Non-performing Loans in Turkish Banking Sector and Balance Sheets Effects

In the 21st century, while the scope of banking activities has been expanding every day, collecting deposits and providing credit remain as their main and most important functions. They transfer the collected funds thanks to the market confidence they create back to the market in terms of the credits they give. For the organizations operating in the banking sector, crediting is the highest revenue earning source. However, uncollected loans may disrupt the activities of banks and may reduce their effectiveness. Therefore, the control of bank credits has a particular importance in the bank balance sheets. In this study, the relationship between bank balance sheets and non-performing loans （NPL） will be analyzed using Granger causality test and vector autoregressive （VAR） method. This study aims to discuss the impact of NPL on balance sheets and contribute to making correct credit decisions. It also intends to assist to reduce the NPL ratios of banks and minimize the level of negativity in their financial statements.

Research in the Securitization of the Non-performing Loans of China＇s State-owned Banks

In this paper, through analyzing the necessity of the securitization of the non-performing loans of China＇s state-owned banks, the author proposes some tentative ideas for the securitization of the non-performing loans and works out some problems that need to be solved in this process.

The Impact of Bank-Specific and Macroeconomic Factors on Non-performing Loans in Sri Lankan Commercial Banks

The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on non-performing loans in systemically and non-systemically important commercial banks in Sri Lanka over 10 year’s period from 2004 to 2013.Also,the study examines the impact of civil war that prevailed in the country for 30 years on the ex-post credit risk of the banking sector.The study employed panel data methodology to investigate the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on non-performing loans.Panel unit root test has been undertaken in order to test the stationary of the variables.Hausman test and Wald coefficient restriction test were used to select the appropriate model out of pooled,random,and fixed effect.A dummy variable panel regression model adopted to study the war effect,considering 2009 as the structural year.Findings revealed that return on assets as a proxy for bank efficiency has a significant negative influence,while non-interest income as a proxy for income diversity is positively correlated with non-performing loans of systemically important banks.Both real gross domestic products and lending rates were highly significant in both bank types.On contrary with literature,growth in bank branches is negatively correlated.Public banks do not account for higher level of non-performing loans compared to their private counterpart.Finally,it was identified that civil war had an effect on the level of non-performing loans in commercial banks.The research would have benefited if the analysis is carried out among classified types of loans offered by commercial banks.Future researchers should involve in identifying the most significant contributing loan type to the non-performing loans and its determinants.This study is one of the few studies which have investigated the causes of non-performing loans in the commercial banking industry in Sri Lanka.The analysis of civil war and its impact on non-performing loans is the first study of that nature to be conducted in the context.

Non-performing loans(NPLs),liquidity creation,and moral hazard:Case of Chinese banks

This study analyzes the impact of non-performing loans(NPLs)on bank liquidity creation to investigate the existence of moral hazard problem in Chinese banks.It uses data from 197 listed and unlisted Chinese banks,spanning the period 2005 to 2014.Total liquidity creation by Chinese banks is declining,and NPLs ratio has started to increase following a continuous decline between 2005 and 2012.Using one-step system GMM estimation,fixed and random effect model,and pool data analysis,we find that liquidity creation by Chinese banks does not depend on NPLs ratio,i.e.,we did not find the evidence of moral hazard problem in Chinese banks.We repeated the analysis for small and large banks and the results of these sub-samples reinforced our findings for the aggregate sample.

Do Macroeconomic Determinants of Non-Performing Loans Vary with the Income Levels of Countries?

This paper explores the macroeconomic determinants of non-performing loans(NPL) in 19 Asian countries(low to high income economies) using the Generalized Method of Moments estimation approach based on the economic data for the period between 1998 and 2015. The categorization of the economies is based on the average gross national income per capita as set by the World Bank.Specifically, the paper aims to evaluate if the determinants of NPL vary with the income levels of the countries. The results indicate that the NPL is strongly influenced by the inflation rate. The effect is,however, negative in the high-income and the middle-income countries and positive in the low-income countries. The GDP per capita has a dynamic negative relationship with the NPL in the high-income and the low-income countries. The remittance has a significant positive association in the high-income and a significant negative association in the low-income countries. Similarly, the unemployment rate has a positive effect on NPL in the middle-income and the low-income countries. With the rise in the official exchange rate, the NPL level increases in the low-income countries. The overall estimation results suggest that the NPL in Asian banking system depend on some key macroeconomic variables,such as unemployment rate, inflation rate, official exchange rate, remittance received and gross domestic product per capita, and these associations vary with the income level of the countries. Therefore,economic level of a country should be carefully considered while formulating credit policy to minimize credit risks in the banking system.

On the Pricing Method of the Non-performing Loan Securitization

This paper analyzed in depth the difference between the pricing of non- performing loan （NPL） securitization and that of ordinary asset securitization. It has explained the pricing thought and method of non-performing loan backed securities in connection with the particularity and complexity of non-performing loan and finally proposed some key problems which need to be emphasized during the pricing practice of non-performing loan backed securitization.

Hybrid 1DCNN-Attention with Enhanced Data Preprocessing for Loan Approval Prediction

In order to reduce the risk of non-performing loans, losses, and improve the loan approval efficiency, it is necessary to establish an intelligent loan risk and approval prediction system. A hybrid deep learning model with 1DCNN-attention network and the enhanced preprocessing techniques is proposed for loan approval prediction. Our proposed model consists of the enhanced data preprocessing and stacking of multiple hybrid modules. Initially, the enhanced data preprocessing techniques using a combination of methods such as standardization, SMOTE oversampling, feature construction, recursive feature elimination (RFE), information value (IV) and principal component analysis (PCA), which not only eliminates the effects of data jitter and non-equilibrium, but also removes redundant features while improving the representation of features. Subsequently, a hybrid module that combines a 1DCNN with an attention mechanism is proposed to extract local and global spatio-temporal features. Finally, the comprehensive experiments conducted validate that the proposed model surpasses state-of-the-art baseline models across various performance metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and AUC. Our proposed model helps to automate the loan approval process and provides scientific guidance to financial institutions for loan risk control.

Review of Arbitral Award of Network Loan and Analysis of Construction of Implementation Review Rules

The network arbitration cases arising from the network lending disputes are pouring into the courts in large numbers.It is reported that the network arbitration system of some arbitration institutions even“can accept more than 10,000 cases every day,”while online lending is booming,it has also caused a lot of contradictions and disputes,and traditional dispute resolution methods have failed to effectively respond to the need for efficient and convenient resolution of online lending disputes.This paper tries to study the arbitral award of online loans and proposes the construction of implementation review rules.

Analyzing China's Non-performing Financial Assets

The non-performing assets of China’s financial institutions totaled RMB l,800 billion. Has this threatened the safety of China’s financial industry? Where do this large amount of nonperforming assets come from?

家庭贷款对在婚育龄女性生育意愿影响的实证分析

目前我国育龄妇女生育水平低,总和生育率远低于世代更替水平,“三孩”生育政策的实施还需要相关配套政策的进一步完善。影响育龄女性生育意愿的因素很多,本研究基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,探析家庭贷款对在婚育龄女性生育意愿的影响及生育观的中介效应。研究发现在婚育龄女性平均家庭贷款金额为6.11万元,其中住房贷款占比超过80%,其他贷款占比较小;在婚育龄女性的平均生育意愿为1.93,其中有房贷的生育意愿为1.84,有其他贷款的生育意愿为1.97。通过使用有序Logistic模型分析家庭贷款对在婚育龄女性的生育意愿的影响,结果表明住房贷款对生育意愿具有显著的负向影响;与无住房贷款相比,有住房贷款的在婚育龄女性的多孩生育意愿下降了19.3%。通过替换核心解释变量进行稳健性检验,分析结果不仅验证了基本回归的可靠性,还验证了住房贷款金额越大,在婚育龄女性生育意愿越低。住房贷款影响在婚育龄女性的生育意愿,是因为在家庭收入一定的情况下,住房贷款对生育支出具有挤出效应。异质性分析表明住房贷款对非农业户籍在婚育龄女性的生育意愿的负向影响更大,除房贷外的其他贷款对农业户籍在婚育龄女性的生育意愿有正向影响。造成这种异质性的原因是非农业户籍住房贷款金额较高,对生育支出的挤出效应更大;而农业户籍的其他贷款金额较小,有助于提高家庭当期收入和未来收入预期,对生育支出有一定的支持效应。生育观在住房贷款与生育意愿的关系中具有明显的中介效应,住房贷款通过影响在婚育龄女性生育观进而降低在婚育龄女性的生育意愿,中介效应占比14.03%。这是因为住房贷款能帮助年轻人建立核心小家庭,阻隔长辈传统生育观的代际传递,接受少生优生的现代生育观。为提高育龄女性的生育意愿,建议全社会加强生育支持,降低生育成本;满足育儿需求,缓解女性家庭与工作的冲突;拓宽女性就业渠道,助力增收创收;降低房贷压力,强化住房保障支持;增加农村小额贷款供给,完善农村金融服务体系。

银行科技贷款对创新质量的影响机制及效应研究

银行科技贷款作为科技金融的重要组成部分之一,对企业创新质量的提高具有至关重要的作用。本文基于高科技产业面板数据,构建了银行科技贷款对创新质量的影响机制,并采用面板回归模型、面板门槛模型对其中的线性关系、非线性关系进行了实证研究。研究发现,银行科技贷款总体上对创新质量产生正向影响。银行科技贷款水平较低时,其对创新质量的促进作用较大;企业创新质量水平较低时,银行科技贷款对创新质量的促进作用不足。随着企业研发经费投入水平由低到高,银行科技贷款对创新质量的贡献呈“U”型。因此,为实现企业创新质量的提高,应优化研发经费来源配置。

中国绿色信贷发展状况、基本特征与政策建议

绿色信贷市场是中国绿色金融体系中发展最早、规模最大的市场,在支持绿色领域融资、推动“双碳”目标实现的过程中将发挥举足轻重的作用。目前全球尚无绿色信贷的统一标准,国内外标准各有侧重。近年来中国的绿色信贷市场快速发展,其规模、增速及占总贷款的比重均持续攀升。从结构特征看,其资金主要投向绿色交通运输和清洁能源领域,参与机构从大型银行拓展到中小银行。从变化趋势看,其政策目标从号召引导过渡到制度规范,政策重点措施从限制性转变为鼓励性,产品类别从单一化发展到多样化,绿色信贷市场逐渐走向规范和完善。但是,当前中国绿色信贷市场在制度环境、激励约束、信息披露监管等方面仍存在一些缺陷。基于上述分析,提出促进中国绿色信贷市场发展的四点建议:促进绿色信贷制度的完善,加大政策激励与支持的力度,加快数据与信息披露体系建设,加强全流程的跟踪监管。

中小企业融资难背景下的商业银行信用风险缓释行为研究:信用风险转移or贷款出售?

在面临高风险的中小企业贷款时,商业银行如何签订信用衍生产品合约来缓解自身信用风险,进而在支持中小企业和民营企业融资时实现自身的最大效用,成为商业银行支持中小企业融资需要重点考虑的问题。本文将信用风险转移工具与贷款出售相结合,比较了存在道德风险与不存在道德风险情况下商业银行的效用差异。理论模型分析表明,当不存在道德风险时,贷款出售市场会保证商业银行实现贷款的期望收益;但监管成本的存在使得信用风险转移工具的使用效用低于贷款的预期收益,且合约支付没有呈现出状态分离特征,商业银行会倾向于使用贷款出售来转移信用风险。在存在道德风险时,贷款出售市场并没有完全对冲商业银行的信用风险;而对于信用风险转移工具而言,当信用风险缓释工具卖方资产管理能力非常强,且大于监管惩罚的期望值时,商业银行能够获得高于贷款预期收益的效用,信用风险转移工具是更优的选择。

银行金融科技对贷款损失准备计提顺周期的影响:推波助澜还是解危济困

商业银行贷款损失准备计提的顺周期行为会加剧金融市场的震荡,因此,如何缓释其顺周期性始终是金融监管的一大焦点。本文基于我国233家商业银行2010—2021年间数据,探究了银行金融科技对其贷款损失准备计提顺周期的影响。实证研究发现,商业银行的金融科技应用能够显著缓解贷款损失准备计提的顺周期性。这一结论在一系列内生性以及稳健性检验后,依然保持稳健。机制分析发现,金融科技通过显著增强银行贷款损失准备计提的前瞻性,缓解了贷款损失准备计提的顺周期行为,凸显了金融科技对商业银行的赋能效果。从宏微观层面进行的异质性分析发现,在规模较小、外部监管水平较低的商业银行中,以及在宏观经济信心相对不足时期,顺周期问题更为严重;而金融科技对商业银行顺周期行为的缓解作用则在规模较小、外部监管水平较低和报表粉饰程度较弱的银行中更为显著。分解检验发现,金融科技中,“科技管理”对缓释银行贷款损失准备计提顺周期性的作用最大。

企业内外资金持有量对研发补贴激励作用的门槛效应——来自民营科技企业的数据分析

以2010—2020年402家民营科技企业数据为研究样本,实证分析企业内外资金持有量对政府研发补贴激励效果的影响,进而追本溯源地剖析影响中国民营科技企业研发补贴激励效果的根本原因。结果显示:企业内外资金持有量对研发补贴的激励效果具有双重门槛效应。一方面,内部资金过多或过少均不利于研发补贴发挥激励作用,当企业内部资金水平过高时,研发补贴对企业研发投入的促进作用最弱;另一方面,外部贷款较少的企业,研发补贴激励作用最显著,随着外部贷款水平提高,研发补贴的激励作用逐渐下降,直至不再显著。

两权抵押贷款对农户收入分配的影响研究

完善金融体系是优化收入分配结构的重要途径,但人们缺乏对农村金融改革在农户收入分配中作用的理解。基于2005—2020年的县域面板数据,本文使用渐进双重差分法检验了农村土地承包经营权和农民住房财产权抵押贷款对农户收入及城乡收入差距的影响。研究发现:第一,农村土地承包经营权和农民住房财产权抵押贷款试点实施增加了农户收入,缩小了城乡收入差距;第二,农村土地承包经营权抵押贷款对农户收入分配的优化作用比农民住房财产权抵押贷款更加有效;第三,农村土地承包经营权和农民住房财产权抵押贷款对农户收入分配的优化作用主要通过促进农村经济增长、增加农户信贷可得性及促进农村劳动力流动来实现。上述研究结论揭示出通过农村金融改革助力共同富裕的必要性,即需要推动农村土地承包经营权和农民住房财产权抵押贷款的农村金融改革来改善农户收入分配。

双重资金约束下考虑碳配额交易的供应链融资决策

构建由生产和减排双重资金约束的制造商和零售商组成的低碳供应链系统,针对银行借贷和提前支付两种融资模式,探究碳配额交易下制造商的融资决策问题,并分析了碳减排成本系数和碳交易价格对融资决策和供应链成员利润的影响.研究发现:当提前支付利率等于银行借贷利率时,无论是否考虑碳配额交易,提前支付融资总会给制造商带来较大利润,因此,提前支付是制造商的最优融资选择.当融资利率不等时,制造商融资方式会受到碳配额交易和碳减排成本系数的影响.碳减排成本系数增大时,融资规模、供应链成员利润均降低,而碳交易价格提高时,融资规模、制造商利润均增加.另外,碳配额交易会增加制造商利润,但会损害零售商利润.

房地产信贷与住房可支付性

本文使用2010—2022年中国135个城市房地产信贷、房价、房租以及家庭收入与消费数据,考察房地产信贷对住房可支付性影响。实证研究发现,城市房地产开发贷款占比越高,城市房价收入比越低;城市住房抵押贷款占比越高,城市房价收入比与房租收入比越高;房地产信贷对房价可支付性的影响大于房租可支付性;房地产开发贷款提高城市中等收入者住房可支付性,但住房抵押贷款降低城市中等收入者住房可支付性。因此,住房信贷政策应主要解决城市中等收入者房价可支付问题而非房租可支付问题。

宏观审慎政策能否抑制商业银行风险承担

选取2010—2020年中国225家商业银行年度数据,构建面板回归模型实证检验了宏观审慎政策对银行风险承担的影响及其作用机制。研究表明:(1)宏观审慎政策的实施有助于抑制银行风险承担。相对于国有银行与城农商行,宏观审慎政策对股份制银行风险承担的抑制效应更大。(2)同业负债、贷款集中度及杠杆率在宏观审慎政策与银行风险承担的关系中承担着多重中介作用,宏观审慎政策主要通过降低银行同业负债、贷款集中度及杠杆率渠道来降低银行风险承担,“宏观审慎政策—同业负债/贷款集中度/杠杆率—银行风险承担”的传导渠道均有效。(3)跨境资本流入对宏观审慎政策与银行风险承担关系具有负向调节作用,跨境资本流入规模增大会减弱宏观审慎政策对银行风险承担的抑制作用。(4)银行家信心对宏观审慎政策与银行风险承担关系具有负向调节作用,银行家信心提升会减弱宏观审慎政策对银行风险承担的抑制作用。该成果将为提升宏观审慎监管效率及防控中国银行业风险提供重要的理论指导与决策参考。