Failure mechanisms and destruction characteristics of cemented coal gangue backfill under compression effect of non-uniform load

Backfill mining is one of the most important technical means for controlling strata movement and reducing surface subsidence and environmental damage during exploitation of underground coal resources. Ensuring the stability of the backfill bodies is the primary prerequisite for maintaining the safety of the backfilling working face, and the loading characteristics of backfill are closely related to the deformation and subsidence of the roof. Elastic thin plate model was used to explore the non-uniform subsidence law of the roof, and then the non-uniform distribution characteristics of backfill bodies’ load were revealed. Through a self-developed non-uniform loading device combined with acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) monitoring technology, the synergistic dynamic evolution law of the bearing capacity, apparent crack, and internal fracture of cemented coal gangue backfills (CCGBs) under loads with different degrees of non-uniformity was deeply explored. The results showed that: 1) The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of CCGB increased and then decreased with an increase in the degree of non-uniformity of load (DNL). About 40% of DNL was the inflection point of DNL-UCS curve and when DNL exceeded 40%, the strength decreased in a cliff-like manner;2) A positive correlation was observed between the AE ringing count and UCS during the loading process of the specimen, which was manifested by a higher AE ringing count of the high-strength specimen. 3) Shear cracks gradually increased and failure mode of specimens gradually changed from “X” type dominated by tension cracks to inverted “Y” type dominated by shear cracks with an increase in DNL, and the crack opening displacement at the peak stress decreased and then increased. The crack opening displacement at 40% of the DNL was the smallest. This was consistent with the judgment of crack size based on the AE b-value, i. e., it showed the typical characteristics of “small b-value-large crack and large b-value-small crack”. The research results are of significance for preventing the instability and failure of backfill.

Theoretical and experimental analyses of casing collapsing strength under non-uniform loading

Failure data from oilfield showed that casings which were designed according to API standards were deformed and collapsed in salt formations. The main reason for decrease in strength may be caused by non-uniform loading(NUL) that was not considered in traditional casing collapsing strength design or that the designing method should be improved and developed. Obviously, the calculation of casing collapse strength is one of the key factors in casing design. However, the effect of NUL on casing collapse strength was generally neglected in the present computational methods. Therefore, a mechanical model which can calculate casing collapse strength under NUL was established based on the curved beam theory of the elasticity and was solved using displacement method. Simultaneously, three anti-collapse experiments were performed on C110 casing under NUL, and the strain and deformation laws of three casings in the process of collapse were obtained by the electrical method. Yield limit of every casing was obtained by analyzing those data. Experimental results are consistent with the results of calculation of new model. It indicates that the model can be used to calculate yield limit loading of casings under NUL.

Non-capacity transport of non-uniform bed load sediment in alluvial rivers

Rivers often witness non-uniform bed load sedim ent transport. For a long tim e, non-uniform bed load transport has been assum ed to be at capacity regime determined exclusively by local flow. Yet whether the capacity assumption for non-uniform bed load transport is justified remains poorly understood. Here, the relative time scale of non-uniform bed load transport is evaluated and non-capacity and capacity models are compared for both aggradation and degradation cases with observed data. As characterized by its relative time scale, the adaptation of non-uniform bed load to capacity regime should be fulfilled quickly. However, changes in the flow and sedim ent inputs from upstream or tributaries hinder the adaptation. Also, the adaptation to capacity regime is size dependent, the finer the sediment size the slower the adaptation is, and vice versa. It is shown that the capacity model may entail considerable errors compared to the non-capacity model. For modelling of non-uniform bed load, non-capacity modelling is recommended, in which the temporal and spatial scales required for adaptation are explicitly appreciated.

Generation of electromotive force in igneous rocks subjected to non-uniform loading

When one end of an air-dry igneous rock block was uniaxially loaded in laboratory, there appeared an electromotive force that made electric currents flow from the stressed volume to the unstressed volume. Quartz-free rocks such as gabbro also generated this force, stronger than quartz-bearing rocks such as granite. This indicates that the piezoelectric effect of quartz and the electrokinetic effect of pore water do not make a large contribution toward generating the electromotive force. We focus on peroxy bond that is one of the abundant lattice defects in igneous rock-forming minerals. When mechanical loading deforms the lattice structure around this defect and breaks its bond, its energy levels change and act like an accepter. As an electron is trapped at this defect from a neighbor 02- site, a positive hole is activated there. They attempt to diffuse toward the unstressed volume through the valence band and are simultaneously affected by the attractive electric force with the electrons trapped in peroxy bonds. This leads to a polarization in the stressed volume and the generation of electromotive force between the stressed and unstressed volumes. Similar electromotive force may be generated in the Earth＇s crust where inhomogeneous stress/strain is changing.

Finding the buckling load of non-uniform columns using the iteration perturbation method

The aim of this study is to calculate the critical load of variable inertia columns. The example studied in this paper can be used as a paradigm for other non-uniform columns. The wavelength of equivalent vibratory system is used to calculate the critical load of the trigonometrically varied inertia column. In doing so, the equilibrium equation of the column is theoretically studied using the perturbation method. Accuracy of the calculated results is evaluated by comparing the solution with numerical results. Effect of improving the initial guess on the solution accuracy is investigated. Effects of varying parameters of the trigonometrically varied inertia and the uniformly tapered columns on their stability behavior are studied. Finally, using the so-called ＂perfectibility＂ parameter, two design goals, i.e., being lightweight and being strong, are studied for the discussed columns.

Discussion on Key Points of Wind Load of Jack-up Unit

The anti-overturning ability and structure safety of jack-up unit in in-place condition are often affected by environment loads, especially wind load. According to the MODU rule, the projected area method is used for calculating the wind load. However, the calculated results are conservative and not good for structure optimization design. In this paper, a 400 ft jack-up is studied as an example. Based on the wind tunnel test and numerical simulation method, some key points of wind load calculation, such as shielding effect, lift effect and shape coefficient of component, are discussed. The study shows that the points mentioned above, which are ignored in the MODU rule calculation, result in the conservative result.

基于JACK的盾构机换刀作业人员工作负荷评估模型

针对盾构机换刀作业的工作负荷评估问题,引入民航管理员工作负荷评估标准作为工作负荷评估的基础,建立盾构机换刀作业人员工作负荷评估模型.应用JACK软件求解工作负荷初始值和影响因子修正值,并将其代入评估模型求解最终值,确定工作负荷等级,实现对盾构机换刀作业工作负荷的评估.以盾构机换刀作业过程中的伸缩油缸安装作业为例,进行了工作负荷评估仿真实验.结果表明,评估模型的评估结果与实际换刀作业人员的工作负荷情况吻合,验证了评估模型的有效性与可行性.

Soil-Structure Interaction Analysis of Jack-up Platforms Subjected to Monochrome and Irregular Waves

As jack-up platforms have recently been used in deeper and harsher waters, there has been an increasing demand to understand their behaviour more accurately to develop more sophisticated analysis techniques. One of the areas of significant development has been the modelling of spudean performance, where the load-displacement behaviour of the foundation is required to be included in any numerical model of the structure. In this study, beam on nonlinear winkler foundation （BNWF） modeling--which is based on using nonlinear springs and dampers instead of a continuum soil media--is employed for this purpose. A regular monochrome design wave and an irregular wave representing a design sea state are applied to the platform as lateral loading. By using the BNWF model and assuming a granular soil under spudcans, properties such as soil nonlinear behaviour near the structure, contact phenomena at the interface of soil and spudcan （such as uplifting and rocking）, and geometrical nonlinear behaviour of the structure are studied. Results of this study show that inelastic behaviour of the soil causes an increase in the lateral displacement at the hull elevation and permanent unequal settlement in soil below the spudcans, which are increased by decreasing the friction angle of the sandy soil. In fact, spudeans and the underlying soil cause a relative fixity at the platform support, which changes the dynamic response of the structure compared with the case where the structure is assumed to have a fixed support or pinned support. For simulating this behaviour without explicit modelling of soil-structure interaction （SSI）, moment- rotation curves at the end of platform legs, which are dependent on foundation dimensions and soil characteristics, are obtained. These curves can be used in a simplified model of the platform for considering the relative fixity at the soil- foundation interface.

Incipient Motion of Bed Load Sediment and Its Application in the Three Gorges Hydro Project

A formula for the calculation of critical shear stress of non-uniform sediment was developed by on river bed has been established while considering the relative degree expose of grains.The values of the Coeffi- cients in the formula have been obtained.The formula has been verified with prototype observation data, flumes data of both nature and lightweight sand.The computed results fully reflect the characteristics of thresh- old motion of non-uniform sediment.The result have been used in some physical mo...

顶升法检测轴系安装质量实验分析

船舶轴系安装工艺质量和轴承负荷的合理分布决定了轴系工作的可靠性,顶升法测轴承负荷是应用广泛的一种轴系校中方法,阐述了顶升法测轴承负荷的实例,介绍了实训设备布置、轴承负荷测量的工艺步骤及操作注意事项,利用Excel将顶升曲线的绘制过程进行改进,从而提高检测轴系校中的效率.

Analytical model of vertical load acting on jacked pipe considering soil arching effect in cohesionless soil

For the project of pipe jacking in cohesionless soil,it is key to determine the vertical load on jacked pipe so as to predict the jacking force accurately.In this paper,a new parabolic soil arching model was proposed to calculate the vertical load on jacked pipe.This proposed analytical model was composed of parabolic soil arching zone,parabola-typed collapse zone and friction arch zone.Combined with existing literature,the key parameters(i.e.,height of parabolic soil arching,horizontal pressure coefficient and width and height of friction arch)were determined.In addition,considering that the trajectory of major stress is parabola,the formula of horizontal pressure coefficient was deduced in the friction arch.The parabolic soil arching zone is assumed as a three-hinged arch with reasonable arch axis,and the formula of load transfer was derived considering the transition effect of parabolic soil arching.The results of experiment,theoretical models and numerical model were adopted to verify the proposed analytical model.Finally,the influence of the key parameters on the vertical load on jacked pipe were also discussed in detail.This work provides a meaningful reference for evaluating the vertical load on jacked pipe for design of pipe jacking.

水平顶管工况下高压电缆线芯温度推演与动态增容

水平顶管一般用于电缆线路穿越河流、街路等场合,由于其特殊构造,导致单独使用光纤测温的实时性和准确性较差。鉴于此,本文提出了电缆端部表皮测温器与置于相邻PVC空管内的光纤测温器的联合测温方案和线芯导体温度推演与动态增容方法。将电缆线芯、表皮分别等效为热源与热汇,电缆内部各部分等效为热网络,根据光纤与表皮测温值反演热路参数值,采用拉普拉斯变换法求解热路,推演各相缆芯实时温度并预测动态增容的应急负荷允许持续时间。通过与有限元计算结果的对比分析,证明了本文模型预测应急负荷持续时间的准确性和快速性。

大断面类矩形顶管注浆压力对管节损伤的影响分析

为探究大断面矩形顶管注浆压力波动及其控制边界难以确定的实际问题,依托南京某大断面类矩形顶管工程,借助理论分析、工程类比和数值模拟等方法,研究了顶板和侧壁局部憋压工况下,大断面类矩形管节结构的变形和损伤机制。通过分析矩形顶管管节受力特征,计算了大断面类矩形管节承受的外荷载,并采用ABAQUS有限元数值模拟软件内置的混凝土损伤塑性模型进行数值建模,研究不同注浆压力作用下钢筋混凝土管节损伤演化机制。结果表明:(1)注浆荷载作为可变荷载,对管节受力有明显影响,应将注浆压力纳入管节设计环节;(2)针对该工程,其理论注浆压力为0.311 MPa,考虑抑制背土效应的需要,应适当提高注浆压力,但必须控制在合理范围内;(3)从损伤演化的角度来看,注浆荷载达到0.6 MPa时,管节顶板的拉伸损伤已达到较高水平,因此,将0.6 MPa作为该工程的注浆压力预警指标,而0.9 MPa应作为注浆压力的控制指标。

某车型千斤顶固定座处车身钣金撕裂破坏问题与解决

分析某车型千斤顶固定座处车身钣金撕裂破坏问题,发现在千斤顶固定与限位不充分的情况下,系统振动导致钣金疲劳开裂。设计多种千斤顶固定方案,通过比较筛选确定改进方案。采集试验场载荷谱并进行加速处理,对最终改进方案进行随机振动疲劳分析,结果表明改进方案满足要求,台架试验验证改进方案的有效性。

露天矿山工程同步顶升装置研究

国内一些露天矿山在维修大型工程设备时,由于没有适用的顶升装置,造成维修效率低、人工成本高且存在安全隐患等问题。为解决上述问题,设计研发了一套广泛适用于各种矿用工程设备的同步举升装置,该装置主要由顶升油缸、液压同步顶升系统、监测传感系统、控制台和手持控制器组成,能够安全实现大型工程设备检修操作时的水平上升与下降,同时可在任何位置停止顶升操作并进行安全锁定,适应各种工作情况下的检修作业。实际应用表明:该装置工作稳定且安全可靠,极大地提高了维修效率、降低了生产成本。

跨既有线钢桁梁大桥顶推施工关键技术及其应用

钢桁梁桥具有跨度大和强度高等优势,其作为一种钢结构构件被广泛应用在公路和铁路的桥梁结构中.由于跨径大以及桥位高等问题,在施工过程中会存在较高风险.研究跨既有线钢桁梁大桥顶推施工关键技术及其应用效果.以某省单跨双线跨高铁钢桁梁桥作为施工对象,根据现场施工条件设定钢桁梁预拱度,按照《铁路桥梁钢结构设计规范》设计构件.在顶推施工工艺设计中,选择混凝土简支梁搭建安装平台,将导梁与滑道整合为一体计算荷载,通过分析不同参数条件获取应力值,对导梁与滑道进行架设.在节点逐次安装方式下对钢桁梁顶推架设,实现跨既有线大桥施工.实验将施工阶段划分为三个部分,分别对主梁和导梁的节点位移进行监测,在本文方法应用下可以保证位移在30 mm以内,具有应用价值.

大直径砼顶管的管道受力特性分析

为优化现有的顶管管道受力模式及其设计方法,结合上海市污水治理南线工程,采用数值模拟方法,对内径4 m的大直径钢筋混凝土顶管管道的受力特性进行了分析,研究了施工过程中管土接触压力的变化及顶管覆土厚度对管道外土压力的影响,比较了管道受力分布与《给水排水工程顶管技术规程》的区别,并分析了管道内力的差异.计算结果表明:土拱效应随覆土厚度的增加逐渐增强,管土接触压力分布比较平均,侧向土压力采用主动土压力计算偏于保守,地基反力也可适当均匀化,并且在此基础上的管道弯矩减小,轴力相应增大.因此,管道设计可以进一步优化,使工程更加经济.

预制静压桩静动载现场试验分析

原位试验是获取桩基设计参数和了解桩基力学性能的最客观、最可靠方法。基于现有疲劳机和千斤顶等试验设备,研制了桩顶静载和动载组合加载装置,为现场静、动载试验解决了一个技术性难题。利用该装置对某工程混凝土预制静压桩进行了模拟交通荷载的现场静、动载试验。通过单桩竖向抗压静载试验和动载试验,分析了静动载对桩身轴力分布、桩身侧摩阻力和基桩沉降的影响及其变化规律。试验结果表明:在静动载作用下桩身侧摩阻力的分布规律基本一致,并且随着振动次数的增加,桩身上部侧摩阻力减小、下部略有增加,但动载循环超过 30 万次后,侧摩阻力趋于稳定。

自升式海洋钻井平台固桩架力学性能研究

为了研究Super M2自升式海洋钻井平台固桩架在预压、作业、暴风自存工况下的力学性能,文中对固桩架采用壳单元,通过建立固桩架、桩腿及支架处的力学模型,确定载荷的分布,并综合考虑了预压、作业、暴风自存各工况下水平载荷与垂直载荷的组合作用以及风载荷与船体夹角的影响,从而研究了固桩架在0°,30°,60°,90°,120°共5个特征角度时的力学特性,并以此为基础论述了船体和桩腿的连接刚度.研究结果表明:当特征角度为30°和90°时,固桩架导向产生最大应力;且在作业及暴风自存工况下,船体和桩腿的连接刚度分别为79.398 N/mm和82.445 N/mm.

顶管推进对邻近桩基的影响分析

研究了顶管正面附加推力、掘进机和后续管道与土体之间的摩擦力在邻近桩基上引起的总的附加荷载的分布规律。研究结果表明,附加荷载的变化规律与桩基和掘进机的相对位置密切相关,是一个三维问题;在项进方向和垂直于管壁方向,随着掘进机开挖面通过前后,附加荷载由压力变为拉力,顶进方向的附加荷载值和影响范围较垂直于管壁方向大;竖直方向的附加荷载较小,靠近管道轴线附近的桩基部位受到的附加荷载方向与两端相反,曲线呈"弓"型分布:随着桩基与管道距离的减小,附加荷载急剧增大。