The Essence of Non-Traditional Security Issues and Their Solutions

Non-traditional security issues have arisen since the 1960s,especially after the end of the Cold War,and are becoming a major issue in world security and politics.This reflects tremendous changes in the world situation.With diverse causes and plural referent objects,non-traditional security issues cover nearly all the problems in the world today and make development difficult to sustain.This raises the question of whether human society and the earth can survive.Power politics one-sidedly stresses the role of power,endangering the harmonious development of nations and the whole of human society.It is not at all conducive to the solution of non-traditional security issues.The solution of non-traditional security issues demands cooperation from all actors in the international community.Multiple means are needed to solve these issues.Equal dialogue between all the actors,which can easily be attained,will play an effective role,as long as all actors respect each other's differences.

The Role of Third States in the EU Maritime Security Strategy: A Case Study of the South Atlantic States

The global challenges to maritime security have long outnumbered the classic interstate war.Increasingly,the new threats have assumed the most real risks,whether human,weapons or drugs traffic,piracy,illegal fishing among others.Some of these challenges,even if they are not in the European Union’s primary strategic maritime area,they have relevant impacts on this.The unstable region of the Gulf of Guinea,for example,with its cases of armed robbery,piracy,or even trafficking(mainly human and drug trafficking)has attracted attention to the several EU Member States,with individual policies that are often poorly articulated.This paper is the result of field research with stakeholders from 17 South Atlantic countries(the research delimitation occurred in South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone[ZOPACAS]members)and concludes that the exogenous(European)point of view of the major challenges that encourage the collaborative participation of the South Atlantic are,necessarily,the ones that have most demanded attention and engagement from the EU Members States.For example,the highest local priority in allocating resources available in the African coast Navies has been to face and control smuggling acts.The African States are seeing it as the biggest threat to its maritime security.The widespread problem of piracy appears only as of the third priority of the regional countries.Besides,the perception of the reputation of control centers coordinated by exogenous members(States and individuals)to the region does not result in joint information sharing engagement or even in maritime domain awareness.Thus,this paper that starts from the maritime security’s typological conceptual presentation―as a complex,divergent,and convergent concept―presents empirical research and identified actions with potential for greater engagement in the South Atlantic region.It seeks to demonstrate the need for EU analysis of exogenous problems should increase the local point of view problem.It therefore serves both the reflection on many of the action points of the Action Plan of European Union Maritime Security Strategy(EUMSS)and on the competences involved by the EU,in particular,as regards the actual role of the EU and its Member States in relation to the maritime security aspects of EU internal policies and EU external relations,EU in negotiating,concluding and implementing international agreements in this area.On the other hand,it also relates to the accountability of EU Member States with other involved actors(the South Atlantic States,regional organizations,and/or local/multinational private actors).

The Struggle for Atlantic Maritime Security and Safety:Lessons From Africa’s Maritime Security Governance

The enormous economic potentials of the blue/ocean economy have made the maritime domain increasingly susceptible to transnational organized crime and a theater for great power competition,particularly in the Atlantic maritime domain.The maritime security threats are more prevalent in the Atlantic African maritime domain than in other continents.These threats are becoming increasingly detrimental to the African security,safety,and human security,particularly in the coastal countries of the Atlantic Africa.Despite its increasing susceptibility to maritime security threats including great powers competition and the presence of non-Atlantic great powers more than in other maritime domains in Africa,the coastal countries of the Atlantic Sub-Saharan Africa(SSA)have managed to forge strategic inter-regional maritime security partnership that has relatively improved maritime security and safety in the region.There is a growing interest in forging inter-continental partnership of the coastal Atlantic states to collectively respond and address the shared maritime security threats in the entire Atlantic maritime domain.Yet,the way such a complex multilateral partnership would be structured and operationalized has not been worked out.This article assesses the economic potentials,susceptibility to maritime security threats,and level of response to maritime security threats by the coastal countries of the Atlantic SSA with the aim of identifying some lessons that could be relevant for forging the Atlantic inter-continental maritime security partnership.Some of these lessons include genuine partnership that is based on sovereign equality and inter-dependence,a code of conduct,cooperation,and coordination framework,and shared common value system of democratic governance.

Trajectory Design for UAV-Enabled Maritime Secure Communications:A Reinforcement Learning Approach

This paper investigates an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-enabled maritime secure communication network,where the UAV aims to provide the communication service to a legitimate mobile vessel in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers.In this maritime communication networks(MCNs),it is challenging for the UAV to determine its trajectory on the ocean,since it cannot land or replenish energy on the sea surface,the trajectory should be pre-designed before the UAV takes off.Furthermore,the take-off location of the UAV and the sea lane of the vessel may be random,which leads to a highly dynamic environment.To address these issues,we propose two reinforcement learning schemes,Q-learning and deep deterministic policy gradient(DDPG)algorithms,to solve the discrete and continuous UAV trajectory design problem,respectively.Simulation results are provided to validate the effectiveness and superior performance of the proposed reinforcement learning schemes versus the existing schemes in the literature.Additionally,the proposed DDPG algorithm converges faster and achieves higher utilities for the UAV,compared to the Q-learning algorithm.

China＇ s Security Measures for 2010 Shanghai World Expo： A Retrospect

The security threats to Shanghai World Expo were multi-faceted, ranging from terrorist threat to ethnic separatist threat, from foreign diplomatic and political disputes to domestic mass disturbances as well as serious social crimes The first was from terrorist threat, and the global Jihad network in Eurasia was looming in the early 21st century, which was guided by radical ideologies; the second threat was from ethnic separatist groups; the third threat was related with foreign personnel and diplomats＇ security; the fourth threat was from mass disturbances, and the fifth was from serious social crimes. China＇s measures to these potential multi-faceted challenges were serious and various, including preventing terrorist attacks through international cooperation, lessening ethnic separatists＇ dissatisfaction and avoiding possible mass demonstration, reducing the chance of domestic mass disturbances, guaranteeing public transportation and aerospace security, making extensive use of advanced technologies and referring to other countries＇ expertise in security check, seeking help from other provinces bordering Shanghai, and strengthening control over explosive materials, etc.. Nevertheless, the efficacy of the above-mentioned countermeasures was problematic, for they were more defensive than offensive, more passive than proactive, and more tactical than strategic.

Defining Non-Traditional Security and Its Implications for China

Non-traditional security, often abbreviated to NTS, is a popular but rather ambiguousconcept within and outside academic circles. How to accurately define this term? Whatshould be considered in prioritising the needs to curb various NTS threats, given a countryslimited resources and capacities? By raising thought-provoking questions, the author triesto explain the perplexity concerning NTS issues, arguing that NTS is important in economic,political and security sense, but that more efforts are needed from the academics in order toreach a consensus in understanding and dealing with NTS issues.

A Security Model and Legal Guarantee for Chinese Maritime Shipping： As Exemplified in the Response to Piracy along the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road

The Belt and Road Initiative is an important decision for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Maritime security has a significant place in this process. In recent years, there have been frequent violent terrorist incidents at sea, including piracy, armed hijackings and terrorist attacks, posing a dire threat to both international and Chinese maritime transport interests and seriously challenging the fulfillment of the maritime part of the ＂Belt and Road Initiative.＂ Five direct measures can be taken to protect ocean shipping from violence at sea. One example is the defensive measures taken against the Somali pirates. The employment of armed guards from professional security companies on board ship is an effective model for guaranteeing maritime security; it not only meets the standards of international law, but is also legally permitted in many developed countries and regions, and is thus strategically significant for overall Chinese maritime security. In the Chinese context, this model carries its own legal risks. We should embrace a new approach to national security law, strengthen legal guarantees and make concerted efforts to provide warship （military aircraft） escorts to jointly build an optimum model of Chinese maritime security in order to ensure the realization of core Chinese maritime interests.

Gulf Region and EU’s Maritime Security Strategy:The Expanding‘Blue Border’?

The European Union(EU)and its core member states are active participants and stakeholders in the security affairs of the Gulf region.European maritime security is not only an important extension of European security in geospatial and functional areas,but also an indispensable part of Europe’s overall security strategy.However,the attention to the EU’s maritime security was distracted before 2010,while the concern for European maritime security and the Gulf region was limited to safe transit routes through the international straits and archipelagic waters of the Gulf region.With the tension in Gulf was increased by oil tanker attacks,the role of EU and its core member states as major stakeholders in Gulf maritime security affairs has been more and more important.

百年变局下的全球海洋安全治理:现状、困境与对策

百年变局正以前所未有的变革广度与深度展开,世界和平发展与中华民族伟大复兴正面临着复杂的变化与深刻的挑战。当前的全球海洋安全治理体系存在诸多缺陷,如治理理念缺失、治理结构失衡、治理机制失常、治理组织失效等,难以有效应对层出不穷的全球性海洋安全问题。中国作为世界和平的建设者、全球发展的贡献者、国际秩序的维护者,身处加快建设海洋强国的征程中,深度参与全球海洋安全治理既是必然选择,也是责任担当。为此,中国应在总结经验和教训的基础上找准发展中国家这一身份定位,通过推动全球海洋安全治理理念更新、构建多中心全球海洋安全治理格局、增强全球海洋安全治理机制运行能力、提升全球海洋安全治理组织的权威性等途径,助推全球海洋安全治理秩序的改革与完善。

海洋安全治理面临的挑战与中国的应对之道

海洋安全是国际社会和人类在海洋空间领域的重要的公共产品。海洋安全治理是指不同主体通过各种形式,在海洋空间有效应对各种风险和威胁、维护和保障海洋空间安全状态和能力的一种持续过程。当前,全球海洋安全治理面临着西方国家治理能力减弱、海洋安全治理的权力路径和权利路径的冲突、海洋传统安全和非传统安全边界模糊化以及海洋安全治理的主权性和公共性之间的张力等诸多挑战。中国作为负责任的大国,以总体国家安全观为指导,积极参与全球海洋安全治理,以“治理海洋”来代替“控制海洋”;倡导海洋安全治理的权责共担意识;推进国家治理体系和治理能力的现代化以为海洋安全治理提供能力保证;以和平发展的道路建设海洋强国;实施“一带一路”倡议来实现治理路径的创新;以人类海洋命运共同体作为海洋安全治理的终极目标,从而为海洋安全的有效治理贡献了具有中国特色的应对之道。

人工智能军事化与海洋安全:风险与应对

人工智能作为当前科技变革中的战略性力量,具备“专用性与通用性”“能力—脆弱悖论”“成长性”“军民两用性”的特征,正从海上作战平台侦测信息的智能化分析、增强海战武器装备效能、推动智能化指挥决策系统建立、提高海上后勤保障可持续性等方面赋能海上作战体系,加速海上人工智能军事化进程。为维护国家海洋安全利益与增强海上军事优势,部分国家与联盟组织也相继出台军用人工智能战略文件或合作协议,各有侧重地将人工智能融入现有军事体系中。在此过程中,美国力求在军用人工智能领域全面发展以护持海上霸权,与盟友协同推进,并高度重视中俄等竞争对手海上的人工智能军事运用。人工智能军事化态势迅疾演进,或将强化全球海洋安全环境的不确定性与复杂性,表现为加剧新型海上军备竞赛风险、升级海上冲突风险、助长海上非传统安全风险、增加中国海洋维权风险。应对军用人工智能对海洋安全的挑战,必须推动海上军用人工智能运用治理,加强大国双边及多边的海上危机管控对话。于中国而言,针对当前最紧迫的海洋安全风险,应在海洋态势感知、军民融合、涉海虚假信息治理等方面提高应对海上人工智能军事化的技术与组织能力。

战略矿产海运通道安全研究——以铁矿石为例

战略矿产是维护国家安全和稳定发展的基石,保持海运通道畅通是保障战略矿产进口安全的关键举措。本文梳理了我国战略矿产进口及海运通道整体格局,以铁矿石海运进口网络为例,对重要海运通道进行重要性评价和失效影响评估,最后总结了重要海运通道的风险来源,并提出了相应的风险应对策略。研究发现:我国战略矿产进口对海运通道的依赖性极强;在铁矿石海运案例研究中,识别出了海运通道的重要性及失效影响情况,建议构建差异化、精细化应对策略,重视对好望角、龙目海峡等运输通道的保护,重点关注大尺寸船舶的航运安全。我国战略矿产海运通道的风险主要来自航道通行、国际争端与战争威胁、非传统安全等3个方面,对此可实施多领域应对策略,包括打造多元战略支点、构建多维预警系统与替代航线响应机制、加强跨境铁海联运通道建设、开展预防性外交工作、完善海上保障体系、实施等级化和差异化的风险应对措施等。

中美博弈背景下的美国港口国管辖:趋势、风险与应对

海洋是当前中美博弈的重要场域,美国近年来不断推行对华海上竞争,对中国的海上活动进行遏制围堵。在此背景下,美国的港口国立法在入港安全审查和环保要求方面更加严格,并通过扩大执法权增强美国的海上执法力量。其港口国执法实践也呈现新动向,体现在持续强化环保、安全和劳工高标准执法等方面,通过执法协议扩展域外执法范围,意识形态主导的针对性执法增多,加强对北极海域的管控等方面。美国不断强化港口国管辖的态势给我国海上安全和发展利益带来重大风险和挑战。我国应积极应对,重视加强国际海事规则履约,促进港口国管辖权规则完善,同时扩大与港口国家构建蓝色伙伴关系,推动形成港口国监督执法共同体,维护我国的海上安全和发展利益。

从水师到水警:安徽长淮水上警察的源起与演变

近代长淮水警是在清末时期淮河水师基础上改组所建,并在北洋政府时期正式形成、南京国民政府时期进一步发展。从淮河水师到长淮水警经历了较大演变,具体体现为组织建制的系统化,工作职能的专业化,以及制度创设的规范化。纵观其演变,可窥见地方机构因政治局势动荡而瞬息万变,是政局变动之表现与产物。其演变过程亦反映出地方与中央、官兵民之间因利益纠葛和权力归属等问题存在严重的矛盾与冲突。囿于清末和民国时期的政局动荡和多重矛盾等因素的交织,长淮水警虽呈现警政的近代化建设,但终未彻底实现转变。

日本强化东盟国家海上安保能力的政策及影响分析

利用东盟国家在南海问题上发难,是日本牵制中国、呼应美国的重要政策手段。基于这一地缘政治考虑,日本主要从海域态势感知、海上执法与海上防卫等三个方面为东盟强化海上安保能力提供支持。为了评估这一政策的具体落实及其对南海局势的实际影响,本文从地缘政治视角出发,对日本支持东盟强化海上安保能力进行了系统评估,并以南海争端中两个主要争议方越南、菲律宾为重点,分析了日本政策的演进及其特点。总体上看,日本的支持提高了相关东盟国家海上安保能力现代化的水平,增强了相关东盟国家对抗中国的信心,增加了南海冲突发生的机率,从而成为恶化南海局势的重要外部诱因。与此同时,日本政策及其影响受到东盟大国平衡立场以及不同成员国认知的限制。展望未来,日本在美国的鼓励与要求下还会进一步强化其对东南亚局势的介入,部分东盟国家特别是菲律宾与日本的互动可能进一步强化,中国维护南海的和平与稳定的努力也将面临更大的挑战。

“21世纪海上丝绸之路”国家投资安全风险量化评估

“21世纪海上丝绸之路”是新时代背景下链接中国与全球各国的新型贸易之路,促进亚太一体化发展。随着我国“21世纪海上丝绸之路”国家投资的增多,其安全受大国博弈、地区安全、社会不稳定等因素的影响,给投资安全带来了很大的不确定性,因此合理评估“21世纪海上丝绸之路”沿线国家安全风险,是保证投资安全的重要基础。从大国影响、国家行为和国家互动角度,综合构建了投资安全风险评价指标体系。针对投资安全风险评估中评估指标的不确定性,提出了直觉模糊集的犹豫度分配函数,改进了直觉模糊集的得分函数和距离测度,并结合TOPSIS方法构建了投资安全风险量化评估模型。对“21世纪海上丝绸之路”沿线的27个国家的投资安全风险进行实验验证,对比了不同风险偏好下的投资安全风险综合评价值排名,为“21世纪海上丝绸之路”研究提供了决策参考。

《互惠准入协定》与日澳海洋安全合作

《互惠准入协定》为日本与“准同盟国”澳大利亚在海洋安全领域的密切合作提供了清晰的实施路径与法理依据。在双边层面,日澳海洋安全领域的合作内容不断拓宽;在多边层面,两国配合美国推行“印太战略”,持续深化美日澳安全与防务合作。在《互惠准入协定》框架下,未来日澳两国间的海洋安全合作将会继续深化,武装力量在对方国家的相互部署也将常态化。日澳出于自身利益考虑,不断加强防务合作,积极向军事“准同盟”方向迈进,势必破坏亚太地区现有战略平衡,给地区乃至世界的安全与稳定带来严重挑战。

基于遗传算法优化概率神经网络算法的海上移动目标分类与识别

为维护我国海洋安全利益,对海上移动目标分类与识别进行研究,进而对海上移动目标实施有效追踪和管理。首先,根据海上移动目标运动规律,对其特征指标进行提取,得到方向速度、平均速度、最大速度、速度的标准差、平均加速度和航迹跨度范围6个海上移动目标特征指标;其次,采用基于模拟退火算法的模糊C均值聚类算法对海上移动目标特征指标数据进行分析,得到6个海上移动目标特征指标的聚类中心;最后,提出基于遗传算法优化概率神经网络算法,对海上移动目标进行识别。仿真结果表明,该方法与K近邻(K-Nearest Neighbor,KNN)算法、决策树(Decision Tree,DT)算法等机器学习算法相比,可以进行更有效的分类与识别,精度更高。

日本海域态势感知体系的“海洋安全实践”效应

2018年,日本发布第三期《海洋基本计划》,将强化海域态势感知能力列为重点事项。通过加强信息收集系统、信息共享系统和开展国际合作等一系列措施,日本海域态势感知体系渐趋完善。安全实践论认为,行为体以海洋安全的名义进行的实践活动,决定了海洋安全的定义,其中,海域态势感知是最主要的实践。因此,基于海洋安全的意义建构、海洋安全的议题制度化以及海洋安全共同体化趋势三个维度,探究日本海域态势感知体系的“海洋安全实践”效应。一方面,该体系赋予了“海洋安全”必要性,强化了多元主体的“制度化”关联,推动了“准海洋安全联盟”网络建立;另一方面,正是这三方面存在的限定因素,为日本实践“海洋安全”进程带来障碍。

无人船舶网络风险及其责任保险探究

在海洋强国战略指引下,海上智能船舶因其高度智能化使传统船舶、船员、海上风险等概念内涵变得更为丰富,同时也对原有海上船舶保险适用提出了新的挑战。以无人船舶在实践中面临的网络风险为切入点,分析其衍生的船舶保险新内涵,并对网络事故发生后保险责任的承担与法律完善提出建议。