The majority of bladder cancers(BCs)are non-muscle invasive BCs(NMIBCs)and show the morphology of a conventional urothelial carcinoma(UC).Aberrant morphology is rare but can be observed.The classification and characte...The majority of bladder cancers(BCs)are non-muscle invasive BCs(NMIBCs)and show the morphology of a conventional urothelial carcinoma(UC).Aberrant morphology is rare but can be observed.The classification and characterization of histologic subtypes(HS)in UC in BC have mainly been described in muscle in-vasive bladder cancer(MIBC).However,the currently used classification is ap-plied for invasive urothelial neoplasm and therefore,also valid for a subset of NMIBC.The standard transurethral diagnostic work-up misses the presence of HS in NMIBC in a considerable percentage of patients and the real prevalence is not known.HS in NMIBC are associated with an aggressive phenotype.Conse-quently,clinical guidelines categorize HS of NMIBC as“(very)high-risk”tumors and recommend offering radical cystectomy to these patients.Alternative strategies for bladder preservation can only be offered to highly selected patients and ideally within clinical trials.Novel treatment strategies and biomarkers have been established MIBC and NMIBC but have not been comprehensively invest-igated in the context of HS in NMIBC.Further evaluation prior to implementation into clinical practice is needed.展开更多
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)is a major type of bladder cancer with a high incidence worldwide,resulting in a great disease burden.Treatment and surveillance are the most important part of NIMBC management...Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)is a major type of bladder cancer with a high incidence worldwide,resulting in a great disease burden.Treatment and surveillance are the most important part of NIMBC management.In 2018,we issued“Treatment and surveillance for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer in China:an evidencebased clinical practice guideline”.Since then,various studies on the treatment and surveillance of NMIBC have been published.There is a need to incorporate these materials and also to take into account the relatively limited medical resources in primary medical institutions in China.Developing a version of guideline which takes these two issues into account to promote the management of NMIBC is therefore indicated.We formed a working group of clinical experts and methodologists.Through questionnaire investigation of clinicians including primary medical institutions,24 clinically concerned issues,involving transurethral resection of bladder tumor(TURBT),intravesical chemotherapy and intravesical immunotherapy of NMIBC,and follow-up and surveillance of the NMIBC patients,were determined for this guideline.Researches and recommendations on the management of NMIBC in databases,guideline development professional societies and monographs were referred to,and the European Association of Urology was used to assess the certainty of generated recommendations.Finally,we issued 29 statements,among which 22 were strong recommendations,and 7 were weak recommendations.These recommendations cover the topics of TURBT,postoperative chemotherapy after TURBT,Bacillus Calmette–Guérin(BCG)immunotherapy after TURBT,combination treatment of BCG and chemotherapy after TURBT,treatment of carcinoma in situ,radical cystectomy,treatment of NMIBC recurrence,and follow-up and surveillance.We hope these recommendations can help promote the treatment and surveillance of NMIBC in China,especially for the primary medical institutions.展开更多
Intravesical Bacillus Calmette Guerin(BCG)is the gold standard therapy for intermediate/high-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC).However,the response rate is~60%,and 50%of non-responders will progress to mus...Intravesical Bacillus Calmette Guerin(BCG)is the gold standard therapy for intermediate/high-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC).However,the response rate is~60%,and 50%of non-responders will progress to muscle-invasive disease.BCG induces massive local infiltration of inflammatory cells(Th1)and ultimately cytotoxic tumor elimination.We searched for predictive biomarker of BCG response by analyzing tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte(TIL)polarization in the tumor microenvironment(TME)in pre-treatment biopsies.Pre-treatment biopsies from patients with NMIBC who received adequate intravesical instillation of BCG(n=32)were evaluated retrospectively by immunohistochemistry.TME polarization was assessed by quantifying the T-Bet+(Th1)and GATA-3+(Th2)lymphocyte ratio(G/T),and the density and degranulation of EPX+eosinophils.In addition,PD-1/PD-L1 staining was quantified.The results correlated with BCG response.In most non-responders,Th1/Th2 markers were compared in pre-and post-BCG biopsies.ORR was 65.6%in the study population.BCG responders had a higher G/T ratio and a greater number of degranulated EPX+cells.Variables combined into a Th2-score showed a significant association with higher scores in responders(p=0.027).A Th2-score cut-off value>48.1 allowed discrimination of responders with 91%sensitivity but lower specificity.Relapse-free survival was significantly associated with the Th2-score(p=0.007).In post-BCG biopsies from recurring patients,TILs increased Th2-polarization,probably reflecting BCG failure to induce a pro-inflammatory status and,thus,a lack of response.PD-L1/PD-1 expression was not associated with the response to BCG.Our results support the hypothesis that a preexisting Th2-polarized TME predicts a better response to BCG,assuming a reversion to Th1 polarization and antitumor activity.展开更多
The occurrence of geological hazards and the instability of geotechnical engineering structures are closely related to the time-dependent behavior of rock.However,the idealization boundary condition for constant stres...The occurrence of geological hazards and the instability of geotechnical engineering structures are closely related to the time-dependent behavior of rock.However,the idealization boundary condition for constant stress in creep or constant strain in relaxation is not usually attained in natural geological systems.Therefore,generalized relaxation tests that explore the simultaneous changes of stress and strain with time under different stress levels with constant pore-water pressure are conducted in this study.The results show that in area Ⅰ,area Ⅱ,and area Ⅲ,the stress and strain both change synchronously with time and show similar evolutionary laws as the strain-time curve for creep or the stress-time curve for relaxation.When the applied stress level surpasses the δ_(ci) or δ_(cd) threshold,the variations in stress and strain and their respective rates of change exhibit a significant increase.The radial deformation and its rate of change exhibit greater sensitivity in response to stress levels.The apparent strain deforms homogeneously at the primary stage,and subsequently,gradually localizes due to the microcrack development at the secondary stage.Ultimately,interconnection of the microcracks causes the formation of a shear-localization zone at the tertiary stage.The strain-time responses inside and outside the localization zone are characterized by local strain accumulation and inelastic unloading during the secondary and tertiary stages,respectively.The width of the shear-localization zone is found to range from 4.43 mm to 7.08 mm and increased with a longer time-to-failure.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)reveals a dominant coalescence of intergranular cracks on the fracture surface,and the degree of physiochemical deterioration caused by water-rock interaction is more severe under a longer lifetime.The brittle sandstone’s time-dependent deformation is essentially controlled by microcrack development during generalized relaxation,and its expectancy-life is determined by its initial microstructural state and the rheological path.展开更多
The growth of high-quality germanium tin(Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y))binary alloys on a Si substrate using chemical vapor deposition(CVD)techniques holds immense potential for advancing electronics and optoelectronics application...The growth of high-quality germanium tin(Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y))binary alloys on a Si substrate using chemical vapor deposition(CVD)techniques holds immense potential for advancing electronics and optoelectronics applications,including the development of efficient and low-cost mid-infrared detectors and light sources.However,achieving precise control over the Sn concentration and strain relaxation of the Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y)epilayer,which directly influence its optical and electrical properties,remain a significant challenge.In this research,the effect of strain relaxation on the growth rate of Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y)epilayers,with Sn concentration>11at.%,is investigated.It is successfully demonstrated that the growth rate slows down by~55%due to strain relaxation after passing its critical thickness,which suggests a reduction in the incorporation of Ge into Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y)growing layers.Despite the increase in Sn concentration as a result of the decrease in the growth rate,it has been found that the Sn incorporation rate into Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y)growing layers has also decreased due to strain relaxation.Such valuable insights could offer a foundation for the development of innovative growth techniques aimed at achieving high-quality Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y)epilayers with tuned Sn concentration and strain relaxation.展开更多
Based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert(LLG)equation,the precession relaxation of magnetization is studied when the external field H is parallel to the uniaxial anisotropic field H_(k).The evolution of three-component ma...Based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert(LLG)equation,the precession relaxation of magnetization is studied when the external field H is parallel to the uniaxial anisotropic field H_(k).The evolution of three-component magnetization is solved analytically under the condition of H=nH_(k)(n=3,1 and 0).It is found that with an increase of H or a decrease of the initial polar angle of magnetization,the relaxation time decreases and the angular frequency of magnetization increases.For comparison,the analytical solution for H_(k)=0 is also given.When the magnetization becomes stable,the angular frequency is proportional to the total effective field acting on the magnetization.The analytical solutions are not only conducive to the understanding of the precession relaxation of magnetization,but also can be used as a standard model to test the numerical calculation of LLG equation.展开更多
Solid-state impedance spectroscopy(SS-IS)was used to investigate the influence of structural modifications resulting from the addition of Nb2O5 on the dielectric properties and relaxation processes in the quaternary m...Solid-state impedance spectroscopy(SS-IS)was used to investigate the influence of structural modifications resulting from the addition of Nb2O5 on the dielectric properties and relaxation processes in the quaternary mixed glass former(MGF)system 35Na_(2)O–10V_(2)O_(5)–(55-x)P_(2)O_(5)–xNb_(2)O_(5)(x=0–40,mol%).The dielectric parameters,including the dielectric strength and dielectric loss,are determined from the frequency and temperature-dependent complex permittivity data,revealing a significant dependence on the Nb2O5 content.The transition from a predominantly phosphate glass network(x<10,region I)to a mixed niobate–phosphate glass net-work(10≤x≤20,region II)leads to an increase in the dielectric parameters,which correlates with the observed trend in the direct-cur-rent(DC)conductivity.In the predominantly niobate network(x≥25,region III),the highly polarizable nature of Nb5+ions leads to a fur-ther increase in the dielectric permittivity and dielectric strength.This is particularly evident in Nb-40 glass-ceramic,which contains Na_(13)Nb_(35)O_(94) crystalline phase with a tungsten bronze structure and exhibits the highest dielectric permittivity of 61.81 and the lowest loss factor of 0.032 at 303 K and 10 kHz.The relaxation studies,analyzed through modulus formalism and complex impedance data,show that DC conductivity and relaxation processes are governed by the same mechanism,attributed to ionic conductivity.In contrast to glasses with a single peak in frequency dependence of imaginary part of electrical modulus,M″(ω),Nb-40 glass-ceramic exhibits two distinct contributions with similar relaxation times.The high-frequency peak indicates bulk ionic conductivity,while the additional low-fre-quency peak is associated with the grain boundary effect,confirmed by the electrical equivalent circuit(EEC)modelling.The scaling characteristics of permittivity and conductivity spectra,along with the electrical modulus,validate time-temperature superposition and demonstrate a strong correlation with composition and modification of the glass structure upon Nb_(2)O_(5) incorporation.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of aromatherapy with lavender essential oil compared to progressive muscle relaxation(PMR)on anxiety and vital signs of patients under spinal anesthesia.Materi...Objective:This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of aromatherapy with lavender essential oil compared to progressive muscle relaxation(PMR)on anxiety and vital signs of patients under spinal anesthesia.Materials and Methods:This clinical trial was conducted on 120 spinal anesthesia candidates who were randomly assigned into three groups of 40 including control,PMR(Jacobsen group),and aromatherapy.The state-trait anxiety inventory was completed on surgery day and 15 min after the end of the intervention by the samples of all three groups,and at the same time as completing the questionnaire,vital signs were also measured and recorded.Results:The mean score of anxiety after intervention was lower than that before the intervention in the aromatherapy group(P<0.001).The mean score of anxiety in the aromatherapy group was significantly lower than that in the Jacobsen group(P<0.001).Moreover,data analysis showed a significant decrease in the mean arterial blood pressure scores of the PMR(P=008)and aromatherapy(P<0.001)groups and a statistically significant increase in the mean heart rate scores in the control group(P=0.002).Conclusion:The use of aromatherapy with lavender is more effective than PMR therapy in reducing the anxiety level of patients undergoing spinal anesthesia.Due to the high level of anxiety and its serious effects on the patient’s hemodynamics,aromatherapy with lavender can be used as an easy and cheap method to reduce anxiety in operation rooms.展开更多
The results of an experimental study of long-term relaxation of the photoelectret state of polycrystalline CdTe:(Ag, Cu, Cd) and Sb<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub>:Se films with an anomalous photovol...The results of an experimental study of long-term relaxation of the photoelectret state of polycrystalline CdTe:(Ag, Cu, Cd) and Sb<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub>:Se films with an anomalous photovoltaic property are presented. In such films, the residual photovoltage is caused by the separation of photocarriers by the built-in electrostatic field of the near-surface region of space charges and their asymmetric capture by deep levels of impurities or complexes, including impurity atoms and intrinsic defects, both in the bulk and on the surface of crystal grains. It has been shown that in activated films, a two-step exponential temporary relaxation of the initial photovoltage of the order of V<sub>APV</sub> ≈ (500-600) V is detected, and only 10% of it experiences long-term relaxation (t ≈ 100-120 min).展开更多
The complex permittivity of baijiu varies with frequency,and dielectric spectroscopy has been used to evaluate the quality.To simplify the analysis and reduce the number of the parameters,a dielectric relaxation model...The complex permittivity of baijiu varies with frequency,and dielectric spectroscopy has been used to evaluate the quality.To simplify the analysis and reduce the number of the parameters,a dielectric relaxation model is often used to fit the permittivity data.However,existing fitting methods such as the least squares and particle swarm optimization methods are often computationally complex and require preset initial values.Therefore,a simpler calculation method of the relaxation parameters considering the geometric characteristics of the permittivity spectrum is proposed.It is based on the relationship between the Cole-Cole relaxation parameters and the Cole-Cole diagram,which is fitted by a geometric method.First,the concepts of the Cole-Cole parameters and the diagram are introduced,and then the process of obtaining the parameters from the complex permittivity measurement data is explained.Taking baijiu with 56%alcohol by volume(ABV)as an example,the fitting is better than the least squares method and similar to the particle swarm optimization.This method is then used for the parameter fitting of baijiu with ABV of 42-52%,and the average error is less than 1%,demonstrating its wider applicability.Finally,a prediction model is used for baijiu with 53%ABV,and the error is only 1.51%.Hence,the method can be applied to the measurement of ABV of baijiu.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to determine the effect of the relaxation breathing exercise(RBE)on fatigue and cortisol levels among Indonesian women with gynecological cancer undergoing chemotherapy.Methods:This pilot st...Objective:This study aimed to determine the effect of the relaxation breathing exercise(RBE)on fatigue and cortisol levels among Indonesian women with gynecological cancer undergoing chemotherapy.Methods:This pilot study consecutively recruited 44 gynecological cancer patients to receive RBE(22)or usual care(22).Cortisol level was measured before and after completion of the intervention(day 8).Fatigue was measured using the Piper Fatigue Scale(PFS).Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS)at the baseline days of the study for days 1,4,and 8.The obtained data were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test,the independent t-test,and the Mann-Whitney U test.Results:There were significant increases in cortisol levels within the groups,either the intervention or control groups,respectively(P-value=0.0003 and 0.001).Despite there being no statistical significance between the intervention and control groups,there were noticeable differences in the cortisol levels,indicating the extreme increase in cortisol levels in the control group(Median[IQR1-IQR3]:2.30[0.99-9.09];Min-Max:0.43-23.38)compared with the intervention group(Median[IQR1-IQR3]=2.97[1.26-5.18];Min-Max=0.39-6.91).Conclusions:RBE helps prevent a significant increase in cortisol levels that can alleviate fatigue for women with gynecological cancer.Further research was recommended to compare several intervention modalities for fatigue and cancer-related symptom management based on cortisol level changes.展开更多
Objective:To systematically analyze the research status and application of progressive muscle relaxation training(PMRT)in the nursing field in China,and provide a reference basis for scientific research in this field....Objective:To systematically analyze the research status and application of progressive muscle relaxation training(PMRT)in the nursing field in China,and provide a reference basis for scientific research in this field.Methods:The bibliometric method was adopted in“progressive muscle relaxation training”or“PMRT,”and“nursing.”The established database was included in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)and the Wanfang Medical Network.The relevant articles in the Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database(VIP)were analyzed.Results:A total of 169 literatures were included.The journals,years,and regions of literature publication were uneven,mainly originating from the eastern region(43.19%),and listed the application of progressive muscle relaxation training in the field of nursing in China.Intervention literature information was mainly dominated by experimental studies(97%).Conclusion:The related research and application of progressive muscle relaxation training in nursing in China is increasing,but there is a lack of objective evaluation of outcome indicators and a short intervention period.Further research should be conducted in the future to effectively guide the development of PMRT in the field of nursing in China.展开更多
Objective:To explore the effects of progressive muscle relaxation training on anxiety,depression,and quality of life in patients with cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD).Methods:Sixty-one patients with CSVD in the Dep...Objective:To explore the effects of progressive muscle relaxation training on anxiety,depression,and quality of life in patients with cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD).Methods:Sixty-one patients with CSVD in the Department of Neurology of a tertiary hospital were divided into an observation group(28 patients)and a control group(33 patients)by lottery method.The control group received conventional nursing care,while the observation group received progressive muscle relaxation training interventions in addition to the conventional care.The Hamilton Anxiety Scale(HAMA),the Hamilton Depression Scale(HAMD),and the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale(SS-QOL)were used to compare the effects before the intervention,7 days after the intervention,and 30 days after the intervention.Results:Over time,at different time points after the intervention,the anxiety and depression scores of patients with CSVD in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The quality of life scores were significantly higher in the observation group compared to the control group(P<0.05),and these differences were statistically significant.Conclusion:Progressive muscle relaxation training can improve anxiety and depression in patients with cerebral small vessel disease and can effectively enhance their quality of life.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the sedative effect of Diospyros lotus L(D. lotus) extract in mice using the open field and Rota rod tests.Methods: For the sedative and muscle relaxants activities of extract/fractions of the p...Objective: To evaluate the sedative effect of Diospyros lotus L(D. lotus) extract in mice using the open field and Rota rod tests.Methods: For the sedative and muscle relaxants activities of extract/fractions of the plant, invivo open field and phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time were used, while the Roda rod test was employed in animals for the assessment of muscle relaxant activity.Results: Results from this investigation revealed that the extracts of D. lotus have exhibited significant sedative effect in mice(45.98%) at 100 mg/kg i.p. When the extract was partitioned with different solvents, the n-hexane fraction was inactive whereas the chloroform fraction was the most active with 82.67% sedative effect at 50 and 100 mg/kg i.p. On the other hand,the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions displayed significant sedative effects(55.65% and40.87%, respectively) at 100 mg/kg i.p. Among the tested extract/fractions, only chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions showed significant(P < 0.05) muscle relaxant activity in the Rota rod test.Conclusions: In short, our study provided scientific background to the traditional uses of D.lotus as sedative.展开更多
Objective:To compare the differences in adverse effects and efficacy profile between bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)Danish 1331 and BCG Moscow-I strain in management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.Methods:Clinica...Objective:To compare the differences in adverse effects and efficacy profile between bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)Danish 1331 and BCG Moscow-I strain in management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.Methods:Clinical data of 188 cases of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer treated with BCG between January 2008 and December 2018 in our institute were collected prospectively and analysed retrospectively,and 114 patients who completed a minimum of 12 months of follow-up were analysed.Patient and tumor characteristics,strain of BCG,adverse effects,and tumor progression were included for analysis.Intravesical BCG was instilled in intermediate-and high-risk patients.Six weeks of induction BCG,followed by three weekly maintenance BCG at 3,6,12,18,and 24 months was advised in high-risk patients.Results:Overall 68 patients received BCG Danish 1331 strain and 46 patients received Moscow-I strain.Patient and tumor characteristics were well balanced between the two groups.The median follow-up period was 42.5 months and 34.5 months in Danish 1331 and Moscow-I groups,respectively.Adverse events like dropout rate,antitubercular treatment requirement,and need of cystectomy were higher in Moscow-I group(n=31,67.4%)when compared to Danish 1331 strain(n=33,48.5%)(p=0.046).On direct comparison between Danish 1331 and Moscow-I strain,there was similar 3-year recurrence-free survival(80.0%vs.72.9%)and 3-year progression-free survival(96.5%vs.97.8%).Conclusion:Study results suggest no significant differences between Danish 1331 and Moscow-I strain in recurrence-free survival and progression-free survival,but a significantly higher incidence of moderate to severe adverse events in BCG Moscow-I strain.展开更多
Objective:THigh-risk non-invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)has a high rate of recurrence and disease progression.At present,there are still insufficient effective prevention and treatment methods,especially for patients w...Objective:THigh-risk non-invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)has a high rate of recurrence and disease progression.At present,there are still insufficient effective prevention and treatment methods,especially for patients who have failed BCG treatment.This article reviews the research progress of the molecular mechanism of BCG unresponsive NMIBC,and summarizes the current status and prospects of emerging therapeutic strategies represented by immunotherapy,providing a theoretical basis for the immunotherapy of BCG non-reactive NMIBC.Methods:We searched the PubMed and CNKI journal full-text database search system for keywords"non-muscle invasive bladder cancer,BCG unresponsive,disease recurrence,disease progression,and immunotherapy"with 126 English and 538 Chinese articles.The literature,as well as the relevant clinical research in ClinicalTrials.gov,were integrated together to obtain the results.Results:Immunotherapy was performed in various types of tumors,and the use of immunotherapeutic drugs with different oncotargets administered alone,sequentially or in combination for the treatment of BCG-unresponsive NMIBC have achieved favorable effects,and more Clinical research is still ongoing.Conclusion:Immunotherapy is currently the most promising treatment for cancer,and it is indispensable for patients with NMIBC,both biologically and clinically.We look forward to more laboratory and clinical research in immunotherapy in the future.展开更多
A deep-learning-based framework is proposed to predict the impedance response and underlying electrochemical behavior of the reversible protonic ceramic cell(PCC) across a wide variety of different operating condition...A deep-learning-based framework is proposed to predict the impedance response and underlying electrochemical behavior of the reversible protonic ceramic cell(PCC) across a wide variety of different operating conditions.Electrochemical impedance spectra(EIS) of PCCs were first acquired under a variety of opera ting conditions to provide a dataset containing 36 sets of EIS spectra for the model.An artificial neural network(ANN) was then trained to model the relationship between the cell operating condition and EIS response.Finally,ANN model-predicted EIS spectra were analyzed by the distribution of relaxation times(DRT) and compared to DRT spectra obtained from the experimental EIS data,enabling an assessment of the accumulative errors from the predicted EIS data vs the predicted DRT.We show that in certain cases,although the R^(2)of the predicted EIS curve may be> 0.98,the R^(2)of the predicted DRT may be as low as~0.3.This can lead to an inaccurate ANN prediction of the underlying time-resolved electrochemical response,although the apparent accuracy as evaluated from the EIS prediction may seem acceptable.After adjustment of the parameters of the ANN framework,the average R^(2)of the DRTs derived from the predicted EIS can be improved to 0.9667.Thus,we demonstrate that a properly tuned ANN model can be used as an effective tool to predict not only the EIS,but also the DRT of complex electrochemical systems.展开更多
NMR relaxation analysis provides a unique and non-invasive probe of fluid dynamics within porous materials,and may be applied to the interpretation of a wide variety of material and interfacial characteristics.Here,we...NMR relaxation analysis provides a unique and non-invasive probe of fluid dynamics within porous materials,and may be applied to the interpretation of a wide variety of material and interfacial characteristics.Here,we report two-dimensional^(1)H T_(1)-T_(2)relaxation correlation measurements of a range of three-carbon adsorbates(1-propanol,2-propanol and propanoic acid)imbibed within the mesoporous metal oxide gamma-alumina.Our data,acquired across field strengths of 2 MHz,12.7 MHz and 43 MHz,clearly reveal two populations in each measurement,identified as the alkyl and hydroxyl moieties of each adsorbate.These results expand the range of materials in which such functional group resolved relaxation is known to occur,and demonstrate the clear persistence of such phenomena using a range of typical benchtop NMR systems employed to study fluid-saturated porous media.展开更多
How to establish a self‐equilibrium configuration is vital for further kinematics and dynamics analyses of tensegrity mechanism.In this study,for investigating tensegrity form‐finding problems,a concise and efficien...How to establish a self‐equilibrium configuration is vital for further kinematics and dynamics analyses of tensegrity mechanism.In this study,for investigating tensegrity form‐finding problems,a concise and efficient dynamic relaxation‐noise tolerant zeroing neural network(DR‐NTZNN)form‐finding algorithm is established through analysing the physical properties of tensegrity structures.In addition,the non‐linear constrained opti-misation problem which transformed from the form‐finding problem is solved by a sequential quadratic programming algorithm.Moreover,the noise may produce in the form‐finding process that includes the round‐off errors which are brought by the approximate matrix and restart point calculating course,disturbance caused by external force and manufacturing error when constructing a tensegrity structure.Hence,for the purpose of suppressing the noise,a noise tolerant zeroing neural network is presented to solve the search direction,which can endow the anti‐noise capability to the form‐finding model and enhance the calculation capability.Besides,the dynamic relaxation method is contributed to seek the nodal coordinates rapidly when the search direction is acquired.The numerical results show the form‐finding model has a huge capability for high‐dimensional free form cable‐strut mechanisms with complicated topology.Eventually,comparing with other existing form‐finding methods,the contrast simulations reveal the excellent anti‐noise performance and calculation capacity of DR‐NTZNN form‐finding algorithm.展开更多
About 75% of all bladder cancer diagnosed are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC), recurring over 50% of them after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor. In order to prevent recurrences, adjuvant intrave...About 75% of all bladder cancer diagnosed are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC), recurring over 50% of them after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor. In order to prevent recurrences, adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy with mitomycin C and immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Gu-érin(BCG) is traditionally used. Unfortunately, many patients relapse after receiving these treatments and a significant proportion of them require surgery. After a one-to-three years BCG maintenance, the risk for progression at 5 years was 19.3% for T1G3 tumors. Many new treatment approaches are being investigated to increase the effectiveness of adjuvant intravesical therapy. One of the developing treatments for intermediate and high-risk NMIBC is the combination of intravesical chemotherapy and hyperthermia, called chemohyperthermia. This article provides a review of the mechanism of action, current status and indications, results and future perspectives.展开更多
文摘The majority of bladder cancers(BCs)are non-muscle invasive BCs(NMIBCs)and show the morphology of a conventional urothelial carcinoma(UC).Aberrant morphology is rare but can be observed.The classification and characterization of histologic subtypes(HS)in UC in BC have mainly been described in muscle in-vasive bladder cancer(MIBC).However,the currently used classification is ap-plied for invasive urothelial neoplasm and therefore,also valid for a subset of NMIBC.The standard transurethral diagnostic work-up misses the presence of HS in NMIBC in a considerable percentage of patients and the real prevalence is not known.HS in NMIBC are associated with an aggressive phenotype.Conse-quently,clinical guidelines categorize HS of NMIBC as“(very)high-risk”tumors and recommend offering radical cystectomy to these patients.Alternative strategies for bladder preservation can only be offered to highly selected patients and ideally within clinical trials.Novel treatment strategies and biomarkers have been established MIBC and NMIBC but have not been comprehensively invest-igated in the context of HS in NMIBC.Further evaluation prior to implementation into clinical practice is needed.
基金suppor ted by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(Technology helps Economy 2020,2016YFC0106300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82174230)the Major Program Fund of Technical Innovation Project of Department of Science and Technology of Hubei Province(2016ACAl52)。
文摘Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)is a major type of bladder cancer with a high incidence worldwide,resulting in a great disease burden.Treatment and surveillance are the most important part of NIMBC management.In 2018,we issued“Treatment and surveillance for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer in China:an evidencebased clinical practice guideline”.Since then,various studies on the treatment and surveillance of NMIBC have been published.There is a need to incorporate these materials and also to take into account the relatively limited medical resources in primary medical institutions in China.Developing a version of guideline which takes these two issues into account to promote the management of NMIBC is therefore indicated.We formed a working group of clinical experts and methodologists.Through questionnaire investigation of clinicians including primary medical institutions,24 clinically concerned issues,involving transurethral resection of bladder tumor(TURBT),intravesical chemotherapy and intravesical immunotherapy of NMIBC,and follow-up and surveillance of the NMIBC patients,were determined for this guideline.Researches and recommendations on the management of NMIBC in databases,guideline development professional societies and monographs were referred to,and the European Association of Urology was used to assess the certainty of generated recommendations.Finally,we issued 29 statements,among which 22 were strong recommendations,and 7 were weak recommendations.These recommendations cover the topics of TURBT,postoperative chemotherapy after TURBT,Bacillus Calmette–Guérin(BCG)immunotherapy after TURBT,combination treatment of BCG and chemotherapy after TURBT,treatment of carcinoma in situ,radical cystectomy,treatment of NMIBC recurrence,and follow-up and surveillance.We hope these recommendations can help promote the treatment and surveillance of NMIBC in China,especially for the primary medical institutions.
基金supported by grants from CONICET,Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Técnica(PICT 201800990,FONCYT)de Argentina,Fundación Sales,Fundación Pedro Mosoteguy and Fundación Cáncer FUCA.
文摘Intravesical Bacillus Calmette Guerin(BCG)is the gold standard therapy for intermediate/high-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC).However,the response rate is~60%,and 50%of non-responders will progress to muscle-invasive disease.BCG induces massive local infiltration of inflammatory cells(Th1)and ultimately cytotoxic tumor elimination.We searched for predictive biomarker of BCG response by analyzing tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte(TIL)polarization in the tumor microenvironment(TME)in pre-treatment biopsies.Pre-treatment biopsies from patients with NMIBC who received adequate intravesical instillation of BCG(n=32)were evaluated retrospectively by immunohistochemistry.TME polarization was assessed by quantifying the T-Bet+(Th1)and GATA-3+(Th2)lymphocyte ratio(G/T),and the density and degranulation of EPX+eosinophils.In addition,PD-1/PD-L1 staining was quantified.The results correlated with BCG response.In most non-responders,Th1/Th2 markers were compared in pre-and post-BCG biopsies.ORR was 65.6%in the study population.BCG responders had a higher G/T ratio and a greater number of degranulated EPX+cells.Variables combined into a Th2-score showed a significant association with higher scores in responders(p=0.027).A Th2-score cut-off value>48.1 allowed discrimination of responders with 91%sensitivity but lower specificity.Relapse-free survival was significantly associated with the Th2-score(p=0.007).In post-BCG biopsies from recurring patients,TILs increased Th2-polarization,probably reflecting BCG failure to induce a pro-inflammatory status and,thus,a lack of response.PD-L1/PD-1 expression was not associated with the response to BCG.Our results support the hypothesis that a preexisting Th2-polarized TME predicts a better response to BCG,assuming a reversion to Th1 polarization and antitumor activity.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52304099,52172625)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.RCYX20221008092903013).
文摘The occurrence of geological hazards and the instability of geotechnical engineering structures are closely related to the time-dependent behavior of rock.However,the idealization boundary condition for constant stress in creep or constant strain in relaxation is not usually attained in natural geological systems.Therefore,generalized relaxation tests that explore the simultaneous changes of stress and strain with time under different stress levels with constant pore-water pressure are conducted in this study.The results show that in area Ⅰ,area Ⅱ,and area Ⅲ,the stress and strain both change synchronously with time and show similar evolutionary laws as the strain-time curve for creep or the stress-time curve for relaxation.When the applied stress level surpasses the δ_(ci) or δ_(cd) threshold,the variations in stress and strain and their respective rates of change exhibit a significant increase.The radial deformation and its rate of change exhibit greater sensitivity in response to stress levels.The apparent strain deforms homogeneously at the primary stage,and subsequently,gradually localizes due to the microcrack development at the secondary stage.Ultimately,interconnection of the microcracks causes the formation of a shear-localization zone at the tertiary stage.The strain-time responses inside and outside the localization zone are characterized by local strain accumulation and inelastic unloading during the secondary and tertiary stages,respectively.The width of the shear-localization zone is found to range from 4.43 mm to 7.08 mm and increased with a longer time-to-failure.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)reveals a dominant coalescence of intergranular cracks on the fracture surface,and the degree of physiochemical deterioration caused by water-rock interaction is more severe under a longer lifetime.The brittle sandstone’s time-dependent deformation is essentially controlled by microcrack development during generalized relaxation,and its expectancy-life is determined by its initial microstructural state and the rheological path.
文摘The growth of high-quality germanium tin(Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y))binary alloys on a Si substrate using chemical vapor deposition(CVD)techniques holds immense potential for advancing electronics and optoelectronics applications,including the development of efficient and low-cost mid-infrared detectors and light sources.However,achieving precise control over the Sn concentration and strain relaxation of the Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y)epilayer,which directly influence its optical and electrical properties,remain a significant challenge.In this research,the effect of strain relaxation on the growth rate of Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y)epilayers,with Sn concentration>11at.%,is investigated.It is successfully demonstrated that the growth rate slows down by~55%due to strain relaxation after passing its critical thickness,which suggests a reduction in the incorporation of Ge into Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y)growing layers.Despite the increase in Sn concentration as a result of the decrease in the growth rate,it has been found that the Sn incorporation rate into Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y)growing layers has also decreased due to strain relaxation.Such valuable insights could offer a foundation for the development of innovative growth techniques aimed at achieving high-quality Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y)epilayers with tuned Sn concentration and strain relaxation.
基金Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No.2021YFB3501300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.91963201 and 12174163)the 111 Project (Grant No.B20063)。
文摘Based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert(LLG)equation,the precession relaxation of magnetization is studied when the external field H is parallel to the uniaxial anisotropic field H_(k).The evolution of three-component magnetization is solved analytically under the condition of H=nH_(k)(n=3,1 and 0).It is found that with an increase of H or a decrease of the initial polar angle of magnetization,the relaxation time decreases and the angular frequency of magnetization increases.For comparison,the analytical solution for H_(k)=0 is also given.When the magnetization becomes stable,the angular frequency is proportional to the total effective field acting on the magnetization.The analytical solutions are not only conducive to the understanding of the precession relaxation of magnetization,but also can be used as a standard model to test the numerical calculation of LLG equation.
文摘Solid-state impedance spectroscopy(SS-IS)was used to investigate the influence of structural modifications resulting from the addition of Nb2O5 on the dielectric properties and relaxation processes in the quaternary mixed glass former(MGF)system 35Na_(2)O–10V_(2)O_(5)–(55-x)P_(2)O_(5)–xNb_(2)O_(5)(x=0–40,mol%).The dielectric parameters,including the dielectric strength and dielectric loss,are determined from the frequency and temperature-dependent complex permittivity data,revealing a significant dependence on the Nb2O5 content.The transition from a predominantly phosphate glass network(x<10,region I)to a mixed niobate–phosphate glass net-work(10≤x≤20,region II)leads to an increase in the dielectric parameters,which correlates with the observed trend in the direct-cur-rent(DC)conductivity.In the predominantly niobate network(x≥25,region III),the highly polarizable nature of Nb5+ions leads to a fur-ther increase in the dielectric permittivity and dielectric strength.This is particularly evident in Nb-40 glass-ceramic,which contains Na_(13)Nb_(35)O_(94) crystalline phase with a tungsten bronze structure and exhibits the highest dielectric permittivity of 61.81 and the lowest loss factor of 0.032 at 303 K and 10 kHz.The relaxation studies,analyzed through modulus formalism and complex impedance data,show that DC conductivity and relaxation processes are governed by the same mechanism,attributed to ionic conductivity.In contrast to glasses with a single peak in frequency dependence of imaginary part of electrical modulus,M″(ω),Nb-40 glass-ceramic exhibits two distinct contributions with similar relaxation times.The high-frequency peak indicates bulk ionic conductivity,while the additional low-fre-quency peak is associated with the grain boundary effect,confirmed by the electrical equivalent circuit(EEC)modelling.The scaling characteristics of permittivity and conductivity spectra,along with the electrical modulus,validate time-temperature superposition and demonstrate a strong correlation with composition and modification of the glass structure upon Nb_(2)O_(5) incorporation.
基金financially supported by Arak University of Medical Sciences.
文摘Objective:This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of aromatherapy with lavender essential oil compared to progressive muscle relaxation(PMR)on anxiety and vital signs of patients under spinal anesthesia.Materials and Methods:This clinical trial was conducted on 120 spinal anesthesia candidates who were randomly assigned into three groups of 40 including control,PMR(Jacobsen group),and aromatherapy.The state-trait anxiety inventory was completed on surgery day and 15 min after the end of the intervention by the samples of all three groups,and at the same time as completing the questionnaire,vital signs were also measured and recorded.Results:The mean score of anxiety after intervention was lower than that before the intervention in the aromatherapy group(P<0.001).The mean score of anxiety in the aromatherapy group was significantly lower than that in the Jacobsen group(P<0.001).Moreover,data analysis showed a significant decrease in the mean arterial blood pressure scores of the PMR(P=008)and aromatherapy(P<0.001)groups and a statistically significant increase in the mean heart rate scores in the control group(P=0.002).Conclusion:The use of aromatherapy with lavender is more effective than PMR therapy in reducing the anxiety level of patients undergoing spinal anesthesia.Due to the high level of anxiety and its serious effects on the patient’s hemodynamics,aromatherapy with lavender can be used as an easy and cheap method to reduce anxiety in operation rooms.
文摘The results of an experimental study of long-term relaxation of the photoelectret state of polycrystalline CdTe:(Ag, Cu, Cd) and Sb<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub>:Se films with an anomalous photovoltaic property are presented. In such films, the residual photovoltage is caused by the separation of photocarriers by the built-in electrostatic field of the near-surface region of space charges and their asymmetric capture by deep levels of impurities or complexes, including impurity atoms and intrinsic defects, both in the bulk and on the surface of crystal grains. It has been shown that in activated films, a two-step exponential temporary relaxation of the initial photovoltage of the order of V<sub>APV</sub> ≈ (500-600) V is detected, and only 10% of it experiences long-term relaxation (t ≈ 100-120 min).
基金financially supported by the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.SJCX23_0099)。
文摘The complex permittivity of baijiu varies with frequency,and dielectric spectroscopy has been used to evaluate the quality.To simplify the analysis and reduce the number of the parameters,a dielectric relaxation model is often used to fit the permittivity data.However,existing fitting methods such as the least squares and particle swarm optimization methods are often computationally complex and require preset initial values.Therefore,a simpler calculation method of the relaxation parameters considering the geometric characteristics of the permittivity spectrum is proposed.It is based on the relationship between the Cole-Cole relaxation parameters and the Cole-Cole diagram,which is fitted by a geometric method.First,the concepts of the Cole-Cole parameters and the diagram are introduced,and then the process of obtaining the parameters from the complex permittivity measurement data is explained.Taking baijiu with 56%alcohol by volume(ABV)as an example,the fitting is better than the least squares method and similar to the particle swarm optimization.This method is then used for the parameter fitting of baijiu with ABV of 42-52%,and the average error is less than 1%,demonstrating its wider applicability.Finally,a prediction model is used for baijiu with 53%ABV,and the error is only 1.51%.Hence,the method can be applied to the measurement of ABV of baijiu.
基金supported by the Research and Community Services Centre of Hasanuddin University,South Sulawesi Province,Indonesia (No.UH18070408).
文摘Objective:This study aimed to determine the effect of the relaxation breathing exercise(RBE)on fatigue and cortisol levels among Indonesian women with gynecological cancer undergoing chemotherapy.Methods:This pilot study consecutively recruited 44 gynecological cancer patients to receive RBE(22)or usual care(22).Cortisol level was measured before and after completion of the intervention(day 8).Fatigue was measured using the Piper Fatigue Scale(PFS).Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS)at the baseline days of the study for days 1,4,and 8.The obtained data were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test,the independent t-test,and the Mann-Whitney U test.Results:There were significant increases in cortisol levels within the groups,either the intervention or control groups,respectively(P-value=0.0003 and 0.001).Despite there being no statistical significance between the intervention and control groups,there were noticeable differences in the cortisol levels,indicating the extreme increase in cortisol levels in the control group(Median[IQR1-IQR3]:2.30[0.99-9.09];Min-Max:0.43-23.38)compared with the intervention group(Median[IQR1-IQR3]=2.97[1.26-5.18];Min-Max=0.39-6.91).Conclusions:RBE helps prevent a significant increase in cortisol levels that can alleviate fatigue for women with gynecological cancer.Further research was recommended to compare several intervention modalities for fatigue and cancer-related symptom management based on cortisol level changes.
文摘Objective:To systematically analyze the research status and application of progressive muscle relaxation training(PMRT)in the nursing field in China,and provide a reference basis for scientific research in this field.Methods:The bibliometric method was adopted in“progressive muscle relaxation training”or“PMRT,”and“nursing.”The established database was included in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)and the Wanfang Medical Network.The relevant articles in the Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database(VIP)were analyzed.Results:A total of 169 literatures were included.The journals,years,and regions of literature publication were uneven,mainly originating from the eastern region(43.19%),and listed the application of progressive muscle relaxation training in the field of nursing in China.Intervention literature information was mainly dominated by experimental studies(97%).Conclusion:The related research and application of progressive muscle relaxation training in nursing in China is increasing,but there is a lack of objective evaluation of outcome indicators and a short intervention period.Further research should be conducted in the future to effectively guide the development of PMRT in the field of nursing in China.
文摘Objective:To explore the effects of progressive muscle relaxation training on anxiety,depression,and quality of life in patients with cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD).Methods:Sixty-one patients with CSVD in the Department of Neurology of a tertiary hospital were divided into an observation group(28 patients)and a control group(33 patients)by lottery method.The control group received conventional nursing care,while the observation group received progressive muscle relaxation training interventions in addition to the conventional care.The Hamilton Anxiety Scale(HAMA),the Hamilton Depression Scale(HAMD),and the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale(SS-QOL)were used to compare the effects before the intervention,7 days after the intervention,and 30 days after the intervention.Results:Over time,at different time points after the intervention,the anxiety and depression scores of patients with CSVD in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The quality of life scores were significantly higher in the observation group compared to the control group(P<0.05),and these differences were statistically significant.Conclusion:Progressive muscle relaxation training can improve anxiety and depression in patients with cerebral small vessel disease and can effectively enhance their quality of life.
基金supported by HEC,Pakistan with grant number112-26510-2PS1-258
文摘Objective: To evaluate the sedative effect of Diospyros lotus L(D. lotus) extract in mice using the open field and Rota rod tests.Methods: For the sedative and muscle relaxants activities of extract/fractions of the plant, invivo open field and phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time were used, while the Roda rod test was employed in animals for the assessment of muscle relaxant activity.Results: Results from this investigation revealed that the extracts of D. lotus have exhibited significant sedative effect in mice(45.98%) at 100 mg/kg i.p. When the extract was partitioned with different solvents, the n-hexane fraction was inactive whereas the chloroform fraction was the most active with 82.67% sedative effect at 50 and 100 mg/kg i.p. On the other hand,the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions displayed significant sedative effects(55.65% and40.87%, respectively) at 100 mg/kg i.p. Among the tested extract/fractions, only chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions showed significant(P < 0.05) muscle relaxant activity in the Rota rod test.Conclusions: In short, our study provided scientific background to the traditional uses of D.lotus as sedative.
基金We thank Dr. Neha Sanwalka for the support with the statisticalanalysis and Dr. Meenal Hastak and Dr. Bijal Kulkarnifor their continued support and in discussion of pathologicalaspects of disease.
文摘Objective:To compare the differences in adverse effects and efficacy profile between bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)Danish 1331 and BCG Moscow-I strain in management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.Methods:Clinical data of 188 cases of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer treated with BCG between January 2008 and December 2018 in our institute were collected prospectively and analysed retrospectively,and 114 patients who completed a minimum of 12 months of follow-up were analysed.Patient and tumor characteristics,strain of BCG,adverse effects,and tumor progression were included for analysis.Intravesical BCG was instilled in intermediate-and high-risk patients.Six weeks of induction BCG,followed by three weekly maintenance BCG at 3,6,12,18,and 24 months was advised in high-risk patients.Results:Overall 68 patients received BCG Danish 1331 strain and 46 patients received Moscow-I strain.Patient and tumor characteristics were well balanced between the two groups.The median follow-up period was 42.5 months and 34.5 months in Danish 1331 and Moscow-I groups,respectively.Adverse events like dropout rate,antitubercular treatment requirement,and need of cystectomy were higher in Moscow-I group(n=31,67.4%)when compared to Danish 1331 strain(n=33,48.5%)(p=0.046).On direct comparison between Danish 1331 and Moscow-I strain,there was similar 3-year recurrence-free survival(80.0%vs.72.9%)and 3-year progression-free survival(96.5%vs.97.8%).Conclusion:Study results suggest no significant differences between Danish 1331 and Moscow-I strain in recurrence-free survival and progression-free survival,but a significantly higher incidence of moderate to severe adverse events in BCG Moscow-I strain.
文摘Objective:THigh-risk non-invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)has a high rate of recurrence and disease progression.At present,there are still insufficient effective prevention and treatment methods,especially for patients who have failed BCG treatment.This article reviews the research progress of the molecular mechanism of BCG unresponsive NMIBC,and summarizes the current status and prospects of emerging therapeutic strategies represented by immunotherapy,providing a theoretical basis for the immunotherapy of BCG non-reactive NMIBC.Methods:We searched the PubMed and CNKI journal full-text database search system for keywords"non-muscle invasive bladder cancer,BCG unresponsive,disease recurrence,disease progression,and immunotherapy"with 126 English and 538 Chinese articles.The literature,as well as the relevant clinical research in ClinicalTrials.gov,were integrated together to obtain the results.Results:Immunotherapy was performed in various types of tumors,and the use of immunotherapeutic drugs with different oncotargets administered alone,sequentially or in combination for the treatment of BCG-unresponsive NMIBC have achieved favorable effects,and more Clinical research is still ongoing.Conclusion:Immunotherapy is currently the most promising treatment for cancer,and it is indispensable for patients with NMIBC,both biologically and clinically.We look forward to more laboratory and clinical research in immunotherapy in the future.
基金funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(12172104,52102226)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission,China(JCYJ20200109113439837)the Stable Supporting Fund of Shenzhen,China(GXWD2020123015542700320200728114835006)。
文摘A deep-learning-based framework is proposed to predict the impedance response and underlying electrochemical behavior of the reversible protonic ceramic cell(PCC) across a wide variety of different operating conditions.Electrochemical impedance spectra(EIS) of PCCs were first acquired under a variety of opera ting conditions to provide a dataset containing 36 sets of EIS spectra for the model.An artificial neural network(ANN) was then trained to model the relationship between the cell operating condition and EIS response.Finally,ANN model-predicted EIS spectra were analyzed by the distribution of relaxation times(DRT) and compared to DRT spectra obtained from the experimental EIS data,enabling an assessment of the accumulative errors from the predicted EIS data vs the predicted DRT.We show that in certain cases,although the R^(2)of the predicted EIS curve may be> 0.98,the R^(2)of the predicted DRT may be as low as~0.3.This can lead to an inaccurate ANN prediction of the underlying time-resolved electrochemical response,although the apparent accuracy as evaluated from the EIS prediction may seem acceptable.After adjustment of the parameters of the ANN framework,the average R^(2)of the DRTs derived from the predicted EIS can be improved to 0.9667.Thus,we demonstrate that a properly tuned ANN model can be used as an effective tool to predict not only the EIS,but also the DRT of complex electrochemical systems.
基金the Forrest Research Foundation.Carmine D’Agostino would like to acknowledge the EPSRC for grant no.EP/S019138/1.
文摘NMR relaxation analysis provides a unique and non-invasive probe of fluid dynamics within porous materials,and may be applied to the interpretation of a wide variety of material and interfacial characteristics.Here,we report two-dimensional^(1)H T_(1)-T_(2)relaxation correlation measurements of a range of three-carbon adsorbates(1-propanol,2-propanol and propanoic acid)imbibed within the mesoporous metal oxide gamma-alumina.Our data,acquired across field strengths of 2 MHz,12.7 MHz and 43 MHz,clearly reveal two populations in each measurement,identified as the alkyl and hydroxyl moieties of each adsorbate.These results expand the range of materials in which such functional group resolved relaxation is known to occur,and demonstrate the clear persistence of such phenomena using a range of typical benchtop NMR systems employed to study fluid-saturated porous media.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grants 61873304,62173048,62106023in part by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project under grants 2018M641784 and 2019T120240+1 种基金also in part by the Key Science and Technology Projects of Jilin Province,China,under grant 20210201106GXalso in part by the Changchun Science and Technology Project under grant 21ZY41.
文摘How to establish a self‐equilibrium configuration is vital for further kinematics and dynamics analyses of tensegrity mechanism.In this study,for investigating tensegrity form‐finding problems,a concise and efficient dynamic relaxation‐noise tolerant zeroing neural network(DR‐NTZNN)form‐finding algorithm is established through analysing the physical properties of tensegrity structures.In addition,the non‐linear constrained opti-misation problem which transformed from the form‐finding problem is solved by a sequential quadratic programming algorithm.Moreover,the noise may produce in the form‐finding process that includes the round‐off errors which are brought by the approximate matrix and restart point calculating course,disturbance caused by external force and manufacturing error when constructing a tensegrity structure.Hence,for the purpose of suppressing the noise,a noise tolerant zeroing neural network is presented to solve the search direction,which can endow the anti‐noise capability to the form‐finding model and enhance the calculation capability.Besides,the dynamic relaxation method is contributed to seek the nodal coordinates rapidly when the search direction is acquired.The numerical results show the form‐finding model has a huge capability for high‐dimensional free form cable‐strut mechanisms with complicated topology.Eventually,comparing with other existing form‐finding methods,the contrast simulations reveal the excellent anti‐noise performance and calculation capacity of DR‐NTZNN form‐finding algorithm.
文摘About 75% of all bladder cancer diagnosed are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC), recurring over 50% of them after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor. In order to prevent recurrences, adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy with mitomycin C and immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Gu-érin(BCG) is traditionally used. Unfortunately, many patients relapse after receiving these treatments and a significant proportion of them require surgery. After a one-to-three years BCG maintenance, the risk for progression at 5 years was 19.3% for T1G3 tumors. Many new treatment approaches are being investigated to increase the effectiveness of adjuvant intravesical therapy. One of the developing treatments for intermediate and high-risk NMIBC is the combination of intravesical chemotherapy and hyperthermia, called chemohyperthermia. This article provides a review of the mechanism of action, current status and indications, results and future perspectives.