Evolution of Xanthomonas Gene Content:Gene Gain/Loss History and Species Divergence

Horizontal gene transfer （HGT） plays key roles in the evolution of pathogenetic bacteria, especially in pathogenetic associated genes. In this study, the evolutionary dynamics of Xanthomonas at species level were determined by the comparative analysis of the complete genomes of 15 Xanthomonas strains. A concatenated multiprotein phyletic pattern and a dataset with Xanthomonas clusters of orthologous genes were constructed. Mathematical extrapolation estimates that the core genome will reach a minimum of about 1 547 genes while the pan-genome will increase up to 22 624 genes when sequencing 1 000 genomes. The HGT extent in this genus was assessed by using a Markov-based probabilistic method. The reconstructed gene gain/loss history, which contained several features consistent with biological observations, showed that nearly 60% of the Xanthomonas genes were acquired by HGT. A large fraction of variability was in the clade ancestor nodes and ＂leaves of the tree＂. Coexpression analysis suggested that the pathogenic and metabolic variation between Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae might due to recently-transferred genes. Our results strongly supported that the gene gain/loss may play an important role in divergence and pathogenicity variation of Xanthomonas species.

Gain/loss effect on a bright solitary wave in a cigar-shaped attractive condensate in the presence of an expulsive parabolic potential

Taking into account both gain/loss and time-dependent atomic scattering length, this paper analytically derives an exact bright solitary wave in a cigar-shaped attractive condensate in the presence of an expulsive parabolic potential. Due to the balance of the scattering length and gain/loss, the bright solitary wave is shown to have constant amplitude. Especially, it is found that the bright solitary wave is accelerated by expulsive force, whose velocity can be modulated by changing the axial and transverse angular frequencies. The results are in good agreement with the experimental observations by Khaykovich et al （2002 Science 296 1290）.

Control of gain and thermal carrier loss profiles for mode optimization in 980-nm broad-area vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Optical gain and thermal carrier loss distributions regarding current diffusion and various electric contact areas are investigated to improve the near-field modes from the ring-shape to a Gaussian-like configuration for extra-broad-area and oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. In this work an equivalent circuit network model is used. The resistance of the continuously-graded distributed Bragg reflectors （DBRs）, the current diffusion and the temperature effect due to different electric-contact areas are calculated and analyzed at first, as these parameters affect one another and are the key factors in determining the gain and thermal carrier loss. Finally, the gain and thermal carrier loss distributions are calculated and discussed.

Quadratic Boost Converter: An Analysis with Passive Components Losses

The Cascaded Connected Single Switch Quadratic Boost (C2S2-QB) is studied first from its ideal model, then with semi-real model taking into account resistive losses through the inductors and the capacitor. The continuous conduction mode equations, describing these different models are established, taking into account losses through passive components. From these equations, the voltage gain and the efficiency are determined for the semi-real model. The voltage gain and the efficiency are then analyzed versus duty cycle and the influence of passive component losses on the performance of the quadratic boost converter is carried out for the semi-real model. It has been showed that the quality of the passive components of a converter plays an important role in the quality of the conversion. However, not all passives components affect the converter in the same way.

Compensation for diffusion loss of sound wave in sonar system

Sound pressure amplitude will be attenuated with propagation distance in a certain rule when sound wave is propagated in shallow sea.When processing the attenuated signal,time-variant gain circuit is usually used to compensate its diffusion loss.In this paper,spherical diffusion loss is compensated by digital potentiometer and operational circuit and further investigation is also made on compensation of cylindrical diffusion loss and transition from spherical diffusion loss to cylindrical diffusion loss.Finally,a new compensation model is proposed for unknown propagation loss for the purpose of adjusting the dynamic range of signal to meet the requirement of A/D conversion.

An influencing mechanism for ecological asset gains and losses and its optimization and promotion pathways in China

Accounting for the gains and losses of ecological assets holds scientific significance in sustaining human well-being.Based on related research on ecological assets,we established a county-scale ecological asset accounting technology system by analyzing the temporal and spatial variations of county-level ecological assets in China from 1990 to 2018 and clarified the factors which caused the gains and losses of ecological assets.On these bases,optimization and promotion pathways were proposed.The results show that the number of counties dominated by farmland and forest ecological resources accounted for about 45%and 37%of the total counties,respectively.From 1990 to 2018,the quality of county-level ecological stock assets showed an increasing trend,while the water conservation volume decreased in nearly 70%of the counties.The number of counties with the gains(47%)and losses(37%)of ecological flow assets demonstrated spatial patterns which showed the same segmentation characteristics as the“Hu Huanyong Line”,that is,the counties in the vastness of northwest China experienced significant gains,while decreases were widespread in eastern and southern China.The change of ecological assets in more than 70%of the counties was driven by climate change and human activities.The average degree of impact of human activities driving the ecological asset gains in counties was about 80%,while that of climate change causing the ecological asset losses was about 60%.According to various ecological resource types,gain and loss status,and its driving factors,counties in China can be classified into five types:climate change mitigation,climate change adaptation,ecological resources restoration,ecological resources protection,and ecological resources management.Our results indicate that differentiated optimization and promotion pathways can be adopted to achieve desired ecological asset gains.

Body Composition and Metabolic Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Women: Effects of a Dietary Weight Loss Program

Epidemiological studies showed an association between menopause, weight gain and risk factors that identify the metabolic syndrome (MS). We evaluated body composition and metabolic risk factors in postmenopausal women addressed to a center for the assessment of nutritional status to lose weight by hypocaloric balanced diet. 161 postmenopausal women were enrolled. MS diagnosis was made applying IDF (International Diabetes Foundation) criteria. After the prescription of hypocaloric diet all subjects were controlled every 2 months. In patients suffering from MS (MS+) at the first visit, diagnosis of MS was reassessed when 10% weight loss was achieved. 70 women were MS+. Years since menopause, low instruction level, obesity and Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT) were each associated with MS. Particularly, BMI ≥ 30 Kg/m2 (OR: 2.61;95% CI, 1.76 - 3.46) and VAT > 6.6 cm (OR: 3.49;95% CI, 2.52 - 4.46) resulted independent risk factors. The 30% of the whole sample dropped out, the reminders significantly reduced weight, waist circumference (Wc) and Fat Mass (p 0.01). The 35% of MS+ women achieved the 10% weight loss with significant reduction of VAT, Wc, fasting glucose, tryglicerides, blood pressure and resolution of MS in the 78% of them. The 43.5% of postmenopausal women addressed in one center for the assessment of nutritional status to follow a weight-loss nutritional program had the MS;visceral obesity was the strongest independent risk factor and hypocaloric balanced diet resulted a good strategy to lose weight and treat MS.

Determination of Array Gain of Single Hop to Achieve the Performance of a 2-Hop Wireless Link

In adaptive beamforming system adaptive algorithm of digital filter is applied to update the weighting vector of the antenna elements to get antenna gain along the desired direction and attenuation along the jammer. The objective of the paper is to evaluate the threshold gain of the adaptive beam former along the line of sight (LOS) between the transmitter and the receiver (including jammer suppression) to make the single hop link comparable with 2-hop link. The single hop and 2-hop communication systems are compared in context of symbol error rate (SER) under fading condition theoretically and verified by simulation. Finally we evaluate the numerical value of threshold gain of adaptive beamformer of two antenna elements under Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading conditions.

Sensori-Neural Hearing Loss Client’s Performance with Receiver-In-Canal (RIC) Hearing Aids

Background: Individuals fitted with hearing aids complain of the unnatural sound quality of their voice, other internally generated sounds such as chewing and swallowing sounds “hollow”, “muffled” sounds. Receiver-In-Canal hearing aids are favored due to small size, discrete appearance and ability to minimize occlusion. Aim: To compare the performance of Receiver-In-Canal (RIC) to traditional ear tip (ET), ear moulds (EM) fittings using Functional gain measures. Method: Ten subjects with flat moderately severe sensori neural hearing loss participated in the study. Subjective unaided and aided measures for digital BTE hearing aids with ear tip, ear mould or Receiver-In-Canal for pure tones of 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 4000 Hz were obtained. Results and Discussion: Higher scores were obtained with Receiver-In-Canal fitting on Functional gain measures. No significant difference between all the three conditions was obtained at low frequencies especially at 500 Hz, as Receiver-In-Canal hearing aids attenuate low frequency sounds automatically when the ear is left open (up to 30 dB less amplification at 500 Hz) especially for hearing in noisy situations. Conclusion: The results suggest that Receiver-In-Canal fittings are an effective means of overcoming the major barriers to the acceptance of amplification and further suggest the clinical importance of subjective measures in measuring aided benefit of open-fit devices in the rehabilitation of person’s with moderately severe to severe SN hearing loss.

Losses and Gains

Living as an expatriate in China,one becomes a connoisseur of cultural differences.My Chinese friends are anxious to educate me in the subtleties of "face," in China’s "years of hu-miliation," and in the

A Traceable Cancer Model: DNA Damage, Fragile Site-SMGs, Mitotic Slippage, 4n-Genome-Reduction to Fitness-Gained, Initiating, 2n First Cells

We have known since 1976 that cancer evolves clonally from one initiated normal human cell, the first cell. Today we see that this fact has been overshadowed from federal funding choice of the mutation theory (MT), which not yet has shown tumorigenesis-initiation in normal human cells. Our suggested, death signaled, stress model from time delayed S-period (replication slowness), causing repair instability from under-replicated lesions in repetitive DNAs, herein has the objective of revealing, significant literature support from a mini-review. We reasoned that early versus late S-period stress would have different outcomes: early the slowness affecting mitotic slippage with diploid re-replication to 4n cells whereas late-S, with milder stress effect, producing diploid cells. In cancer burden, near-half is diploid, but tetraploid solid tumors have the attention. The initial 4n cells were special with orderly genomic reductive division to diploid first cells with measurable fitness-gain from hours-reduced total cell cycle time. Experimental data from Coxsakie-B3 virus infected normal fibroblasts, reiterated 4n cell production from death-signaled recovery-cells with progressive cell-phenotypic changes to polygonal and roundness cell-shapes, indistinguishable from diagnostic/prognostic cancer morphology. The 4n cells showed a self-inflicted 90° turn of the 4n nucleus before division, affecting a perpendicular orientation of the fitness-gained first cells relative to neighboring cells. In an illustrated cell cycle drawing with early and late S-period stress, it became clear that coding genes on borders of repair unstable satellite, repetitive DNA regions, could become mutated. We found these mutations to be tumor SMGs (significantly mutated genes). Evidential material was presented for loss of function genetics driving tumorigenesis to a parasitic lifestyle.

输入电压波动下变模态宽增益谐振变换器研究

针对传统LLC谐振变换器在宽输入下开关损耗过大、增益范围较窄、难以保持输出稳定的问题,研究一种变模态宽增益谐振变换器。该变换器及其控制策略能够依据输入电压的大小,在全桥和半桥两种模态之间自由切换,有效拓宽电压增益范围。通过对变换器谐振腔结构的优化,进一步拓宽增益,减小能量循环、降低开关管损耗,同时能够在电流传输中引入三次谐波,降低损耗。利用基波近似法对电压增益进行推导,绘制增益曲线图,分析谐振参数对电压增益的影响,根据需求设计合适的参数,并运用变频控制,通过调节输入电压,使得变换器运行在不同模态,实现电压平稳输出。搭建一台55~220 V输入、30 V输出的300 W实验样机,实验结果证明了所提变换器控制策略的有效性。

InGaN/GaN量子阱悬空微盘发光二极管

设计并制备了三种不同结构的电泵浦InGaN/GaN量子阱微盘发光器件,对其光增益和光损耗进行了分析和优化。以p型层的结构为分类标准,器件Ⅰ为圆柱形;器件Ⅱ为器件Ⅰ的悬空结构;器件Ⅲ是悬空的圆环形结构。实验和仿真结果表明,三种器件结构中,器件Ⅱ的结果最好。电极布局为内p外n型的圆柱形器件表面电流分布能够保证发光区和微腔高增益区重合,悬空结构能够降低微盘在垂直方向上的光损耗,有利于更好的光学增益。考虑到共振模式,器件Ⅱ在注入电流大于0.7 mA时,器件Ⅱ实现了峰值波长为408.2 nm、半峰宽为2.62 nm的振荡模式输出。这种电泵浦InGaN/GaN量子阱悬浮微盘二极管器件的设计思路对电泵浦微盘或微环激光器的研制具有重要参考意义。

大风扰动对深空探测大天线指向的影响分析

深空测控通信通常采用提高载波频率、增大抛物面天线口径等措施来增强设备的跟踪性能,但同时带来了天线的半功率波束宽度变窄、动态特性降低和天线抗阵风扰动能力变弱等问题。大风扰动引起的天线变形和指向偏差会导致深空探测的增益损失,增益下降会引起测控跟踪不稳定、数据误码率增加、接收机失锁和遥控无法完成等情况,影响测控任务的正常执行。针对大风扰动对我国某深空站转台式35 m A-E座架双反射面天线执行深空探测任务的影响,通过实测数据统计分析了场区全年风速、风向的变化特点,对跟踪弧段内风速与天线指向角度误差数据进行了对比分析,仿真计算了在不同风速、风向情况下天线指向角度误差及对上下行测控链路增益的影响,结合设备现有技术设施,提出了在执行实时任务中的应对策略,降低了大风扰动对测控任务的影响,提高了设备任务执行能力。

铯原子系统中部分PT对称的研究

本文主要研究铯原子Λ型三能级原子的部分PT对称和相变,利用铯原子基态|6S_(1/2),F=3>、|6S_(1/2),F=4>和激发态|6P_(3/2),F'=4>组成Λ型三能级原子系统,由失谐⊿3=607 MHz的探测光与耦合光形成双光子拉曼吸收,构成损耗通道.增加了共振作用于能级6S_(1/2),F=3>与|6P_(3/2),F'=4>跃迁的泵浦光改变两个基态能级的布居,从而使Λ型三能级系统的吸收减小,在一定条件下形成原子系统的增益通道,从而构成部分PT对称的原子系统.实验中通过改变耦合光和探测光的腰斑比σ,观察到部分PT对称系统中由对称向破缺相的转变.此外研究了探测光束强度分布的不对称程度Dasym,精确地测量了部分PT对称的破缺点,理论计算与实验测量结果相符.本文所报道的部分PT对称性及其相变的结果,为主动操纵非厄米系统中的多维激光束开辟了一条途径,并在设计激光不同部分的光放大和衰减光学器件方面具有潜在的应用价值.

社会比较和利益得失对5~6岁儿童公平分配行为的影响:社会关系的作用

儿童公平分配行为是其社会性发展的重要课题,研究系统考察了儿童对不同社会关系分配对象的公平分配行为如何受社会比较和利益得失的影响。结果发现:(1)社会比较在儿童对不同社会关系分配对象分配时的具体作用相反,儿童对陌生人更可能选择“我比你多”,而对好朋友更可能回避“我比你多”;(2)结合利益得失考虑,当公平代价较小时,利益得失、社会比较与社会关系的交互作用显著,相比于陌生人,儿童对好朋友一定程度上更不计较自己所处地位和所得收益;(3)当公平代价较大时,三者交互作用不显著,儿童更加关注自身利益得失,内群体偏爱的程度也随之减弱。这表明社会关系影响儿童分配决策中对地位和得失等因素的考量。

不同比赛节奏下羽毛球优秀男子单打运动员技术运用与得失分效果分析

本文以羽毛球优秀男子单打运动员的比赛节奏为视角,从技战术维度入手根据比赛节奏计算公式(回合拍数÷回合持续时间=回合系数)将比赛节奏量化,探究羽毛球优秀男子单打运动员技术运用与得失分效果以此来找出改变比赛节奏的关键技术,从而为教练员与运动员设计针对性训练方案提供可行性依据。研究结果:目前优秀男子单打运动员比赛节奏主要为快节奏;比赛节奏与技术运用与得失分效果呈现关联性(P值<0.05);在不同比赛节奏中挑球、勾球、推球、扑球、抽球、高球、杀球技术有着显著差异性(P值<0.05),挑球得分、勾球失分、扑球失分、吊球失分、杀球失分技术效果存在显著差异性(P值<0.05)。勾球、扑球、抽球、杀球具有加快比赛节奏的作用。杀球可以使运动员从慢节奏主动状态过渡到中等节奏。挑球、高球具有放慢比赛节奏的作用,可作为运动员从被动转为主动的过渡手段;控制中等比赛节奏中的失误率是比赛获胜的关键。我国男子单打运动员要加强体能及技术稳定性的练习适应快节奏比赛强度,并提高其对比赛的调控能力,针对性使用不同的技术来达到战术效果。

非流动资产处置损益对企业盈余管理的影响研究

对财政部发文新增的“资产处置损益”科目和利润表“资产处置收益”列报项目给企业盈余管理带来的影响进行探究。新准则的实行细化了会计核算的程度;提高了各类非流动资产处置损益列报的一致性,但扰乱了利润的构成逻辑;赋予了上市公司利用非流动资产处置损益进行盈余管理更大的空间,对整个市场和单个企业的净利润都有影响。提出会计准则应明确资产处置损益的属性、信息使用者应排除非经营性损益的干扰、企业应重视可持续发展能力的建议。

路易·艾黎汉诗翻译得失论析

路易·艾黎先生一生共翻译中国诗歌13部,在西方世界产生了积极的影响,获得了广泛的赞誉。丰富多样的选诗标准、自由体的翻译风格、直白流畅的语言特色、再加工创造的翻译方式,这些都是其汉诗翻译的优势所在。同时,受语言的不对等性、译者的翻译理念、译者的翻译目的及译者的个人原因等因素的制约,他的翻译也出现了一些误差,存在不足。比如:内容上,翻译失真,误读原作;形式上,随意分行,失去美感。对其翻译成绩,我们应充分肯定;对于失误,我们也要客观指出。只有这样,才能找到一条更适合中国诗歌尤其是古诗的翻译路径,从而为中国诗歌及更多作品的外译提供借鉴和帮助。