Frameworks of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Techniques in Cognitive Radio Communication Systems

Recently,the increasing demand of radio spectrum for the next generation communication systems due to the explosive growth of applications appetite for bandwidths has led to the problem of spectrum scarcity.The potential approaches among the proposed solutions to resolve this issue are well explored cognitive radio(CR)technology and recently introduced non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)techniques.Both the techniques are employed for efficient spectrum utilization and assure the significant improvement in the spectral efficiency.Further,the significant improvement in spectral efficiency can be achieved by combining both the techniques.Since the CR is well-explored technique as compared to that of the NOMA in the field of communication,therefore it is worth and wise to implement this technique over the CR.In this article,we have presented the frameworks of NOMA implementation over CR as well as the feasibility of proposed frameworks.Further,the differences between proposed CR-NOMA and conventional CR frameworks are discussed.Finally,the potential issues regarding the implementation of CR-NOMA are explored.

Performance Analysis of a Novel Dual-Frequency Multiple Access Relay Transmission Scheme

In this paper we present the performance analysis of a novel channel assignment scheme where two non-cooperative independent users simultaneously communicate with their destination through a single relay by using only two frequency channels. The analytic derivation of the probability of symbol error for two main relay techniques will be provided, namely Amplify-and-Forward (AF) and Decode-and-Forward (DF). As shown by the obtained results, our switched-frequency approach results in a model that can achieve full- diversity by means of maximum-likelihood decoding at the receiver. Our results are especially important in the DF case, since in traditional techniques (such as half-duplex two-time slot approaches) two sources si-multaneously transmit on the same channel through the first time slot, which necessitates some sort of su-perposition coding. However, since in our scheme both users transmit over orthogonal channels, such a coding scheme is not required. In addition, it is shown that the DF approach based on our novel channel assign-ment scheme outperforms the AF scheme, especially in scenarios where the relay is closer to the receiver.

Improving Channel Estimation in a NOMA Modulation Environment Based on Ensemble Learning

This study presents a layered generalization ensemble model for next generation radio mobiles,focusing on supervised channel estimation approaches.Channel estimation typically involves the insertion of pilot symbols with a well-balanced rhythm and suitable layout.The model,called Stacked Generalization for Channel Estimation(SGCE),aims to enhance channel estimation performance by eliminating pilot insertion and improving throughput.The SGCE model incorporates six machine learning methods:random forest(RF),gradient boosting machine(GB),light gradient boosting machine(LGBM),support vector regression(SVR),extremely randomized tree(ERT),and extreme gradient boosting(XGB).By generating meta-data from five models(RF,GB,LGBM,SVR,and ERT),we ensure accurate channel coefficient predictions using the XGB model.To validate themodeling performance,we employ the leave-one-out cross-validation(LOOCV)approach,where each observation serves as the validation set while the remaining observations act as the training set.SGCE performances’results demonstrate higher mean andmedian accuracy compared to the separatedmodel.SGCE achieves an average accuracy of 98.4%,precision of 98.1%,and the highest F1-score of 98.5%,accurately predicting channel coefficients.Furthermore,our proposedmethod outperforms prior traditional and intelligent techniques in terms of throughput and bit error rate.SGCE’s superior performance highlights its efficacy in optimizing channel estimation.It can effectively predict channel coefficients and contribute to enhancing the overall efficiency of radio mobile systems.Through extensive experimentation and evaluation,we demonstrate that SGCE improved performance in channel estimation,surpassing previous techniques.Accordingly,SGCE’s capabilities have significant implications for optimizing channel estimation in modern communication systems.

User Assisted Cooperative Relaying in Beamspace Massive MIMO NOMA Based Systems for Millimeter Wave Communications

A novel scheme‘user assisted cooperative relaying in beamspace massive multiple input multiple output(M-MIMO)non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)system’has been proposed to improve coverage area,spectrum and energy efficiency for millimeter wave(mmWave)communications.A downlink system for M users,where base station(BS)is equipped with beamforming lens antenna structure having NRF radio frequency(RF)chains,has been considered.A dynamic cluster of users is formed within a beam and the intermediate users(in that cluster)between beam source and destination(user)act as relaying stations.By the use of successive interference cancellation(SIC)technique of NOMA within a cluster,the relaying stations relay the symbols with improved power to the destination.For maximizing achievable sum rate,transmit precoding and dynamic power allocation for both intra and inter beam power optimization are implemented.Simulations for performance evaluation are carried out to validate that the proposed system outperforms the conventional beamspace M-MIMO NOMA system for mmWave communications in terms of spectrum and energy efficiency.

Performance Analysis of NOMA-Based Cooperative Networks with Relay Selection

Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)technique is an expert on channel differences exploiting.In this paper,a dual-hop NOMA-based cooperative relaying network where a best relay is selected as an active node to accomplish the communication between a source and a destination is discussed.We assume that both decode-and-forward(DF)and amplify-and-forward(AF)protocols are applied to the selected relay.The metrics that ergodic sum-rate and outage probability are investigated,and the closed-form expressions of the latter for DF and AF protocols are derived.Numerical and simulation results are conducted to verify the validity of the theoretical analysis,in which we can see that the NOMA based DF relaying is better than the NOMA based AF relaying and other existing NOMA-based cooperative communication schemes.

A joint optimization scheme of resource allocation in downlink NOMA with statistical channel state information

In a real communication scenario,it is very difficult to obtain the real-time channel state infor-mation(CSI)accurately,so the non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)system with statistical CSI has been researched.Aiming at the problem that the maximization of system sum rate cannot be solved directly,a step-by-step resource allocation optimization scheme based on machine learning is proposed.First,in order to achieve a trade-off between the system sum rate and user fairness,the system throughput formula is derived.Then,according to the combinatorial characteristics of the system throughput maximization problem,the original optimization problem is divided into two sub-problems,that are power allocation and user grouping.Finally,genetic algorithm is introduced to solve the sub-problem of power allocation,and hungarian algorithm is introduced to solve the sub-problem of user grouping.By comparing the ergodic data rate of NOMA users with statistical CSI and perfect CSI,the effectiveness of the statistical CSI sorting is verified.Compared with the orthogonal multiple access(OMA)scheme,the NOMA scheme with the fixed user grouping scheme and the random user grouping scheme,the system throughput performance of the proposed scheme is signifi-cantly improved.

Network Coding Based on Linear Block Codes for Multi-source Cooperative Relaying Networks

In order to improve link performance of future wireless relay networks,a network coding scheme with linear block codes was proposed,which could be deployed in a relay network consisting of multi-source sending data to a common base station(BS) with the assistance of one relay node.At BS,an iterative decoding structure between one cooperative decoder and a number of single-source decoders was established using the relayed network codes and source codes.Further,the extrinsic information transfer(EXIT) chart technique was used to predict and analyze the convergence behavior of iterative decoder.The analysis and simulation results show that the bit error ratio(BER) performance of the proposed scheme outperforms reference scheme under different relay network coding matrices.Compared with a reference scheme without the multisource cooperation,the proposed scheme can obtain network coding gain from the relay network while not reduce its code rate.

存在窃听者的协作中继NOMA系统安全性能分析

在不完全信道状态信息和非理想连续干扰消除条件下对存在窃听者的非正交多址系统安全性能问题进行研究,提出一个存在窃听者的解码转发中继辅助非正交多址接入系统(Decode and Forward Cooperative Relay in Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access System with Eavesdropper,DFCR-E-NOMA)。在该系统中,分析了在不完全的信道状态信息和非理想连续干扰消除同时存在的条件下系统的安全性能,利用中断概率和截获概率表征系统的安全性能,通过蒙特卡罗模拟仿真分析了功率分配系数、信道估计误差对所提系统性能的影响。验证结果表明,在信道条件一定的情况下,可通过设置较高的数据传输速率,在基站或中继处选择合适的功率分配系数能够有效降低窃听者的截获概率。

非理想顺序干扰消除和信道状态信息下SWIPT-NOMA-CR网络中断性能

针对基于无线携能通信(SWIPT, simultaneous wireless information and power transfer)和非正交多址接入(NOMA, non-orthogonal multiple access)的认知中继(CR, cognitive relay)(SWIPT-NOMA-CR)网络,考虑非理想顺序干扰消除(SIC, successive interference cancellation)和信道状态信息(CSI, channel state information)实际情况,研究系统在采用理想、时间开关(TS, time switching)和功率分割(PS, power splitting)3种中继传输方案时次用户的中断性能。推导出次用户中断概率的解析表达式,并通过蒙特卡洛仿真验证理论推导的正确性。实验结果表明,非理想SIC和CSI会导致次用户的中断性能下降,相对于非理想CSI,非理想SIC给系统中断性能带来的损失更大。此外,用户采用PS中继传输方案的中断概率比采用TS方案低,当改变非理想SIC和CSI因子时,采用PS方案用户的中断概率差值比TS方案小,说明PS中继传输方案的可靠性优于TS方案。

大规模MIMO-NOMA双向中继认知系统物理层安全研究

针对基于中继辅助传输的认知无线电-非正交多址(CR-NOMA)系统中,频谱利用率低及安全性较差的缺点,提出将大规模多输入多输出(MIMO)技术应用到基于双向中继的CR-NOMA网络中,使两组认知非正交多址(NOMA)用户在双向中继的协助下交换信息.在不完全信道状态信息的约束下,推导出受发射功率、信道估计误差和天线数量影响的安全中断概率的闭合表达式.仿真结果表明,随着中继天线数量的增加,安全中断概率收敛到特定数值,同时可得到复杂度较低且安全性能最优天线数量.

基于差分编码调制的多址中继网络编码方法

现有多址接入中继信道(multiple-access relay channel,MARC)的网络编码技术多采用非差分调制,相干解调时会产生相位模糊。引用差分调制可克服此问题,但解调性能会损失约2.5dB。为了弥补此损失,文中提出一种基于差分调制的比特交织编码调制迭代译码(bit-interleaved coded modulation scheme with iterative decoding,BICM-ID)方法。利用外信息转移图分析比较了两种编码(卷积码和低密度校验(low density parity check,LDPC)码)结合差分正交幅度调制(differential quadrature amplitude modulation,DQAM)在格雷和改进集合分割(modified set partitioning,MSP)映射下的性能,并做仿真对比。结果表明,对于差分调制,格雷映射比MSP映射更优。对于格雷映射,卷积码比LDPC码更优,有0.7dB的增益,且复杂度更低。

新的半双工中继协议及其资源分配

传统的基于放大转发或解码转发的时分半双工中继协议避免了对于中继节点的全双工要求,却带来了频谱效率的降低。基于广播信道及多址接入信道的概念,提出了一种新的半双工中继协议,并对该协议下的资源分配问题进行了研究。结果表明,与基于放大转发或解码转发的半双工中继协议相比,新的协议能够提高频谱效率。

IMT-Advanced协作中继的网络编码技术

网络编码技术的本质是在中间节点上对多条输入链路的数据信息进行线性或非线性处理转发。网络编码技术应用于IMT-Advanced系统中时,不仅可用于提高中继转发效率,还可用于设计干扰利用传输策略,以节约小区内的时频资源。文章针对多址接入中继信道模型,讨论了几种可提高中继转发效率的网络编码传输策略,研究了基于网络编码的干扰利用传输策略,分析了网络编码标准化过程中所面临的各种问题,指出引入网络编码技术对中继传输协议、控制帧格式以及用户调度和资源管理算法等的影响。

编码协作MARC上全分集LDPC码的实现与性能分析

本文研究了多接入中继信道(MARC)上全分集LDPC码的实现与性能。首先,分析了MARC模型及其固有分集,然后构造了在MARC上能取得全分集的LDPC码,新构造的码字采用根校验节点把源节点传输与中继节点传输联系起来,从而获得全分集。接着,研究了所构造码字的密度演化过程,在密度演化的基础上,进一步分析了全分集LDPC码校验矩阵的结构,给出了通过提高全分集校验比特的比例,改善全分集LDPC码在MARC上编码增益的方法。仿真结果表明,本文所提算法在MARC信道上不仅能实现全分集,而且能取得较高的编码增益。

多址接入中继系统中LDPC乘积码的优化设计

针对两个用户、一个中继节点、一个基站的多址接入中继系统提出了一种基于低密度奇偶校验(lowdensity parity check,LDPC)乘积编码的网络编码方案。为了进一步提升系统性能,方案中采用了一种基于外信息转移(extrinsic information transfer,EXIT)图的LDPC乘积码度分布优化算法。该算法主要是对中继节点的LDPC乘积编码进行优化设计,同时可预测LDPC乘积码的迭代译码性能。性能分析与仿真结果表明:优化的网络编码方案进一步改善了传输网络的误码率性能,利用EXIT曲线图实现了迭代译码性能的近似估计。

基于单源最优路径的NOMA中继选择与协作传输

目前,在非正交多址接入(non-orthogonal multiple access, NOMA)中继通信的研究中,中继用户的选择是随机的,并没有考虑中继节点之间信道条件的差异。为了得到信道条件较好的中继用户,提出一种基于单源最优路径的中继选择策略,从基站广播信号以用户为节点,设定信道参数,寻找最佳传输通路。当信号到达目标节点后,基站从目标节点处收集所有可达通路,通过对比各通路的信道参数,选出一条最好的传输通路。基于所提中继选择策略,在非机会式NOMA系统中,提出一种新的协作传输方法,该方法在中继传输过程中剔除了多余信号以降低信号间干扰。仿真结果表明,在相同条件下,采用所提策略的协作传输方法比随机中继选择用户中断概率更低,有效降低了系统复杂度。

NOMA-Based UAV Communications for Maritime Coverage Enhancement

The lack of communication infrastructure in the ocean inevitably leads to coverage blind zones.In addition to high-throughput marine satellites,unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)can be used to provide coverage for these blind zones along with onshore base stations.In this paper,we consider the use of UAV for maritime coverage enhancement.Particularly,to serve more ships on the vast oceanic area with limited spectrum resources,we employ non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA).A joint power and transmission duration allocation problem is formulated to maximize the minimum ship throughput,with the constraints on onboard communication energy.Different from previous works,we only assume the slowly time-varying large-scale channel state information(CSI)to reduce the system cost,as the large-scale CSI is locationdependent and can be obtained according to a priori radio map.To solve the non-convex problem,we decompose it into two subproblems and solve them in an iterative way.Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed solution.

非正交自适应多址中继系统复数域网络编码方案性能分析与优化功率分配

无线中继与网络编码是提高无线通信系统数据可靠性和吞吐率的重要技术手段。该文重点分析了单中继非正交自适应多址系统复数域网络编码问题,即在中继采用选择解码转发自适应策略下的系统可靠性能及其优化设计。首先,论文推导了非正交自适应多址系统复数域网络编码方案的误符号率性能上界、分集度和编码增益;然后,论文以系统编码增益为优化目标,讨论了最优功率分配问题。结果表明,在保证系统满分集的前提下,非正交多址中继系统采用选择解码转发自适应中继策略能以更低的系统实现复杂度获得优于中继采用链路自适应再生策略所能获得的系统性能。此外,优化源节点和中继节点的功率分配因子可以有效地增加系统编码增益、改进系统性能。

Active User and Data Detection for Uplink Grant-free NOMA Systems

This paper proposes some low complexity algorithms for active user detection(AUD),channel estimation(CE)and multi-user detection(MUD)in uplink non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)systems,including single-carrier and multi-carrier cases.In particular,we first propose a novel algorithm to estimate the active users and the channels for single-carrier based on complex alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM),where fast decaying feature of non-zero components in sparse signal is considered.More importantly,the reliable estimated information is used for AUD,and the unreliable information will be further handled based on estimated symbol energy and total accurate or approximate number of active users.Then,the proposed algorithm for AUD in single-carrier model can be extended to multi-carrier case by exploiting the block sparse structure.Besides,we propose a low complexity MUD detection algorithm based on alternating minimization to estimate the active users’data,which avoids the Hessian matrix inverse.The convergence and the complexity of proposed algorithms are analyzed and discussed finally.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms have better performance in terms of AUD,CE and MUD.Moreover,we can detect active users perfectly for multi-carrier NOMA system.

Joint Energy-Efficient Power Allocation and Beamforming Design for mm Wave-NOMA System with Imperfect CSI

The joint power allocation(PA)and beamforming(BF)design problem is studied to maximize the energy efficiency of a two-user downlink millimeter-wave system with non-orthogonal multiple access under imperfect channel state information(CSI).By means of block coordinate descent,convex-concave procedure,and successive convex approximate,we propose a suboptimal joint PA and BF design scheme to address this non-convex problem.Simulation results verify that the proposed joint PA and BF design scheme is more effective when compared to some existing schemes.