PRICING CATASTROPHE OPTIONS WITH COUNTERPARTY CREDIT RISK IN A REDUCED FORM MODEL

In this paper, we study the price of catastrophe Options with counterparty credit risk in a reduced form model. We assume that the loss process is generated by a doubly stochastic Poisson process, the share price process is modeled through a jump-diffusion process which is correlated to the loss process, the interest rate process and the default intensity process are modeled through the Vasicek model： We derive the closed form formulae for pricing catastrophe options in a reduced form model. Furthermore, we make some numerical analysis on the explicit formulae.

Model of counterparty risk with geometric attenuation and valuation of CDS

To investigate the impact of microstructure interdependency of a counterparty explicitly, a geometric function is introduced in one firm's default intensity to reflect the attenuation behavior of the impact of its counterparty firm's default. The general joint distribution and marginal distributions of default times are derived by employing the change of measure. The fair premium of a vanilla CDS (credit default swap) is obtained in continuous and discrete contexts, respectively. The swap premium in a discrete context is similar to the accumulated interest during the period between two payment days, and the short rate is the swap rate in a continuous context.

Valuation of Credit Default Swap with Counterparty Default Risk by Structural Model

This paper provides a methodology for valuing a credit default swap (CDS) with considering a counterparty default risk. Using a structural framework, we study the correlation of the reference entity and the counterparty through the joint distribution of them. The default event discussed in our model is associated to whether the minimum value of the companies in stochastic processes has reached their thresholds (default barriers). The joint probability of minimums of correlated Brownian motions solves the backward Kolmogorov equation, which is a two dimensional partial differential equation. A closed pricing formula is obtained. Numerical methodology, parameter analysis and calculation examples are implemented.

The Impact of Bank-Specific and Macroeconomic Factors on Non-performing Loans in Sri Lankan Commercial Banks

The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on non-performing loans in systemically and non-systemically important commercial banks in Sri Lanka over 10 year’s period from 2004 to 2013.Also,the study examines the impact of civil war that prevailed in the country for 30 years on the ex-post credit risk of the banking sector.The study employed panel data methodology to investigate the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on non-performing loans.Panel unit root test has been undertaken in order to test the stationary of the variables.Hausman test and Wald coefficient restriction test were used to select the appropriate model out of pooled,random,and fixed effect.A dummy variable panel regression model adopted to study the war effect,considering 2009 as the structural year.Findings revealed that return on assets as a proxy for bank efficiency has a significant negative influence,while non-interest income as a proxy for income diversity is positively correlated with non-performing loans of systemically important banks.Both real gross domestic products and lending rates were highly significant in both bank types.On contrary with literature,growth in bank branches is negatively correlated.Public banks do not account for higher level of non-performing loans compared to their private counterpart.Finally,it was identified that civil war had an effect on the level of non-performing loans in commercial banks.The research would have benefited if the analysis is carried out among classified types of loans offered by commercial banks.Future researchers should involve in identifying the most significant contributing loan type to the non-performing loans and its determinants.This study is one of the few studies which have investigated the causes of non-performing loans in the commercial banking industry in Sri Lanka.The analysis of civil war and its impact on non-performing loans is the first study of that nature to be conducted in the context.

Research in the Securitization of the Non-performing Loans of China＇s State-owned Banks

In this paper, through analyzing the necessity of the securitization of the non-performing loans of China＇s state-owned banks, the author proposes some tentative ideas for the securitization of the non-performing loans and works out some problems that need to be solved in this process.

Non-performing Loans in Turkish Banking Sector and Balance Sheets Effects

In the 21st century, while the scope of banking activities has been expanding every day, collecting deposits and providing credit remain as their main and most important functions. They transfer the collected funds thanks to the market confidence they create back to the market in terms of the credits they give. For the organizations operating in the banking sector, crediting is the highest revenue earning source. However, uncollected loans may disrupt the activities of banks and may reduce their effectiveness. Therefore, the control of bank credits has a particular importance in the bank balance sheets. In this study, the relationship between bank balance sheets and non-performing loans （NPL） will be analyzed using Granger causality test and vector autoregressive （VAR） method. This study aims to discuss the impact of NPL on balance sheets and contribute to making correct credit decisions. It also intends to assist to reduce the NPL ratios of banks and minimize the level of negativity in their financial statements.

Analyzing China's Non-performing Financial Assets

The non-performing assets of China’s financial institutions totaled RMB l,800 billion. Has this threatened the safety of China’s financial industry? Where do this large amount of nonperforming assets come from?

区块链在“三社”共生系统中的作用分析

传统“三社”共生系统因信用社放贷风险、专业社和供销社之间的交易对手风险而难以形成稳定共生系统。区块链技术通过减小信息不对称、建立风险处理机制保障合同执行来应对这两种风险。为确定区块链如何通过降低两种风险为“三社”共生创造价值,构建有无采用区块链的“三社”共生系统模型,并比较有无采用区块链的均衡结果。研究发现:采用区块链可以促使“三社”共生系统农产品产量和利润增加。在信息透明共享机制下,信用社放贷行为与专业社生产行为形成闭环牵制机制,使农业生产更加接近市场需求。通过区块链构建风险处理机制,将促进“三社”共同应对风险,实现风险损失最小化。供销社始终能通过区块链技术获益,而专业社大多数情况下可以从中受益,这取决于市场需求的稳定性。因此,区块链技术应在市场稳定性差和农业自然风险发生频繁的地区优先推广。

衍生品市场中央对手方清算融合发展的路径探析

2022年4月,《期货和衍生品法》正式出台,其中明确“期货结算机构作为中央对手方,是结算参与人共同对手方”。这是我国在法律层面首次确认中央对手方概念。中央对手方机制发源于期货市场,并因“合约履行保障者”的功能在期货市场的历史演进中扮演了重要角色。2008年金融危机后,符合条件的场外衍生品合约应进行中央对手方清算被确立为各国场外衍生品改革的一项首要原则。在全球监管改革进程中,中央对手方清算机构逐渐带有提供准公共服务的特征,在“合约履行保障者”身份基础上叠加了“市场风险管理者”的特点,清算机构不再是单纯的商事服务提供者,还承担着提供准公共服务的作用。与此同时,全球一些大型综合清算机构逐步形成,同时为场内外交易提供清算,成为重要的跨国金融市场基础设施。我国中央对手方清算目前仍存在明显的业务区分与监管区分,尚未形成融合发展的综合清算机构。全国金融工作会议提出,要加强金融基础设施的统筹监管和互联互通,在全球中央对手方清算融合发展背景下,应关注场内外清算融合发展的法律制度保障,提升金融基础设施的国际竞争力,为建设金融强国夯实基础。

公司对外担保中相对人善意之判定

公司对外担保中相对人善意的判定应以相对人是否对公司决议履行合理审查义务为核心。合理审查应满足信息获取成本适中、外观存在明显瑕疵等要求。在审查内容上,相对人应对决议作出机关适格性、决议文本必备要件是否完备、公司及股东的有效存续、担保数额是否符合章程规定及签章是否存在明显瑕疵等实体问题,以及出席会议人数是否合法、是否违反回避表决规则及是否经资本多数决等程序问题予以审查。法院在判定相对人是否善意时还应当考虑相对人主体性质、担保人主体性质以及债务人与对外担保之代表间特殊身份关系等因素,区别认定相对人对决议的审查强度。如果担保符合公司之利益,法官结合交易习惯等案件事实,可以推定担保为公司真实意思表示,则可以豁免相对人对决议的审查,认定其为善意。

论中央交易对手与交易对手信用风险管理

场外衍生产品交易被认为是导致美国次贷危机的重要因素之一。次贷危机后,各国金融监管当局以及国际金融组织都加强了对场外衍生产品的风险管理,其中,交易对手信用风险是防范的重点。由于中央交易对手的特点,使其能够在场外衍生产品的交易对手信用风险管理中发挥重大作用。本文厘清了中央交易对手的概念、类型和发展历程,阐述了其在场外衍生产品交易对手信用风险管理中的作用及需要关注的问题,并给出了结论与展望。

“保险消费者”概念辨析

保险消费者"概念问题的实质,即将《消保法》作为保险相对人保护自身权益的法律依据之一。其理论基础为,外部性、自然垄断、信息不对称等《消保法》的立法缘由在保险领域中同样存在。法人和其他组织不宜纳入保险消费者的范畴。主要目的可以作为区分保险消费者与投资者的标准。保险消费者包括投保人、被保险人、受益人。

含多交易对手信用违约互换的信用风险模型

研究含多交易对手信用违约互换(CDS)产品的交易对手估值调整(CVA)计算模型,在约化模型的框架下,利用单因子(反)Cox-Ingersoll-Ross模型来刻画交易对手和参考公司的违约正(负)相关性,得到了一个由耦合的非线性偏微分方程组来表达交易对手估值调整计算模型,并用迭代的算法求解分析,同时比较了标准的交易对手估值调整的值.

商业银行供应链金融的风险及防范——基于交易对手信用风险的视角

中小企业的"融资困境"是制约我国中小企业发展的紧迫问题。供应链金融作为商业银行新兴业务,拓宽了中小企业的融资渠道。与传统信贷方式不同,供应链金融建立在应收账款抵押的基础上,因此供应链金融中存在交易对手信用风险。指出并介绍供应链金融业务特有的交易对手信用风险,并结合合俊集团案例进行阐述,进一步提出建立供应链金融风险预警系统和设立供应链金融风险基金对交易对手信用风险进行管控。

公司担保中交易相对人合理的审查义务——基于458份裁判文书的分析

经过实证分析可以发现,目前我国法院对于公司越权担保合同效力认定存在将商事外观主义与商事效率适用绝对化的倾向,过于偏重交易相对人利益的维护,而不问其交易主观状态的善意或恶意,忽视对公司及其股东利益的保护。基于这种司法实务现状以及公司内外法益平衡的考量,交易相对人在与公司担保交易中应负有审查义务。该义务的法理依据可从我国《公司法》第16条与我国《合同法》第50条的关联、商事交易谨慎的注意义务等方面获得。交易相对人审查义务的标准不应僵硬地按照简单形式审查或严格实质审查来判断,而应基于"合理的"标准,即一般理性人标准下的"知道或者应当知道"及其对公司担保交易相关信息渠道获取的可能性来弹性化认定。若交易相对人能够举证证明其尽到合理的审查义务,则推定其交易为善意;若不能,则反推其交易为恶意。应以交易相对人交易主观状态作为认定越权担保合同效力及责任承担范围的重要参考因素。

考虑交易对手间三种违约相关情景下的CDS定价——基于单因子Copula模型的模拟

2008年金融危机中暴露出的交易对手违约相关风险,不仅使作为信用违约互换(CDS)交易对手方的Lehman Brothers,Bear Sterns和AIG等金融机构遭受了巨额损失,而且增加了金融市场的系统性风险。因此,考虑交易对手违约相关风险对合理定价CDS至关重要。基于单因子Copula模型框架,数值模拟分析了交易对手间3种不同违约相关情景下的CDS定价,在统一的框架内创新性地解决了信用保护卖方、买方和参考资产方的违约相关情况、违约强度、支付频率及回收率等因素对CDS定价的影响。结果表明:(1)保护卖方和参考资产方形成的违约相关对CDS定价的影响要强于交易三方违约相关的影响,各情景下的CDS价格明显不同;(2)随着保护买方支付频率的增加,3种情景下的CDS价格均逐渐降低;(3)参考资产方回收率的增加,会降低不同情景下的CDS价格且差异明显。

系统信用事件与信用违约互换估值研究

本文以系统信用事件为载体,研究了双边交易对手风险下信用违约互换(credit default swap,CDS)的估值,研究表明:1)完备的信用事件组将形成一个信用风险系统,并可作为CDS估值的基础;2)在CDS估值中,买方违约的可能性是不可以忽略的.如果忽略,将产生一个错误的定价,并且这个错误的定价将低于真实价值而使信用保护的卖方受到损失;3)CDS交易中的替换成本是不可以忽略的,由于替换成本的存在,CDS合约的价值会发生超常变化,其变化幅度取决于合约当前的市场价格;4)CDS合约价格对参考资产信用价差十分敏感,信用价差的变化,将会显著改变合约的价格.

期货市场中央对手方制度研究

我国期货市场现行制度规则,以及司法机关都将期货结算机构视为期货交易的一般保证人,认为其承担的是相应的保证责任。然而,作为一种国际趋势,结算机构在期货交易中应当处于中央对手方的法律地位,其所承担的是直接的合同责任。通过中央对手方制度,可以实现多边净额结算,提升市场流动性;管理对手方风险,确保合约履行;解决对冲平仓交易与《合同法》的矛盾问题;解决合约交割时结算机构的请求权问题;以及对场外衍生品市场的延伸监管。在我国《期货法》中应当建立以合约更替为基础的中央对手方制度,除适用于场内交易以外,还应将场外部分具有期货交易特征的衍生品交易纳入中央对手方结算体制。此外,还应成立统一的期货结算所,以便其在场内和场外市场统一行使中央对手方的职能。

美国应对金融危机的货币政策及其效应评析

尽管美国金融危机的货币表象为流动性枯竭、金融市场混乱,但金融危机的真实根源却在于交易中的对手风险。因此,虽然美联储采取了扩张性货币政策和创新的金融工具,增加金融市场的流动性,但这些政策只能在短期内抑制经济衰退,并不能真正地消除金融危机,反而还可能延缓甚至恶化金融危机。