The charter that created the African Union came into effect in 2002. It is now 12 years in place but most Africans would not be sure whether they know the rationale and ultimate role of the AU in promoting good govern...The charter that created the African Union came into effect in 2002. It is now 12 years in place but most Africans would not be sure whether they know the rationale and ultimate role of the AU in promoting good governance, peace, security and progress on the continent. Annual summits take place in Addis Ababa, and several resolutions are taken, but it is though the respective heads of states just return to their colonially engineered states to resume business as usual. As a result, poverty, conflicts （both internal and regional）, bad governance continue to plague the majority of the African countries with a few exceptions. Of late emerging economies such as China and India deal with Africa as if it were a one country--this could be the time for Africans to begin envisioning a new continental political architecture, with an African citizenship. The provisions of the African Union Charter are enshrined in the Constitutive Act, are summaries in Articles 3 and 4, that deal with objectives and principles. The objectives are （Desta, 2013, pp. 160-161）： （1） Achieve greater unity and solidarity between the African countries and peoples of Africa; （2） Defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its member states; （3） Accelerate the political and social-economic integration of the continent; （4） Promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples; （5） Encourage intemational cooperation, taking due account of the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; （6） Promote, peace, security and stability of the continent; （7） Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance; （8） Promote and protect human and people＇s rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples＇ Rights and other relevant human rights instruments; （9） Establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations; （10） Promote sustainable development at the economic. Social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies; （11） Promote co-operation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples; （12） Coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union; （13） Advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, in particular in science and technology; （14） Work with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion of good health on the continent. The principles of the AU Constitutive Act are （Ibid. 162-163）： （1） Sovereign equality and interdependence among Member Sates of the Union; （2） Respect for borders existing on achievement of independence; （3） Participation of the African peoples in the activities of the Union; （4） Establishment of a common defense policy for the African Continent; （5） Peaceful resolution of conflicts among Member States of the Union through such appropriate means as may be decided upon by the Assembly; （6） Prohibition of the use of force or threat to use force among Member States of the Union; （7） Non-interference by any Member State in the internal affairs of another; （8） The right of the Union to intervene in aMember State pursuant to a decision of the Assembly in respect of grave circumstances, namely： war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity; （9） Peaceful co-existence of Member States and their right to live in peace and security; （10） The right of Member States to request intervention from the Union in order to restore peace and security; （11） Promotion of self-reliance within the framework of the Union; （12） Promotion of gender equality; m. Respect for democratic principles, human rights, rule of law and good governance; （13） Promotion of social justice to ensure balanced economic development; （14） Respect for the sanctity of human life, condemnation and rejection of impunity and political assassination, acts of terrorism and subversive activities; （15） Condemnation and rejection of unconstitutional changes of governments. While there is mention of participation of African peoples in the activities of the Union as principle （c） and objective （g）, there is no explicit mention of civil society organizations （media, faith-based organizations, and NGOs） as principle actors in implementing the objectives of the Union. I want to argue that the failure of the respective African states to eradicate poverty, end armed conflicts, and address governance issues is caused by lack of a common regional integration model that takes an African Union citizenship seriously, but at the same time respecting the role of civil society and faith-based organizations, that predate the state in Africa. It is evident that Afi＇ican Unity （AU） and sub-regional integration groups such as East African Community （EAC）, Southern African Development Community （SADC）, Economic Community Of West African States （ECOWAS）, as well the New Partnership for Africa＇s Development （NEPAD）, are designed and operationalized from a statist political philosophical framework. Moreover, since the African states are largely contested as a colonial creation, the AU cannot successfully implement the institution of an African citizenship without acknowledging the role of and giving space to non-state actors in AU and other regional integration models and initiatives. This paradigm shift will require rethinking the relationship between the state and non-state actors in Africa.展开更多
为了探究脂肪量和肥胖相关(fat mass and obesity associated,FTO)基因多态性及其对鸡屠体性状和生长性状的影响,试验采用DNA测序检测鸡FTO基因编码区的单核苷酸多态性(SNP),并采用一般线性模型中的LSD法分析FTO基因多态性对和盈黑鸡屠...为了探究脂肪量和肥胖相关(fat mass and obesity associated,FTO)基因多态性及其对鸡屠体性状和生长性状的影响,试验采用DNA测序检测鸡FTO基因编码区的单核苷酸多态性(SNP),并采用一般线性模型中的LSD法分析FTO基因多态性对和盈黑鸡屠体性状和生长性状的影响。结果表明:在FTO基因第5外显子和第7外显子上各检测到一个SNP位点,分别为g.57337C>A和g.64757T>G突变。g.57337C>A突变形成AA、AB和BB 3种基因型,g.64757T>G突变形成TT、TG和GG 3种基因型。g.57337C>A位点对和盈黑鸡屠体重、宰前活重、头重、胸肌重、腿肌重上、肝脏重、心脏重7个屠体性状有显著或极显著影响(P<0.05或P<0.01),对8,10,16周龄体重影响显著(P<0.05)。g.64757T>G位点对和盈黑鸡宰前活重、全净膛重、半净膛重、屠体重和翅重5个屠体性状有显著影响(P<0.05),对16周龄体重影响显著(P<0.05)。说明FTO基因g.57337C>A和g.64757T>G位点可作为和盈黑鸡屠体性状和生长性状遗传改良的重要候选分子标记。展开更多
Gas-phase HeI ultraviolet photoelectron spectra of m-dicyanobenzelle, P dicyanobenzene and 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene are given in this paper. Photoelectronspectra are assigned using MNDO molecular orbital calculation ...Gas-phase HeI ultraviolet photoelectron spectra of m-dicyanobenzelle, P dicyanobenzene and 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene are given in this paper. Photoelectronspectra are assigned using MNDO molecular orbital calculation and correlation analysisfor benzene and each cyanobenzene. It may be pointed out that there is some effect of thesubstituted position and numbers of -CN group on the relative ordering levels, splittingsand the levels of the two orbitals splitted by elg(π) of benzene.展开更多
文摘The charter that created the African Union came into effect in 2002. It is now 12 years in place but most Africans would not be sure whether they know the rationale and ultimate role of the AU in promoting good governance, peace, security and progress on the continent. Annual summits take place in Addis Ababa, and several resolutions are taken, but it is though the respective heads of states just return to their colonially engineered states to resume business as usual. As a result, poverty, conflicts （both internal and regional）, bad governance continue to plague the majority of the African countries with a few exceptions. Of late emerging economies such as China and India deal with Africa as if it were a one country--this could be the time for Africans to begin envisioning a new continental political architecture, with an African citizenship. The provisions of the African Union Charter are enshrined in the Constitutive Act, are summaries in Articles 3 and 4, that deal with objectives and principles. The objectives are （Desta, 2013, pp. 160-161）： （1） Achieve greater unity and solidarity between the African countries and peoples of Africa; （2） Defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its member states; （3） Accelerate the political and social-economic integration of the continent; （4） Promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples; （5） Encourage intemational cooperation, taking due account of the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; （6） Promote, peace, security and stability of the continent; （7） Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance; （8） Promote and protect human and people＇s rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples＇ Rights and other relevant human rights instruments; （9） Establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations; （10） Promote sustainable development at the economic. Social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies; （11） Promote co-operation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples; （12） Coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union; （13） Advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, in particular in science and technology; （14） Work with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion of good health on the continent. The principles of the AU Constitutive Act are （Ibid. 162-163）： （1） Sovereign equality and interdependence among Member Sates of the Union; （2） Respect for borders existing on achievement of independence; （3） Participation of the African peoples in the activities of the Union; （4） Establishment of a common defense policy for the African Continent; （5） Peaceful resolution of conflicts among Member States of the Union through such appropriate means as may be decided upon by the Assembly; （6） Prohibition of the use of force or threat to use force among Member States of the Union; （7） Non-interference by any Member State in the internal affairs of another; （8） The right of the Union to intervene in aMember State pursuant to a decision of the Assembly in respect of grave circumstances, namely： war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity; （9） Peaceful co-existence of Member States and their right to live in peace and security; （10） The right of Member States to request intervention from the Union in order to restore peace and security; （11） Promotion of self-reliance within the framework of the Union; （12） Promotion of gender equality; m. Respect for democratic principles, human rights, rule of law and good governance; （13） Promotion of social justice to ensure balanced economic development; （14） Respect for the sanctity of human life, condemnation and rejection of impunity and political assassination, acts of terrorism and subversive activities; （15） Condemnation and rejection of unconstitutional changes of governments. While there is mention of participation of African peoples in the activities of the Union as principle （c） and objective （g）, there is no explicit mention of civil society organizations （media, faith-based organizations, and NGOs） as principle actors in implementing the objectives of the Union. I want to argue that the failure of the respective African states to eradicate poverty, end armed conflicts, and address governance issues is caused by lack of a common regional integration model that takes an African Union citizenship seriously, but at the same time respecting the role of civil society and faith-based organizations, that predate the state in Africa. It is evident that Afi＇ican Unity （AU） and sub-regional integration groups such as East African Community （EAC）, Southern African Development Community （SADC）, Economic Community Of West African States （ECOWAS）, as well the New Partnership for Africa＇s Development （NEPAD）, are designed and operationalized from a statist political philosophical framework. Moreover, since the African states are largely contested as a colonial creation, the AU cannot successfully implement the institution of an African citizenship without acknowledging the role of and giving space to non-state actors in AU and other regional integration models and initiatives. This paradigm shift will require rethinking the relationship between the state and non-state actors in Africa.
文摘为了探究脂肪量和肥胖相关(fat mass and obesity associated,FTO)基因多态性及其对鸡屠体性状和生长性状的影响,试验采用DNA测序检测鸡FTO基因编码区的单核苷酸多态性(SNP),并采用一般线性模型中的LSD法分析FTO基因多态性对和盈黑鸡屠体性状和生长性状的影响。结果表明:在FTO基因第5外显子和第7外显子上各检测到一个SNP位点,分别为g.57337C>A和g.64757T>G突变。g.57337C>A突变形成AA、AB和BB 3种基因型,g.64757T>G突变形成TT、TG和GG 3种基因型。g.57337C>A位点对和盈黑鸡屠体重、宰前活重、头重、胸肌重、腿肌重上、肝脏重、心脏重7个屠体性状有显著或极显著影响(P<0.05或P<0.01),对8,10,16周龄体重影响显著(P<0.05)。g.64757T>G位点对和盈黑鸡宰前活重、全净膛重、半净膛重、屠体重和翅重5个屠体性状有显著影响(P<0.05),对16周龄体重影响显著(P<0.05)。说明FTO基因g.57337C>A和g.64757T>G位点可作为和盈黑鸡屠体性状和生长性状遗传改良的重要候选分子标记。
文摘Gas-phase HeI ultraviolet photoelectron spectra of m-dicyanobenzelle, P dicyanobenzene and 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene are given in this paper. Photoelectronspectra are assigned using MNDO molecular orbital calculation and correlation analysisfor benzene and each cyanobenzene. It may be pointed out that there is some effect of thesubstituted position and numbers of -CN group on the relative ordering levels, splittingsand the levels of the two orbitals splitted by elg(π) of benzene.
