Pressure transient characteristics of non-uniform conductivity fractured wells in viscoelasticity polymer flooding based on oil-water two-phase flow

Polymer flooding in fractured wells has been extensively applied in oilfields to enhance oil recovery.In contrast to water,polymer solution exhibits non-Newtonian and nonlinear behavior such as effects of shear thinning and shear thickening,polymer convection,diffusion,adsorption retention,inaccessible pore volume and reduced effective permeability.Meanwhile,the flux density and fracture conductivity along the hydraulic fracture are generally non-uniform due to the effects of pressure distribution,formation damage,and proppant breakage.In this paper,we present an oil-water two-phase flow model that captures these complex non-Newtonian and nonlinear behavior,and non-uniform fracture characteristics in fractured polymer flooding.The hydraulic fracture is firstly divided into two parts:high-conductivity fracture near the wellbore and low-conductivity fracture in the far-wellbore section.A hybrid grid system,including perpendicular bisection(PEBI)and Cartesian grid,is applied to discrete the partial differential flow equations,and the local grid refinement method is applied in the near-wellbore region to accurately calculate the pressure distribution and shear rate of polymer solution.The combination of polymer behavior characterizations and numerical flow simulations are applied,resulting in the calculation for the distribution of water saturation,polymer concentration and reservoir pressure.Compared with the polymer flooding well with uniform fracture conductivity,this non-uniform fracture conductivity model exhibits the larger pressure difference,and the shorter bilinear flow period due to the decrease of fracture flow ability in the far-wellbore section.The field case of the fall-off test demonstrates that the proposed method characterizes fracture characteristics more accurately,and yields fracture half-lengths that better match engineering reality,enabling a quantitative segmented characterization of the near-wellbore section with high fracture conductivity and the far-wellbore section with low fracture conductivity.The novelty of this paper is the analysis of pressure performances caused by the fracture dynamics and polymer rheology,as well as an analysis method that derives formation and fracture parameters based on the pressure and its derivative curves.

Effects of Meridional Flow Passage Shape on Hydraulic Performance of Mixed-flow Pump Impellers

During the process of designing the mixed-flow pump impeller, the meridional flow passage shape directly affects the obtained meridional flow field, which then has an influence on the three-dimensional impeller shape. However, the meridional flow passage shape is too complicated to be described by a simple formula for now. Therefore, reasonable parameter selection for the meridional flow passage is essential to the investigation. In order to explore the effects of the meridional flow passage shape on the impeller design and the hydraulic performance of the mixed-flow pump, the hub and shroud radius ratio (HSRR) of impeller and the outlet diffusion angle (ODA) of outlet zone are selected as the meridional flow passage parameters. 25 mixed-flow pump impellers, with specific speed of 496 under the design condition, are designed with various parameter combinations. Among these impellers, one with HSRR of 1.94 and ODA of 90° is selected to carry out the model test and the obtained experimental results are used to verify accuracies of the head and the hydraulic efficiency predicted by numerical simulation. Based on SIMPLE algorithm and standard k-ε two-equation turbulence model, the three-dimensional steady incompressible Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved and the effects of different parameters on hydraulic performance of mixed-flow pump impellers are analyzed. The analysis results demonstrate that there are optimal values of HSRR and ODA available, so the hydraulic performance and the internal flow of mixed-flow pumps can be improved by selecting appropriate values for the meridional flow passage parameters. The research on these two parameters, HSRR and ODA, has further illustrated influences of the meridional flow passage shape on the hydraulic performance of the mixed-flow pump, and is beneficial to improving the design of the mixed-flow pump impeller.

Experimental Study of the Influence of Flow Passage Subtle Variation on Mixed-flow Pump Performance

In the mixed-flow pump design, the shape of the flow passage can directly affect the flow capacity and the internal flow, thus influencing hydraulic performance, cavitation performance and operation stability of the mixed-flow pump. However, there is currently a lack of experimental research on the influence mechanism. Therefore, in order to analyze the effects of subtle variations of the flow passage on the mixed-flow pump performance, the frustum cone surface of the end part of inlet contraction flow passage of the mixed-flow pump is processed into a cylindrical surface and a test rig is built to carry out the hydraulic performance experiment. In this experiment, parameters, such as the head, the efficiency, and the shaft power, are measured, and the pressure fluctuation and the noise signal are also collected. The research results suggest that after processing the inlet flow passage, the head of the mixed-flow pump significantly goes down; the best efficiency of the mixed-flow pump drops by approximately 1.5%, the efficiency decreases more significantly under the large flow rate; the shaft power slightly increases under the large flow rate, slightly decreases under the small flow rate. In addition, the pressure fluctuation amplitudes on both the impeller inlet and the diffuser outlet increase significantly with more drastic pressure fluctuations and significantly lower stability of the internal flow of the mixed-flow pump. At the same time, the noise dramatically increases. Overall speaking, the subtle variation of the inlet flow passage leads to a significant change of the mixed-flow pump performance, thus suggesting a special attention to the optimization of flow passage. This paper investigates the influence of the flow passage variation on the mixed-flow pump performance by experiment, which will benefit the optimal design of the flow passage of the mixed-flow pump.

Orthogonal optimization of flow uniformity at exit section of elbow-inlet passages

Elbow-inlet passage is widely used in large drainage pumping stations.Flow uniformity at the exit section directly determines its hydraulic performance.Flow uniformity must be optimized to improve the operational efficiency of the large axial-flow pumping station.Modeling and numerical simulation methods were used to investigate the elbow-inlet passage,and the accuracy of the calculation results was verified.The key geometric parameters affecting the uniformity of the flow were optimized by the orthogonal experiment design.The optimal schemes were obtained and compared with the original scheme.The results show that flow uniformity V u after optimization is 95.41%,which is increased by 1.04%.The pumping station efficiency is increased by 1.89%,thereby confirming the applicability and accuracy of the proposed scheme,especially for the optimization of flow uniformity of the exit section of the elbow-inlet passage.

HYDRAULIC CALCULATION AND MEASUREMENT OF FLOW FIELD WITHIN INLET PASSAGE OF LARGE PUMPING STATION

By means of the analysis of the internal flow within inlet passage of large pumping sta-tion, an analysis of 3-D direct boundary element for the flow has been presented on the potentialflow assumption, and a calculation and an experimental proof for the inlet passage of 30 angle-type axial pumping station have been made. Based on the analysis of the calculations and theexperiments, the calculation method is feasible and believable.

Heat transfer in boundary layer stagnation-point flow towards a shrinking sheet with non-uniform heat flux

In this paper, the effect of non-uniform heat flux on heat transfer in boundary layer stagnation-point flow over a shrinking sheet is studied. The variable boundary heat fluxes are considered of two types： direct power-law variation with the distance along the sheet and inverse power-law variation with the distance. The governing partial differential equations （PDEs） are transformed into non linear self-similar ordinary differential equations （ODEs） by similarity transformations, and then those are solved using very efficient shooting method. The direct variation and inverse variation of heat flux along the sheet have completely different effects on the temperature distribution. Moreover, the heat transfer characteristics in the presence of non-uniform heat flux for several values of physical parameters are also found to be interesting.

Sedimentation motion of sand particles in moving water(Ⅰ):The resistance on a small sphere moving in non-uniform flow

In hydraulics,when we deal with the problem of sand particles moving relative to the surrounding water,Stokes'formula of resistance has usually been used to render the velocity of sedimentation of the particles.But such an approach has not been proved rigorously,and its accuracy must be carefully considered.In this paper,we discuss the problem of a sphere moving in a non-uniform flow field,on the basis of the fundamental theory of hydrodynamics.We introduce two assumptions:i)the diameter of the sphere is much smaller than the linear dimension of the flow field,and ii)the velocity of the sphere relative to the surrounding water is very small.Using these two assumptions,we solve the linearized Navier-Stokes equations and equations of continuity by the method of Laplace transform,and finally we obtain a formula for the resistance acting on a sphere moving in a non-uniform flow field.

Boundary Layer Flow of an Unsteady Dusty Fluid and Heat Transfer Over a Stretching Sheet with Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink

An analysis has been carried out to study the effect of hydrodynamic laminar boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a dusty fluid over an unsteady stretching surface in the presence of non-uniform heat source/sink. Heat transfer characteristics are examined for two different kinds of boundary conditions, namely 1) variable wall temperature and 2) variable heat flux. The governing partial differential equations are transformed to system of ordinary differential equations. These equations are solved numerically by applying RKF-45 method. The effects of various physical parameters such as magnetic parameter, dust interaction parameter, number density, Prandtl number, Eckert number, heat source/sink parameter and unsteadiness parameter on velocity and temperature profiles are studied.

A Computer Method of Steady Non-Uniform Gradually Varied Flow in Open Channel & in River

Most of water flow in open channel or in river belongs to steady non-uniform flow. The surface profiles are caused by changes of channel section. It is very important to analyze its computation. According to the regularity of its surface change, the suitable sectional dimensions of open channel or flood control work can be designed. Commonly, computation of non-uniform flow adopts the traditional methods by hand or by graphic method. The speed and precision of computation are restricted. In this paper, a software to calculate water surface profile is introduced. The software is put forward by using C++ .By means of interpolate method and dialogue between user and computer, we can calculate the water surface profile much more quickly and exactly.

Unsteady Non-Uniform Flow of Molten Metals in Rectangular Open Channels

In the metallurgical industries, it is very important to characterize the flow of molten metals in open channels given that they are transported through these devices to different plant sections. However, unlike the flow of water which has been studied since ancient times, the flow of molten metals in open channels has received little attention. The unsteady non-uniform flow of blast furnace molten pig iron in a rectangular open channel is analyzed in this work by numerical solution of the Saint-Venant equations. The influence of mesh size on the convergence of molten metal height is studied to determine the proper mesh and time step sizes. A sinusoidal inflow pulse is imposed at the entrance of the channel in order to analyze the propagation of the resulting wave. The influence of the angle of inclination of the channel and the roughness coefficient of the walls on the amplitude and the dynamic behavior of the height of the molten metal are analyzed. Phase portraits of the channel state variables are constructed and interpreted. Numerical simulations show that as the angle of inclination of the channel increases, the amplitude of the formed wave decreases. From 10 degrees onwards, the peak of the wave descends even below the initial height. On the other hand, the roughness coefficient affects the molten pig iron height profiles in an inverse way than the angle of inclination. The amplitude of the formed wave increases as the roughness coefficient increases.

Functional Neuroanatomy of Time-To-Passage Perception

The time until an approaching object passes the observer is referred to as time-to-passage (TTP). Accurate judgment of TTP is critical for visually guided navigation, such as when walking, riding a bicycle, or driving a car. Previous research has shown that observers are able to make TTP judgments in the absence of information about local retinal object expansion. In this paper we combine psychophysics and functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate the neural substrate of TTP processing. In a previous psychophysical study, we demonstrated that when local retinal expansion cues are not available, observers take advantage of multiple sources of information to judge TTP, such as optic flow and object retinal velocities, and integrate these cues through a flexible and economic strategy. To induce strategy changes, we introduced trials with motion but without coherent optic flow (0% coherence of the background), and trials with coherent, but noisy, optic flow (75% coherence of the background). In a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study we found that coherent optic flow cues resulted in better behavioral performance as well as higher and broader cortical activations across the visual motion processing pathway. Blood oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes showed significant involvement of optic flow processing in the precentral sulcus (PreCS), postcentral sulcus (PostCS) and middle temporal gyrus (MTG) across all conditions. Not only highly activated during motion processing, bilateral hMT areas also showed a complex pattern in TTP judgment processing, which reflected a flexible TTP response strategy.

进出口流道对轴流泵性能影响的数值模拟分析

冷却剂流态是影响核主泵装置工作性能的重要因素,而进出水流道的结构影响着进出水流态。在保证叶轮和导叶结构不变的情况下,探究不同的进出口流道结构对泵水力性能的影响。本文基于SST k-ω湍流模型和SIMPLEC算法,使用三个常用的商业计算流体力学软件对采用不同入口弯管、蜗壳和出口直管的轴流泵进行网格无关性分析和全流域稳态数值计算。经计算,两个模型的外特性参数一致,流量特性曲线几乎重合,且轴流泵的进出水流态相似。不同商业流体力学计算软件得到的曲线和云图的趋势一致,各软件计算误差均在5%以内,证明本次研究中进出口结构改型对泵的水力性能没有产生明显的影响。

渗流地层地铁联络通道冻结壁形成过程及其影响因素分析

冻结法凭借封水性好、适应性强和环境影响小等优势成为地铁联络通道施工的主要工法之一,而地下水渗流易引起冻结壁交圈时间延后、厚度和平均温度不及预期,对冻结工程的推进具有不利影响。本文采用频域反射法获取饱和砂砾石未冻水体积分数和温度的函数关系式,基于多孔介质传热和渗流理论,建立考虑相变的饱和地层渗流冻结流热耦合数学模型,利用联络通道冻结模型试验结果验证流热耦合模型的有效性。在此基础上,研究渗流速度、冷媒温度、冻结管直径和渗流温度对联络通道冻结壁形成过程和交圈时间的影响规律。最后,采用正交试验方法对冻结壁形成过程影响因素的显著性进行分析,提出考虑多因素影响的冻结壁交圈时间和标厚时间预测方法。研究结果表明:无渗流时,联络通道冻结温度场呈W型对称分布;当渗流速度为51.2 m/d时,地层温度场不再呈对称分布,上游区域温度高于下游区域温度。渗流速度是影响联络通道冻结壁形成的首要因素,冻结管直径和冷媒温度次之,渗流温度对交圈时间的影响较小。上游侧墙是渗流地层冻结壁扩展的薄弱环节,应加强该区域温度场的监测,跟踪冻结壁的形成过程。

旋转带肋通道流阻特性研究

With the development of aero-engines, the turbine inlet temperature continues to rise. In order to ensure the safety and reliability of the turbine blades, cooling structures must be set inside turbine blades to cool them. Heat transfer coefficient and flow resistance are the key parameters to measure the cooling characteristics of internal cooling structures. In this paper, the characteristics of flow resistance in a rotating ribbed channel is presented numerical simulation under different rib spacings, rib angles, and thermal boundary conditions. The results show that, separation and reattachment of fluid between ribs is the key effect of rib spacing on flow resistance. The flow resistance is small when the rib spacing is small, because it's difficult for the fluid to form reattachment between the ribs. With the increase of rib spacing, the reattachment phenomenon is more obvious and the flow resistance increases accordingly. In general,p: e=10 channel has the maximum flow resistance. Secondary flow caused by the ribs is the key factor affecting the flow resistance characteristics with different rib angles. The secondary flow interacts with the main flow and causes flow loss through mixing, thus affecting the flow resistance of the channel. Under static condition, the flow resistance of 60°ribbed channel is the largest. The flow resistance of channel was affected by the temperature rise ratio also. And with the increase of the Ro, the temperature rise ratio has a more obvious effect on the flow resistance of the ribbed channel.When Ro=0.45, the flow resistance of the channel with a temperature rise ratio of 0.4 is 2.4 times that of the channel without temperature rise, while when Ro=0.3, it is 1.6 times, and when Ro=0.15, it is 1.2 times.

混流式水轮机非定常旋涡流动研究

采用standard模型对某水电站水轮机进行全流道三维非定常数值仿真,研究转轮内部叶道涡对尾水涡带成形及演化的影响。通过对两种流量工况下的转轮及尾水管内部流场进行分析,探究并揭示叶道涡和尾水涡带的生长、溃灭及其相互干涉演化机制。研究结果表明,通过对水轮机内部流场的全流道仿真,能直观动态地展示出内部三维涡结构的形成及演变特征,且通过观察转轮内的叶道涡和尾水管内的尾水涡带,能清晰地展现出两者之间的相互干涉过程。因此,该数值模拟对探讨水轮机组的安全运行具有一定的参考价值。

激光选区熔化成形复杂构件多通道抛光技术研究

针对航空航天领域激光选区熔化技术成形的多通道复杂构件内流道表面缺陷问题,开展内流道抛光技术研究。先对成形缺陷和磨粒流抛光原理进行介绍,然后通过对典型多通道构件特征分析和磨粒流抛光仿真分析,合理安排流道抛光顺序,优化磨粒抛光参数,实现直径5~13.5mm的内流道抛光;最后通过对抛光后的内流道进行剖切确认,流道内壁表面光滑无挂粉,表面粗糙度优于Ra3.2μm,为激光选区熔化成形技术在航空航天领域制造的内流道构件研制方面提供了高质量抛光技术方案。

不同因素对调节级气动性能影响研究

影响汽轮机调节级性能的因素有叶栅型线、栅距、冲角,同时,动静面积比(表征级反动度)、速比和盖度也是重要因素,研究其对气动性能的影响具有重大意义。以高参数小流量工业汽轮机调节级为研究对象,在喷嘴相对叶高分别为0.24和1.0的条件下,采用数值方法对不同动静面积比、速比和盖度的调节级流场进行了模拟计算,分析上述3个因素对调节级气动性能的影响规律。研究表明:调节级轮周效率随动静面积比的增加而增大;喷嘴相对叶高为0.24条件下,动静面积比超过1.5之后,轮周效率增速放缓,在面积比为1.65时达到最大值;喷嘴相对叶高增大为1.0后,级轮周效率随动静面积比的变化曲线向坐标轴右上方平移;轮周效率随速比增加而增大,速比为0.6~0.75时轮周效率处于较高水平;保持其他条件不变,相对盖度约0.08时,轮周效率达到最大值。研究成果可为工业汽轮机高性能调节级的设计研发提供参考。

Improved Soft Abrasive Flow Finishing Method Based on Turbulent Kinetic Energy Enhancing

Soft abrasive flow（SAF） finishing can process the irregular geometric surfaces, but with the matter of low processing efficiency. To address the issue, an improved SAF finishing method based on turbulent kinetic energy enhancing is proposed. A constrained flow passage with serration cross-section is constructed to increase the turbulence intensity. Taking the constrained flow passage as the objective, a two-phase fluid dynamic model is set up by using particle trajectory model and standard k-ε turbulence model, and the flow field characteristics of the flow passage are acquired. The numerical results show that the serration flow passage can enhance the turbulence intensity, uniform the particles distribution, and increase the particle concentration near the bottom wall. The observation results by particle image velocimetry（PIV） show that the internal vortex structures are formed in flow passage, and the abrasive flow takes on turbulence concentrating phenomenon in near-wall region. The finishing experiments prove that the proposed method can obtain better surface uniformity, and the processing efficiency can be improved more 35%. This research provides an abrasive flow modeling method to reveal the particle motion regulars, and canoffer references to the technical optimization of fluid-based precision processing.

Design and Numerical Simulation on Coupled Flow Field of Radial Turbine with Air-Inlet Volute

As one of the core components of turbocharger or micro-turbine, radial turbine has the features of small size and high rotation speed. In order to explore the design method and flow mechanism of the turbine with a volute, a centimeter-scale radial turbine with a vaneless air-inlet volute was designed and simulated numerically to investigate the characteristics of the coupled flow field. The results show that the wheel efficiency of single passage computation without the volute is 80.1%. After accounting for the factors of the loss caused by the volute and the interaction between each passage, the performance is more accurate according to the whole flow passage computation with the volute. High load region gathers at the mid-span and the efficiency declines to 76.6%. The performance of the volute whose structure angle of the trapezoid section is equal to 70 degree is better. Unlike uniform inlet condition in single passage, more appropriate inlet flow for the impeller is provided by the rectification effect of the volute in full passage calculation. Flow parameters are distributed more evenly along the blade span and are generally consistent between each passage at the outlet of the turbine.

In uence of Endwall Boundary Layer Suction on the Flow Fields of a Critically Loaded Di usion Cascade

Boundary layer suction is an e ective method used to delay separations in axial compressors. Most studies on bound?ary layer suction have focused on improving the performance of compressors,whereas few studies investigated the influence on details of the flow fields,especially vortexes in compressors. CFD method is validated with experi?mental data firstly. Three single?slot and one double?slot endwall boundary layer suction schemes are designed and investigated. In addition to the investigation of aerodynamic performance of the cascades with and without suction,variations in corner open separation,passage vortex,and concentration shedding vortex,which are rarely seen for the flow controlled blades in published literatures,are analyzed. Then,flow models,which are the ultimate aim,of both baseline and aspirated cascades are established. Results show that single?slot endwall suction scheme adjacent to the suction surface can e ectively remove the corner open separation. With suction mass flow rate of 0.85%,the overall loss coe cient and endwall loss coe cient of the cascade are reduced by 25.2% and 48.6%,respectively. Besides,this scheme increases the static pressure rise coe cient of the cascade by 3.2% and the flow turning angle of up to 3.3° at 90% span. The concentration shedding vortex decreases,whereas the passage vortex increases. For single?slot suction schemes near the middle pitchwise of the passage,the concentration shedding vortex increases and the passage vortex is divided into two smaller passage vortexes,which converge into a single?passage vortex near the trailing edge section of the cascade. For the double?slot suction scheme,triple?passage vortexes are presented in the blade passage. Some new vortex structures are discovered,and the novel flow models of aspirated compressor cascade are proposed,which are important to improve the design of multi?stage aspirated compressors.