Fiscal Expenditure and Income Gap between Urban and Rural Residents: An Empirical Study Based on Malmquist Index and Spatial Econometrics

Based on the analysis methods of non-parametric Malmquist index and spatial econometrics as well as the provincial panel data in 2007-2010, this paper estimates the efficiency of fiscal expenditure from local governments in china in terms of reducing the income gap between urban and rural residents for the first time and evaluates the spatial correlation and heterogeneity of this efficiency. The results have shown that the fiscal expenditure of most provinces is of low efficiency in reducing the income gap between urban and rural residents, and the expenditure efficiency of local governments is not relevant to their levels of economic development. Besides, the efficiency on reducing the urban-rural income gap between different regions of China has a tendency of convergence. But this is mainly reflected inside the regional economic belt. There is significant difference between the efficiency of each economic belt. The central region has the highest efficiency in a rising trend, the western region has the lowest efficiency in a downward trend, while the eastern region is relatively stable.

The Changes of Fiscal Agriculture-Supporting Expenditure and Farmers' Income Based on Grey Correlation Theory

According to the relevant data of China Statistical Yearbook and Chinese Rural Statistical Yearbook in the year of 2009,the changes of grey correlation degree of farmers' net income,various items of incomes,national gross agriculture-supporting expenditure and various items of expenditures,farmers' net income and various items of fiscal agriculture-supporting expenditure in the Eighth Five-Year Plan,Ninth Five-Year Plan and Tenth Five-Year Plan by using grey correlation degree and the by choosing seven indicators covering income from wage and salary,income from household business,transfer income and property income,agricultural production-supporting expenditure,agricultural basic construction expenditure,expenses of three items of agricultural technology and the fee of rural relief.The results show that the grey correlation degree of each time period and household net income shows the downward trend;from overall perspective,the grey correlation degree of national gross agriculture-supporting expenditure,agricultural basic construction expenditure and agricultural production-supporting expenditure shows the descending trend;the grey correlation degree of fiscal agricultural supporting expenditure and the expenditure of three items of agricultural technology and fee of rural relief show the upward trend;the influence of agricultural production-supporting expenditure on farmers' income shows downward trend;the influence of agricultural basic construction on farmers' income shows upward trend;the fee of rural relief play an active role in the promoting the farmers' income increase;the role played by fee of rural relief in promoting farmers' income increase should be further increased;the increase of farmers' income shows great reliance on agricultural science and technology.In the end,the relevant suggestions on establishing stable increase mechanism of fiscal agricultural support and insisting on the dynamic adjustment of the structure of fiscal agricultural supporting capital are put forward.

RECURSIVE UTILITY,PRODUCTIVE GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE AND OPTIMAL FISCAL POLICY

This paper employs a stochastic endogenous growth model extended to the case of a recursive utility function which can disentangle intertemporal substitution from risk aversion to analyze productive government expenditure and optimal fiscal policy, particularly stresses the importance of factor income. First, the explicit solutions of the central planner＇s stochastic optimization problem are derived, the growth maximizing and welfare-maximizing government expenditure policies are obtained and their standing in conflict or coincidence depends upon intertemporal substitution. Second, the explicit solutions of the representative individual＇s stochastic optimization problem which permits to tax on capital income and labor income separately are derived ,and it is found that the effect of risk on growth crucially depends on the degree of risk aversion,the intertemporal elasticity of substitution and the capital income share. Finally, a flexible optimal tax policy which can be internally adjusted to a certain extent is derived, and it is found that the distribution of factor income plays an important role in designing the optimal tax policy.

Fiscal Expenditure Structure and Environmental Pollution：Empirical Research Based on the Panel Threshold Model

Based on China＇s provincial panel data from 2004 to 2014,the net effect and threshold characteristics of local governments＇ fiscal expenditure structure on environmental pollution were tested with the nonlinear panel threshold model. The results showed that the net effect of fiscal expenditure structure on regional pollution emission intensity had significant inverted V-shaped single threshold characteristics. Besides,the threshold value of economic density was 6. 039 6 million yuan/km^2,and that of population density was 201 people/km^2. That is,the fiscal expenditure structure inclining to productive expenditure was relatively conducive to the promotion of pollution reduction in the areas with low economic density or low population density. The fiscal expenditure structure inclining to non-productive expenditure was relatively conducive to the promotion of pollution reduction in the areas with high economic density or high population density.

Research on the Relationship between Fiscal Expenditure and Educational Equity

Educational equity is important foundation to achieve social equity and to build a harmonious society,and fiscal expenditure is an important means for the government to allocate resources. However,educational inequity is very common in China at present. Through logical analysis of the relationship between the fiscal expenditure and the educational equity in this paper,it is found that the insufficiency of total fiscal expenditure is the main reason for educational inequity at the present stage; the total fiscal expenditure on education shows positive correlation with the educational equity; the optimization degree of the structure of the fiscal expenditure on education shows positive correlation with the educational equity. Therefore,the government shall expand the scale of the fiscal expenditure on education and optimize the structure of the fiscal expenditure on education.

A Study of the Impact of Fiscal Decentralization on the Efficiency of Public Health Expenditure

In this present-day global pandemic that has not been completely resolved,health is a major concern among people,and correspondingly,people are demanding higher standards for public health products and services provided by the government.In this paper,we measure the technical efficiency of public health expenditure in each province by using the data envelopment analysis(DEA)model,and examine the impact of decentralization on the efficiency of public health expenditure under the fiscal decentralization system using the panel data from 31 provinces from 2012-2019 in a panel model subject to fixed effects.

Fiscal Policy and Inflation in Nigeria

This paper empirically examined the impact of fiscal policy on inflation in Nigeria.Time series data on inflation,government revenue,government expenditure,and gross domestic product were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria(CBN).The aforementioned secondary data cover the period from 1981 to 2021.The Augmented Dickey Fuller(ADF)unit root test and Johansen co-integration test were used to testing for data stationarity and the existence or otherwise of co-integrating equations respectively.Thereafter,data were analyzed using Ordinary Least Square and Parsimonious Error Correction techniques.Findings from the study show that government expenditure and revenue both have a positive relationship with the rate of inflation,though the latter is not statistically significant.Also,there is a positive but insignificant relationship between inflation and gross domestic product.In line with the above findings,we,therefore,recommend that the Nigerian government at all levels(local,state,and federal)should be tactful in the use of fiscal policy tools to avoid triggering inflationary pressure and its negative multiplier effects on the welfare of its citizenry.

财政纵向失衡与地方财政支出周期失衡

本文采用1980—2019年数据,在制度分析和事实梳理基础上,运用面板联立方程组探讨了财政纵向失衡对地方财政支出周期失衡的影响及财政收入周期在二者之间的传导机制。研究结果表明:财政纵向失衡加剧地方财政支出周期失衡,财政收入周期是财政纵向失衡影响地方财政支出周期失衡的重要传导机制,但财政纵向失衡对财政收入周期和地方财政支出周期的影响方向相反。分税制改革后,财政纵向失衡对地方财政支出周期失衡的直接影响和间接影响的方向没有变化,但总效应从正向扩张效应转向负向抑制效应。本文的研究结论为缓解财政纵向失衡、提高政府逆周期调节能力提供了决策依据。

财政分权的绿色技术创新效应研究

绿色技术创新是实现绿色低碳发展的核心驱动力,明确财政分权在绿色技术创新过程中发挥的作用具有十分重要的现实意义。本文基于中国省级面板数据,运用固定效应模型等多种数据分析方法,实证考察了财政分权对绿色技术创新的影响。研究发现,财政分权抑制了绿色技术创新。财政科学技术支出和环境规制是财政分权抑制绿色技术创新的主要渠道;在低收入地区,财政分权抑制了绿色技术创新,而在中高收入地区,财政分权促进了绿色技术创新。本文为深化我国财政分权体制改革,加快推进绿色技术创新提供了政策启示。

健康中国背景下的“看病贵”与政府支出——基于资源配置结构性失衡视角的分析

“看病贵”意味着医疗卫生资源转化为医疗卫生服务的成本高,有限资源下医疗卫生服务供给的数量和质量难以满足公众健康需求,从而直接影响健康中国建设。同时,人口快速老龄化带来的医疗卫生需求爆发式增长,将形成医疗卫生体系的额外压力,加剧供求矛盾。基于医疗卫生资源配置结构性失衡视角研究“看病贵”与政府支出之间的关系发现:政府增加卫生支出会通过加剧人力资源配置的结构性失衡而加剧“看病贵”问题;只有将增加政府卫生支出与深化医疗卫生体制改革相结合,才能真正缓解全社会“看病贵”问题。因此,应深化公立医院改革,优化政府对医疗卫生资源的配置方式,加强基层医疗卫生体系建设,重塑医疗卫生服务治理模式,构建专业化治理模式,系统性重构中国医疗卫生领域人才建设。

财政透明度与企业避税行为

财政透明度是各级政府维持运行效率和接受社会监督的重要制度保证。以我国2014—2019年A股上市公司作为研究样本,本文实证研究了宏观财政透明度对微观企业避税行为的影响。研究发现:地方政府财政透明度的提升能够有效增加上市公司的主动避税程度。机制检验显示,主结果是由高财政透明度提升财政支出效率和降低财政压力引起的。进一步分析表明:主结果只在民营、高融资约束和有违规记录的子样本中显著,且在政府公共服务支出较高、税收征管强度较低、营商环境较好和市场竞争程度较强的地区作用更强。研究结论丰富了对财政透明度的微观经济后果的认识,进一步拓展了企业避税行为的影响因素分析边界,为充分发挥财政透明的宏微观治理作用以及完善政府财政支出制度建设提供了政策建议。

企业科学研究反哺存在最优财政支持模式吗?——基于财政科技支出集中度视角

基于2010—2020年我国省级区域的规上工业企业数据,探讨财政科技支出集中度对企业科学研究反哺的作用效应。结果表明:提升区域财政科技支出集中度,可抑制企业科学研究反哺强度和倾向。分区域角度分析,东部地区反哺强度受到激励,西部地区反哺倾向受到抑制,中部地区反哺倾向虽受到激励但反哺强度受到抑制。调节效应和门槛效应分析显示,提升财政科技支出强度或企业绩效可逆转财政科技支出集中度对反哺强度的抑制性,低企业绩效可加剧财政科技支出集中度对反哺倾向的抑制,而提升企业绩效可减弱上述抑制效应。

财政环保支出是否存在涟漪效应?——基于绿色技术进步视角

基于2007—2020年中国地级市面板数据,利用空间杜宾模型考察地方财政环保支出的绿色技术进步涟漪效应,讨论区域异质性特征,并验证产业结构升级的传导作用。实证结果表明,城市间绿色技术进步存在空间自相关性。地方政府财政环保支出存在涟漪效应,即财政环保支出对本地绿色技术进步表现出“倒U型”效果,并对邻地绿色技术进步产生“U型”影响。异质性检验显示,经济规模较大、产业结构高级且人力资本集聚的城市,财政环保支出更加有助于推动本地绿色技术进步。另外,本地财政环保支出影响邻地产业结构升级,长期内调整邻地经济增长效益,进而激励邻地绿色技术进步。研究结论将为政府因地制宜调整财政环保支出、优化绿色技术进步体系提供一定参考。

财政科技支出对城市创新的影响:效应与机制

本文以城市群为切入点,运用静态空间杜宾模型、动态空间自回归模型和非对称反应模型,采用2011—2020年我国273个地级市数据,系统考察了财政科技支出对城市创新的影响效应和机制。研究发现:首先,财政科技支出对城市创新有显著且稳健的正向本地效应和空间效应,且城市群城市财政科技支出对城市创新有更高的本地效应和空间效应。其次,创新类别异质性分析结果表明,相较于策略性创新,现有财政科技支出总体围绕提高城市的实质性创新展开,但非城市群城市财政科技支出的实质性创新倾向显著弱于城市群城市;空间关系异质性分析结果表明,“集聚阴影”现象在样本期内显著存在。最后,进一步分析结果显示,从财政科技支出策略互动行为来看,我国地级市间普遍存在财政科技支出策略互动行为,且相较于非城市群城市,城市群城市财政科技支出策略互补程度更低;从财政科技支出策略互动模式来看,我国地级市间财政科技支出策略互动模式为逐顶竞争,且非城市群城市有更为显著的逐顶竞争倾向。本文为推动城市创新提供了理论依据和决策参考。

财政转移支付制度、财政提质增效与经济增长——基于转移支付不确定性的研究

地方政府财政收入的不确定性对其财税行为会造成影响,进而可能影响到财政支出的经济增长效应。使用1998-2007年中国县级层面的财政数据,以2001年民族地区转移支付制度的确立作为工具变量,估算中国地区层面的财政支出乘数,并研究转移支付不确定性对地区层面财政支出乘数的影响,实证结果表明,县级地区转移支付不确定性每增加1个标准差会导致县级地区财政支出乘数减少0.57,专项转移支付不确定性是导致地方政府财政支出乘数下降的主要因素,而一般性转移支付不确定性对地方政府财政支出乘数没有显著影响。机制研究表明,转移支付不确定性通过影响地方政府的财政收支行为,使得地方政府提高当地企业的实际税率,减少了当地企业的产出,进而影响到地区层面产出。

基于三阶段DEA的我国公共服务效率评价

采用三阶段DEA方法,选取2012—2021年我国公共服务的相关数据,分析政治社会类、经济发展类和文化建设类公共服务的效率状况.研究表明,剔除环境和随机因素的影响后,2012—2021年我国公共服务供给效率总体呈现上升趋势,外部因素对我国公共服务效率存在显著影响,各个省域都发生了不同程度的变化,其中对政治社会类公共服务和西部地区的影响最大.同第一阶段DEA结果比较,第三阶段的结果更加符合实际情况.据此,未来我国公共服务的政策重点有三:一要强化制度保障,炼就有制可循的“定心丸”;二要盘活创新要素,激发发展活力的“催化剂”;三要健全评价体系,擦亮效率监督的“监控器”.

人工智能、财政支出结构偏向与高质量就业

本文选取2009—2018年省级层面数据,运用面板固定效应模型分析人工智能应用对高质量就业的影响及其传导机制。研究结果表明,人工智能应用总体能够促进高质量就业。调节效应检验结果显示,财政支出能够正向调节人工智能应用对高质量就业的积极影响,并由于财政支出呈现结构偏向的特征,不同性质的财政支出会使人工智能应用程度对高质量就业的影响产生差异。作用机制结果显示,人工智能应用程度会通过产业结构升级间接促进高质量就业。异质性分析结果表明,在地区分布上,人工智能应用程度对高质量就业的积极影响主要体现在东部地区;在时期分布上,在自动化赋能阶段(2009—2014年),人工智能应用程度呈现出对高质量就业的促进作用,而在智能化创新阶段(2015—2018年)则不明显。本文的研究结论为挖掘人工智能应用在中国如何实现更高质量就业,以及探究财政政策导向在其中的作用提供参考。

人口老龄化、财政支出效率与产业结构升级——理论机制与经验证据

本文在分析人口老龄化、财政支出效率与产业结构升级三者内在机理的基础上,利用2001—2019年我国省级面板数据并结合面板平滑转换模型和动态空间杜宾模型,对提出的理论假说进行实证检验。研究发现,财政支出效率、产业结构升级在时间、空间和时空三个维度均具有显著的路径依赖性、空间外溢性和竞争滞后性特征。人口老龄化对财政支出效率和产业结构升级均具有显著的非线性影响,且人口年龄结构差异使得人口老龄化的影响存在区域异质性。总体来看,人口老龄化阻碍了产业结构高级化和制造业转型升级,但促进了产业结构合理化和服务业结构升级,且提高了财政支出效率。财政支出效率提升不仅弱化了人口老龄化对产业结构升级的负效应,还成为人口老龄化发挥正向影响的重要传导渠道。上述结论对于推动我国产业结构升级、实现经济高质量发展具有一定的理论和现实意义。

财政支出结构对民族地区高质量发展的影响研究

财政对新时代民族地区的高质量发展至关重要。研究通过熵值法,从经济发展、创新驱动、民生福祉、绿色生态、安全保障五个维度评估民族地区的高质量发展指数,并采用面板回归模型分析了财政支出结构对高质量发展的影响。研究表明:民族地区财政支出责任重大,主要集中在民生性支出和生产性支出;尽管民族地区高质量发展综合指数低于全国,但呈上升趋势;地方财政支出对民族地区高质量发展具有综合激励效应,由大到小依次为生产性支出、民生性支出和服务性支出。为提升地方财政支出激励效应,政府需加大投入并优化支出结构,突出重点支出方向。

清代财政能力的变化趋势与量化度量——基于雍乾嘉道四朝户部银库财政收支数据的尝试性考察

财政能力被认为是导致东西方在18—19世纪出现经济大分流的影响因素之一,但学界有关清代财政能力的量化度量仍是研究的空白点。根据清代户部银库收支数据,分析了清代财政收支变化的时间趋势,并基于财政盈余和实物折算两个维度构建了雍正、乾隆、嘉庆和道光四朝的财政能力指数,分析了这一时期的财政能力指数与相关经济变量之间的相关关系。结论显示:基于户部财政收支构建的清代前期的财政能力指数与相关宏观变量存在着预期关联关系,对当时人们的工资、福利与生活成本具有显著解释力。