晶体颗粒状,主要成分为Ca CO3和Al(OH)3等铝的腐蚀产物。缝口附近沿缝口方向形成一层有明显界线的腐蚀产物覆盖层,缝隙内部的腐蚀产物相对较少,表现为尺寸相对较小的结块,主要成分为Al(OH)3等铝的腐蚀产物。结论 在6A01-T5铝合金与304不锈钢非电连接情况下,6A01-T5铝合金/304不锈钢缝隙内2种金属分别独立发生缝隙腐蚀,因2种金属在腐蚀过程中争夺O2,使得304不锈钢对6A01-T5铝合金的缝隙腐蚀起到抑制作用。

Investigation of high rate mechanical flow followed by ignition for high-energy propellant under dynamic extrusion loading

Investigating the ignition response of nitrate ester plasticized polyether(NEPE) propellant under dynamic extrusion loading is of great significant at least for two cases. Firstly, it helps to understand the mechanism and conditions of unwanted ignition inside charged propellant under accident stimulus.Secondly, evaluates the risk of a shell crevice in a solid rocket motor(SRM) under a falling or overturning scene. In the present study, an innovative visual crevice extrusion experiment is designed using a dropweight apparatus. The dynamic responses of NEPE propellant during extrusion loading, including compaction and compression, rapid shear flow into the crevice, stress concentration, and ignition reaction, have been firstly observed using a high-performance high-speed camera. The ignition reaction is observed in the triangular region of the NEPE propellant sample above the crevice when the drop weight velocity was 1.90 m/s. Based on the user material subroutine interface UMAT provided by finite element software LS-DYNA, a viscoelastic-plastic model and dual ignition criterion related to plastic shear dissipation are developed and applied to the local ignition response analysis under crevice extrusion conditions. The stress concentration occurs in the crevice location of the propellant sample, the shear stress is relatively large, the effective plastic work is relatively large, and the ignition reaction is easy to occur. When the sample thickness decreases from 5 mm to 2.5 mm, the shear stress increases from 22.3 MPa to 28.6 MPa, the critical value of effective plastic work required for ignition is shortened from 1280 μs to 730 μs, and the triangular area is easily triggering an ignition reaction. The propellant sample with a small thickness is more likely to stress concentration, resulting in large shear stress and effective work, triggering an ignition reaction.

钢轨轨底上表面缝隙腐蚀研究现状

在潮湿的环境中,铁路系统中的轨底上表面和绝缘轨距块之间容易发生缝隙腐蚀,这种现象导致轨底逐渐变薄,造成严重的安全隐患。目前缝隙腐蚀研究主要涉及螺栓螺母、边缘板等异形结构,而对轨底上表面与绝缘轨距块之间的缝隙腐蚀的研究报道较少。对轨底上表面的缝隙腐蚀现象进行深入分析,探讨了现阶段轨底上表面缝隙腐蚀的产生和机械辅助缝隙腐蚀机制、相关的检测技术和方法以及防护措施的研究现状。

某核电厂发电机定子水冷却器盲板缝隙腐蚀原因分析及解决措施

某核电站大修时的腐蚀检查,发现发电机定子水冷却器的盲板存在腐蚀问题。本文从腐蚀形貌和耐蚀性能两个方面对盲板的腐蚀原因进行了分析,得出结论是由于发电机定子水冷却器盲板的材质为304不锈钢,而304不锈钢在海水环境下,耐腐蚀性能不佳,导致盲板发生了缝隙腐蚀。针对盲板缝隙腐蚀问题,本文提出了相应的解决措施,以有效解决问题并确保设备的正常运行,为核电站发电设备的维护和管理提供了参考。

增材制造Ti6Al4V合金的闪速等离子体电解氧化与在生理介质中的电化学行为

研究激光粉末床熔融增材制造(AM)(又称直接金属激光烧结)技术制备的Ti6Al4V合金等离子体电解氧化(PEO)处理及其电化学行为。通过短时间(<120 s)PEO处理(也称闪速PEO),在AM合金和传统合金表面制备了3~10μm厚、含Ca和P的涂层。然后在改良的α-MEM溶液中,通过动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)评估了合金的电化学行为。与传统合金相比,AM合金中形成了细小的层片状α显微组织和层间小尺寸的β相颗粒,这促使了火花的产生,从而促进了PEO涂层的生长。闪速PEO涂层提高了传统合金和AM合金的耐腐蚀性,最薄的涂层(<3μm)提供了高达3倍的保护。AM Ti6Al4V由于其高的晶界密度,易受局部缝隙腐蚀的影响。而即使短至35 s的闪速PEO处理也足以成功避免这种情况。

电真空器件隙缝腔零件微细加工技术工艺研究

针对G波段分布作用速调管中关键零件隙缝腔零件的高精度设计要求开展微细加工技术研究。基于现有加工经验及加工设备条件,通过创新性的工艺设计、结合大量工艺试验探索,突破了微小尺寸、超高精度零件的精密加工技术,满足了毫米波及太赫兹电真空器件中关键零部件的制造需求,提升了高频段电真空器件制造技术水平。

Pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion behaviors of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels

Pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion behaviors of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels （HNSS） were investigated by electrochemical and immersion testing methods in chloride solution, respectively. The chemical constitution and composition in the depth of passive films formed on HNSS were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectrum （XPS）. HNSS has excellent pitting and crevice corrosion resistance compared to 316L stainless steel. With increasing the nitrogen content in steels, pitting potentials and critical pitting temperature （CPT） increase, and the maximum, average pit depths and average weight loss decrease. The CPT of HNSS is correlated with the alloying element content through the measure of alloying for resistance to corrosion （MARC）. The MARC can be expressed as an equation of CPT=2.55MARC-29. XPS results show that HNSS exhibiting excellent corrosion resistance is attributed to the enrichment of nitrogen on the surface of passive films, which forms ammonium ions increasing the local pH value and facilitating repassivation, and the synergistic effects of molybdenum and nitrogen.

Numerical Simulation for Crevice Corrosion of 304 Stainless Steel in Sodium Chloride Solution

The authors presented a mechanistic model describing the chemical reactions within a corroded thin, narrow crevice. In the mathematical model, a two-dimensional steady-state was used to predict the crevice pH profile by taking into account dissolved oxygen and hydrogen ions within the crevice. It consists of six parallel electrochemical reactions： multi anodic reactions（Fe, Cr, Ni dissolution reactions） and three cathodic reactions（the oxygen reduction, the hydrogen reaction and water dissociation）. Current density distribution and oxygen concentration distribution were determined to be corresponding to the evolution of potential distribution within the crevice. The contribution of each metal reaction to the overall corrosion process was in proportion to the mole fraction, and the simulation pro vided a good agreement with published experimental results for the crevice corrosion of stainless steel in sodium chloride solution.

The Relationship between Shell Morphology and Crevice Size Affecting Retreat Selection of the Keeled Box Turtle(Cuora mouhotii)

Rock crevices are important retreat sites for many reptiles.Unlike lizards and snakes,crevicedwelling turtles have rigid shells which severely limit the size and shape of crevices they are able to use.Few studies have addressed the relationship between turtle's shell morphology,behavior,and crevice size.Here,we investigate the relationship between morphology and crevice size selection in the Keeled box turtle(Cuora mouhotii).We radio tracked turtles in the field to document crevice dimensions and turtle behavior associated with crevices,and we conducted a controlled experiment in the lab to understand how a turtle's morphology influences its decision to select crevices with different dimensions.Both laboratory and field experiments demonstrate that turtles select deep and moderately wide crevices that are low enough to barely accommodate the carapace.Crevices used by turtles tend to be about 2 times as wide,1.2 times as high,and 3 times longer than the turtle's shell.Moreover,turtles tended to prefer crevices with horizontal openings in the field and position themselves head first in the crevice.We conclude that morphology,especially carapace height,influences the Keeled box turtles' decision to select specific sizes of crevice.We argue that the tendency for turtles to select crevices that come into contact with their carapace contributes to successful defense against predators,as it would be more difficult for a predator to remove a turtle when the crevice is nearly touching the turtles shell.

The Crevice Corrosion of 316<i>L SS</i>Alloy in NaCl Solution at Different Applied Potentials

316L SS alloy was tested under different applied potentials to study the susceptibility of this alloy to crevice corrosion. XPS measurements have been carried out to detect and define the products which formed on the surface of 316L SS in 3.5% NaCl at room temperature at applied potential = 200 mVSCE. The formation of Fe, Cr and Mo compounds were found, and these compounds play a great role in protecting the alloy which was found. The boundaries of the corroded area under washer teeth are in agreement with IR drop. The potentiodynamic technique is also studied to examine the overall corrosion behavior of 316L SS.

Hard Foulers Induced Crevice Corrosion of HSLA Steel in the Coastal Waters of the Gulf of Mannar (Bay of Bengal), India

In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the relationship between the variations in the fouling assemblage and corrosion behaviour of HSLA steel at three coastal locations in the Gulf of Mannar, India, over a period of 24 months. Oyster fouling was dominant in the Tuticorin open sea, while barnacles were the major foulants in the Tuticorin harbour and Mandapam. The fouling load in the Tuticorin waters was higher when compared to the Mandapam waters. The corrosion rates decreased progressively with the immersion time at all three test locations. In the Tuticorin open sea, the corrosion rates were higher when compared to the other two locations throughout the study period. The surface of the coupons was characterized by crevices beneath the hard foulers in the Tuticorin harbour and Mandapam, whereas in the Tuticorin open sea, the coupons experienced crevices of a tunneling nature. The percentage of the loss of the tensile strength increased with time at all the test locations.

Optimal Placement of Reclosers to Minimize Power Losses during Non-Load Bearing Disturbances in a Power Distribution Using Firefly Algorithm

The research reported in this paper focuses on non-technical power loss reduction for power distribution systems. Such reduction of costs of energy not served (ENS.COST), is intelligently evaluated and optimized using a firefly algorithm, from where savings of 43.3% on energy not served are achieved.

公共阐释论的演变、张力和裂痕

在《公共阐释论》一文中,张江针对公共阐释论提出了新概念,推进了中国阐释学的体系构建,展开了对当前现实文化的新批判。这种演变是公共阐释论走向成熟的标志,同时也标志着中国阐释学的新发展。张江的公共阐释论内含人文性与科学性、非理性与理性以及个体性与公共性之间的辩证张力,从而具有合法性、包容性和阐释力,但其中内含的某些裂痕尚需进一步加以弥补。

碳钢在模拟油田采出液中的缝隙腐蚀行为及机理研究

为研究Q235碳钢在不同缝隙宽度和环境温度下的缝隙腐蚀行为和机理,采用丝束电极(WBE)技术和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)技术分别研究了丝束电极的电流密度、极化电阻和腐蚀形貌的差异。结果表明:当缝隙宽度大于0.1 mm时,缝隙腐蚀特征不明显。当缝隙宽度为0.1 mm时,碳钢在25,40,60℃环境下浸泡初期的最大电流密度差值分别为1.24,19.90,7.20μA/cm^(2),浸泡72 h后最大电流密度差值分别仅为浸泡初期的41.9%、4.2%、11.9%。此外缝隙内外均发生电流的极性转换现象,说明Q235碳钢随浸泡时间的延长,逐渐由局部腐蚀向均匀腐蚀转变。升高温度增大了发生缝隙腐蚀的趋势,缝隙外的腐蚀最严重的原因是浸泡时间不够以及溶液电阻降的增加。FeOOH参与阴极反应导致电极由阳极转变为阴极,而金属的溶解反应导致电极阴极向阳极的转换。

城市夹缝植物多样性分析与应用建议——以合肥市和广州市为例

城市荒野作为城市生态系统中最为自然的一部分,其形式多样、生境类型繁多,夹缝便是其中的一个微型生境种类。为更好地挖掘城市荒野的潜能、实现生态文明建设,研究以安徽省合肥市和广东省广州市的夹缝植物为例,通过对两地夹缝植物的秩多度曲线陡度、多样性、均匀性和相似度系数进行计算,得出结论:(1)合肥市和广州市夹缝植物的种-科、种-属和属-科的秩多度曲线均呈反J型,均符合倒数模型;(2)合肥市夹缝植物的科、属、种之间分布不均匀,且与广州市夹缝植物的科、属、种之间分布的均匀性相差较大;(3)两地夹缝植物的科类相似,但属和种的相似度较低,且物种差异性较大。

7B04铝合金及其螺接件的微观腐蚀机制及耐久性研究

目的 以飞机结构用7B04高强铝合金及其螺接件为实验对象,通过室内加速腐蚀试验模拟试样在南海海洋大气环境中的环境损伤,并深入分析其微观腐蚀机制与疲劳性能的内在联系。方法 通过数码相机、3D共聚焦显微镜、扫描电子显微镜等手段,研究模拟南海海洋大气环境下7B04铝合金及其螺接件的宏观/微观腐蚀特征,并借助疲劳测试分析经不同腐蚀周期后铝合金试样及螺接件的疲劳寿命。结果 铝合金及其螺接件经室内加速腐蚀试验后发生的腐蚀行为出现了明显差异,7B04铝合金试样表面发生的腐蚀行为以点蚀为主,而螺接件的腐蚀行为更加复杂。其中,远离螺接区域的暴露区的腐蚀情况与铝合金试样一致,在螺接区域发生了明显的缝隙腐蚀。此外,铝合金试样及螺接件随腐蚀周期变化的劣化规律也有所不同,腐蚀使得试样的疲劳性能均不同程度地下降。7B04铝合金疲劳寿命的递减趋势相对平缓,而螺接件在腐蚀进行到第2周期时其疲劳寿命就已降至原始寿命的一半,在腐蚀进行到第4周期时,螺接件的力学性能基本丧失。结论 经腐蚀后,铝合金试样出现了点蚀,且随着时间的延长出现了均匀腐蚀的趋势,疲劳寿命的递减趋势相对平缓。尽管螺接件的过渡区发生了严重腐蚀,但缝隙区诱发的局部腐蚀导致螺接件的受力面积减小,这是造成其疲劳寿命急剧衰减的首要因素。

含裂隙类岩石力学特性研究现状与展望

针对裂隙对类岩石力学性质的影响,阐述了近年来关于含裂隙类岩石力学性质方面的研究进展,主要包括不同裂隙数目、裂隙倾角和裂隙形状下裂隙类岩石的力学特性。通过对预制裂隙类岩石试件的深入探究,系统分析了在单轴压缩试验、双轴压缩试验、三轴压缩试验以及数值模拟中含裂隙类岩石试件的力学特性。此外,介绍了含裂隙类岩石研究时所用试验设备,结合现有研究成果,提出了关于含裂隙类岩石力学试验研究的发展趋势。结果表明:裂隙的数目、倾角及形状均会对含裂隙类岩石试件的力学性质产生显著影响。

110ksi级钛合金油管耐蚀性能研究

针对钛合金在油气井环境下面临的腐蚀问题,通过开展模拟油田腐蚀工况下应力腐蚀及不同温度条件下酸化液中失重试验,同时开展与镍基合金管材的缝隙腐蚀和电偶腐蚀等系列试验,采用扫描电子显微镜、XRD等方法观察试样形貌和腐蚀产物,评价钛合金油管的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,在苛刻腐蚀工况(溶液介质:5 MPa H_(2)S+11 MPa CO_(2)+10%Cl^(-))及NACE TM 0177标准A溶液下,采用四点弯曲的试验方法,加载应力为758 MPa,经720 h后试样未发生断裂且无应力腐蚀裂纹,表明该钛合金管材应力腐蚀敏感性较低。在两种浓度为0.1 mol/L的酸化液中,随着试验温度从室温升至160℃,钛合金管材腐蚀速率均逐渐增大,且腐蚀速率在胶凝酸中低于在转向酸中;与镍基合金管材对比,钛合金管材具有更优异的抗点蚀和抗缝隙腐蚀;在模拟苛刻腐蚀工况下,钛合金管材分别与625和825镍基合金偶接后均未出现明显的电偶腐蚀效应导致加速腐蚀现象。