Numerical and theoretical study of large-scale failure of strata overlying sublevel caving mines with steeply dipping discontinuities

The deformation and fracture evolution mechanisms of the strata overlying mines mined using sublevel caving were studied via numerical simulations.Moreover,an expression for the normal force acting on the side face of a steeply dipping superimposed cantilever beam in the surrounding rock was deduced based on limit equilibrium theory.The results show the following:(1)surface displacement above metal mines with steeply dipping discontinuities shows significant step characteristics,and(2)the behavior of the strata as they fail exhibits superimposition characteristics.Generally,failure first occurs in certain superimposed strata slightly far from the goaf.Subsequently,with the constant downward excavation of the orebody,the superimposed strata become damaged both upwards away from and downwards toward the goaf.This process continues until the deep part of the steeply dipping superimposed strata forms a large-scale deep fracture plane that connects with the goaf.The deep fracture plane generally makes an angle of 12°-20°with the normal to the steeply dipping discontinuities.The effect of the constant outward transfer of strata movement due to the constant outward failure of the superimposed strata in the metal mines with steeply dipping discontinuities causes the scope of the strata movement in these mines to be larger than expected.The strata in the metal mines with steeply dipping discontinuities mainly show flexural toppling failure.However,the steeply dipping structural strata near the goaf mainly exhibit shear slipping failure,in which case the mechanical model used to describe them can be simplified by treating them as steeply dipping superimposed cantilever beams.By taking the steeply dipping superimposed cantilever beam that first experiences failure as the key stratum,the failure scope of the strata(and criteria for the stability of metal mines with steeply dipping discontinuities mined using sublevel caving)can be obtained via iterative computations from the key stratum,moving downward toward and upwards away from the goaf.

Failure of hanging roofs in sublevel caving by shock collision and stress superposition

Hanging roofs or high hang-ups.a common problem in sublevel caving mining,usually result in a large ore loss and undermine mining safety.This paper analyzed the formation of a hanging roof and showed that increased confining pressure and reduced free surface were its main characteristics.In order to break down a hanging roof,a new method based on shock wave collision and stress superposition was developed.In this method,two blastholes containing multi-primer at different positions are simultaneously initiated at first.By doing this,a new free surface and a swell room can be created.After these holes are fired,a long delay time is given to the next blasthole so that the fragments from the first twohole blasting have enough time to fall down.This new method was applied to three hanging roofs in one production area,and all of them were successfully broken down.Field inspection indicated that almost no damage was caused in the nearby drifts/tunnels due to the new method.In addition,the far field vibrations were found to be smaller than the maximum vibrations induced by some other blasts.

Numerical Simulation of Independent Advance of Ore Breaking in the Non-pillar Sublevel Caving Method

The mechanism of stress generation and propagation by detonation loading in five separate independent advance of ore breaking patterns is discussed in the paper. An elastic numerical model was developed using AN- SYS/LS-DYNA 3D Nonlinear Dynamic Finite Element Software. In this package ANSYS is the preprocessor and LS-DYNA is the postprocessor. Numerical models in the paper to actual were l：10 and the element mesh was dissected in scanning mode utilizing the symmetry characteristics of the numerical model. Five different advance rates were studied. Parameters, such as the time required to maximum stress, the action time of the available stress, the maximum velocity of the nodes, the stress penetration time, the magnitude of the stress peak and the time duration for high stress were numerically simulated. The 2.2 m advance appeared optimum from an analysis of the simulation results. The results from numerical simulation have been validated by tests with physical models.

Statistic constitutive equation of top-coal damage for fully mechanized coal face with sublevel caving

Under the action of abutment pressure in front of fully mechanized coal face with sublevel caving(CFSC),top-coal over CFSC deformed.In the process of whole de- formation of top-coal,it changed from continuum elastic mass to non-continuum plastic mass contained fissures,become a loose body.According to its bearing characteristics and mechanical properties,top-coal mass can be divided into four deformation zones along the winning direction of CFSC,i.e.initial stress zone,elastic zone,plastic zone and loose zone.Top-coal in plastic zone located in the post-peak zone of the stress-strain curve for top-coal.With equivalent strain principle of damage mechanics and mathemati- cal theory of statistic,combining the movement law of top-coal,set up a constitutive equa- tion with damage statistics for top-coal in different position in CFSC.The equation illus- trated the mathematical relationship among top-coal bearing capacity,horizontal confining pressure along the winning direction of CFSC and mechanical properties of top-coal mate- rial.The conclusions not only provide a basis for numerical computer simulations on damage deformation and failure mechanism for top-coal,but also further promote the ap- plication of damage mechanics in CFSC.

STUDY ON THE BROKEN-ORE DRAWING DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SUBLEVEL CAVING

In order to realize the modernized miningmanagementi the authors. based on the practice of a specified mine, developed the application software of the broken ore drawing data management system for sublevel caving through the study on FOXBASE computer language. This paper elabo-rates the overall conception of this system , indicates the main task which should he completed in this system and introduces its module structure and main functions.

Analysis of factors of top coal caving in fully mechanized sublevel caving face in soft coal and control

According to the analysis of the mechanism of top coal caving, the caving condition was pointed out, and many factors of caving were also determined. Then the relationship between factors and caving was studied. Based on the above research, one effective method by using field monitoring was brought forward to determine the controlling factor. Then some related key technologies were provided, such as keeping the integrality of the top-coal, raising the horizontal resistance of supports and decreasing the real end-face distance etc.. At last one application of this method was presented, and it was proved to be an effective method.

Study on rock burst of fully mechanized sublevel caving mining in deep mine

The theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field observation were used to study distribution characters of abutment pressure of fully mechanized sublevel caving face in deep mine, fully mechanized sublevel caving and pressure relief in entries along goaf to the influence of rock burst. The results show that： （1） With the increasing of mining depth, the abutment pressure zone is larger, its peak point is transferred to the front of face, the danger area occurring rock burst in the two fully mechanized sublevel caving entries is larger, and its position is far from the face; （2） There is larger failure area in the upper coal in front of the fully mechanized caving face, and strata possibly occurring rock burst transferred to the upwards or far from faces because of the main roof＇s buffer effect to the dynamic pressure burst, then possibility and strength reduced; （3） The position occurring rock burst is stress concentration zones （abutment pressure along the goaf and residual tectonic stress） and zones with geological structure; （4） Strenuous activities of roof is the inducing factor occurring rock burst.

Optimal location of terminal line in sublevel caving face with suspend-shift support in thinner thick-seam

According to the geological and mining technical conditions of No.18128 sub- level caving face with suspend-shift support,the first working face of the working area,the distribution laws of abutment pressure were studied by jointly employing FIAC^(3D) numerical simulations and field tests.With the full consideration of these laws and the service time- limit of the mining district,the optimal location of the terminal mining line,should be 60 m away from the W4-B8 track dip,which was 20 m shorter than the 80 m distance deter- mined according to traditional experiences.The retained coal safety pillar for the protect- ing of dips,already proved by the industrial practice,can not only improve the rate of coal recovery and satisfy the subsequent service requirement for the following working faces, but also decrease the maintaining expenditure and thus increase profits.

Arrangement of anchor reinforcement in roadway for fully mechanized sublevel caving

Bolting of mining roadway for fully mechanized sublevel caving has been practised successfully in Hebi mining area.It provides a new method for roadway support and settles the problem of support difficulty radically for sublevel caving in Hebi mining area.Where anchor reinforcement holds an important station in roadway support.This article brings forward the arrangement project of anchor based on theoretic analysis.Compared with arranged in the middle of the entry, anchor arranged in the vertex of the entry can reduces the length of anchor,shortens the anchor installation time,and heightens the reliability of anchor installation.

STUDY ON PRODUCTION SYSTEM OPERATION REGULARITY OF FULLY MECHANIZED SUBLEVEL CAVING MINING AND SEQUENTIAL OPERATION

According to a lot of practical data in Liujialiang Mine and reliability theory and result of computer simulation, operation regularity of fully mechanized sublevel caving mining production system in the condition of gently inclined complicated geological structure and production shortcomings are found out and reliability of system and output of the working face are predicted finally.

Rational cutting height for large cutting height fully mechanized top-coal caving

Large cutting height fully mechanized top-coal caving is a new mining method that improves recovery ratio and single-pass production. It also allows safe and efficient mining. A rational cutting height is one key parameter of this technique. Numerical simulation and a granular-media model experiment were used to analyze the effect of cutting height on the rock pressure of a fully mechanized top-coal caving work face. The recovery ratio was also studied. As the cutting height increases the top-coal thickness is reduced. Changing the ratio of cutting to drawing height intensifies the face pressure and the top-coal shattering. A maximum cutting height exists under a given set of conditions due to issues with surrounding rock-mass control. An increase in cutting height makes the top-coal cave better and the recovery ratio when drawing top-coal is then improved. A method of adjusting the face rock pressure is presented. Changing the cutting to drawing height ratio is the technique used to control face rock pressure. The recovery ratio when cutting coal exceeds that when caving top-coal so the face recovery ratio may be improved by over sizing the cutting height and increasing the top-coal drawing ratio. An optimum ratio of cutting to drawing height exists that maximizes the face recovery ratio. A rational cutting height is determined by comprehensively considering the surrounding rock-mass control and the recovery ratio. At the same time increasing the cutting height can improve single pass mining during fully mechanized top-coal caving.

有限回采空间内贫矿资源无底柱分段崩落法低贫损开采方案研究

做好无底柱分段崩落法的贫损控制对于矿山经济效益及环境保护具有重要意义,但当矿床开采条件复杂、矿石品位较低时,矿石贫损控制难度将会大幅增加,在此条件下如何做好矿石贫损控制一直是崩落法开采方向的重要关注点。金川龙首矿西二采区无底柱分段崩落法采场仅可布置4个分段,回采空间十分有限,不利于矿石的贫损控制,加之西二采区矿石品位较低但经济价值较高,因此在开采过程中需要严格控制矿石贫损。针对西二采区的复杂开采条件及贫损控制需求,提出了一种“首采分段总量控制出矿、中间分段低贫化出矿、最末分段低贫化出矿+辅助进路回收残留矿石”的组合式低贫损回采方案。以西二采区为工程背景,设计并制作了一种高仿真度的物理放矿模型并对该方案展开了试验研究。结果表明:即便是在暂时不考虑回收最末分段残留矿石的情况下,该方案可使西二采区崩落法采场的矿石回收率达到75.6%,而废石混入率仅为6.0%,在确保矿石回收率的基础上显著降低了矿石贫化。该方案在现场应用后,实际的矿石回收指标与试验结果基本接近,表明该方案在西二采区有限回采空间内实现了贫矿资源低成本、高质量回收的总体目标。

无底柱分段崩落法结构参数的影响因素及计算

分析无底柱分段崩落法的特征及其优缺点,整理了该采矿方法主要结构参数的影响因素,并归纳了主要结构参数的理论计算公式,同时通过尖山采场的室内放矿实验及现场实际效果,对归纳整理的主要结构参数计算公式进行验证。可为采用无底柱分段崩落法的矿山提供设计依据。

基于降雨量数据的程潮铁矿涌水量时序性预测模型

无底柱分段崩落法开采必然形成大范围的地表塌陷区,所分布的导水裂隙将导致大量的地表降水向下渗透,引起巷道涌水量骤增,程潮铁矿现已进入-500 m开采水平,大气降雨与崩落法开采所引发的裂隙持续动态发展之间的相互作用机制十分复杂。因此,为科学准确地预测井下涌水量,本研究提出了一种以降雨量为输入数据的涌水量灰色GM(1,2)时序性预测模型。以程潮铁矿2019—2021年的降雨量、涌水量实际数据为训练样本,充分考虑崩落法开采对上覆岩体的持续影响,引入时序性系数K对模型进行优化,最终建立的灰色GM(1,2)时序性预测模型与传统的GM(1,2)预测模型相比,预测精度平均提高了7.79%。运用该模型对2022年的涌水量进行预测检验结果表明,其旱、雨两季的预测精度分别为93.51%、93.58%,预测效果较好。研究成果是通过地表降雨量数据直接预测矿山井下涌水量数据的一种有效方法。

基于Aegis的无底柱分段崩落法中深孔爆破过程模拟与应用

无底柱分段崩落法因其回采效率高、结构简单、安全性高等优势被广泛应用于地下金属矿开采,其落矿方式常采用中深孔爆破。针对传统无底柱分段崩落法中深孔爆破设计过程繁琐、模拟效果不够直观等问题,开展了基于爆破设计与分析软件Aegis的中深孔爆破过程模拟与应用研究。首先介绍了该软件的模块构成和功能,并梳理和总结了模拟分析流程;其次研究了利用模型边界限制爆破空间以及利用爆炸能量的交错状态校验孔网参数的两项关键技术;最后基于该软件对某地下矿山无底柱分段崩落法中深孔爆破进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明:单排炮孔内爆炸能量集中且充盈了整个爆腔,连续耦合的装药结构以及0.3 kg/t的炸药单耗设计较为合理;临排炮孔间爆腔壁呈相切的状态,可能存在排间能量不足以完全破碎岩体的情况,2.2 m的炮孔排距稍大;预测的多条进路爆破块度质量分布结果均出现大块占比偏高的情况,与现场的工程实践结果一致,并以其中一次爆破后的爆堆照片为例进行说明,其大块率达到了18.03%。结合Aegis软件的模拟结果,分析炮孔排距偏大可能是导致大块率偏高的主要原因。此外还对实验分段的6个开采进路进行了12次爆破试验并加以模拟验证,得到了基本一致的爆破块度质量占比结果,有效佐证了该软件的现场应用效能。

软破矿岩条件下胶结充填法转分段崩落法研究及应用

金川集团龙首矿西二采区上部中段充填采场发生失稳事故后,采矿方法由下向分层进路式胶结充填法转为无底柱分段崩落法时,面临着软破矿岩条件下覆盖层形成和采场稳定性问题。采用数值计算和现场试验等方法,对这2个关键技术问题进行了研究。数值模拟结果表明,随着崩落法首采分段回采工作的进行,采场复合顶板经历了破坏裂纹萌生、零星散块冒落、拱形批量冒落和柱塞状整体冒落等阶段,当首采分段回采结束时,顶板复合岩层冒落能够为崩落法采场提供足够厚度的覆盖层,且在崩落法采动地压下软破矿岩采场能够保持稳定。现场工业试验表明,在崩落法采场首采分段采用“阶梯式退采均匀扩展采空区+总量控制出矿”的技术方案,能够安全、高效地形成覆盖层,并通过增补“钢拱架+钢筋网+锚杆”的技术方案,解决在崩落法采动地压下维持破碎矿岩采场稳定性的问题,为无底柱分段崩落法在西二采区的扩大应用奠定了技术基础。

浅孔诱导落矿小分段空场采矿法在某金矿的应用

针对某金矿矿岩节理裂隙发育、矿体稳固性差、采准工程掘进与支护困难、回采安全性差等问题,在局部矿体破碎区域开展了浅孔诱导落矿小分段空场采矿法试验研究,利用矿岩本身的力学特性和受人为工程控制的崩落应力场来崩落破碎矿石。详细介绍了该方法的采场结构参数,采切工程布置、拉底切割和落矿等工艺。现场应用表明:采用该方法开采,采场生产能力达127 t/d,采矿损失率为9.2%,矿石贫化率为14.6%,取得了较好的效果,对于该类矿体的安全高效回采具有一定的借鉴意义。

地采扰动下露天坑地表岩移特征及废石充填方案研究

无底柱分段崩落法常应用于黑色金属露天转地下矿山,该方法易引起露天采场边坡失稳,影响矿区周边建(构)筑物的安全。以地表斜坡坡度较陡且地形切割强烈的李家河铁矿为研究对象,依据地表航拍点云数据和生产平面图建立精细的数值模型,采用数值模拟研究地下持续开采扰动作用下的露天坑地表岩移特征,并结合地势、植被、农作物和公路等因素,对比优选合理可行的地表废石充填方案。结果显示,随着矿体逐步向深部开采,受地形和矿体分布影响,Ⅰ号矿坑呈现局部零星破坏,Ⅱ号矿坑以东北侧区域破坏为主,Ⅰ号矿坑地表沉降变化范围小于Ⅱ号矿坑,最终优选出从侧壁向中间靠拢再向北侧推进的地表废石充填方案。

程潮铁矿崩落法开采对上覆岩体变形的影响研究

针对程潮铁矿开展工程地质调查,采用离散元分析软件UDEC建立其二维地质剖面模型,在假设其上部水平矿房未开采的条件下,模拟了程潮铁矿无底柱分段崩落法开采-480m、-500m相邻分段的过程,研究单一分段及相邻分段开采导致的围岩“冒落带、导水裂隙带”的分布规律及范围,探索程潮铁矿单分段矿房开采时其上覆岩体形成的导水裂隙带高度范围y随采长x的变化函数,分析无底柱分段崩落法不同分段矿房开采对于上覆岩体变形及影响机理,为类似开采技术条件矿山安全生产提供参考。

改流体技术用于中厚急倾斜矿体开采实验研究

采用无底柱分段崩落法开采中厚急倾斜矿体现已在矿山中得到广泛应用,但仍普遍存在矿石损失贫化的问题,至今未得到根本解决。为实现资源与环境协调的绿色开采,以中厚急倾斜矿体开采为研究对象,基于料仓内改流体结构原理,提出了改流体放矿技术。考虑矿体倾角和厚度、分段高度因素的影响,设计了18组改流体放矿和常规截止品位放矿对比实验,研究了三因素对矿石损失贫化的影响。实验结果表明,不同厚度、不同倾角矿体开采中,改流体放矿技术矿石回收率均高于常规截止品位放矿回收率。在相同废石混入率条件下,改流体放矿矿石回收率为69.09%~82.9%,高于常规截止品位放矿12.66%~30.88%。当矿体倾角为60°~85°时,矿石回收率随矿体倾角的增大而提高;当矿体厚度为6~10 m时,改流体放矿技术矿石回收率高于常规截止品位放矿回收率;当分段高度为10~14 m时,矿石回收率随分段高度的增加而提高。同时,研究了改流体放矿技术机理,通过在采场中设置改流体结构和改变改流板的打开与关闭顺序,从而改变矿岩流动路径,可增大矿石流动范围和流动速率,控制矿岩接触,从而减少矿石损失和贫化。研究表明,改流体放矿技术优于常规截止品位放矿技术,有效改善了矿石损失贫化问题,为中厚急倾斜矿体开采时降低损失贫化提供了新的方法。