Electrolyte design strategies are closely related to the capacities, cycle life and safety of sodium–ion batteries. In this study, we aimed to optimize electrolyte with the focus on engineering aspects. The basic phy...Electrolyte design strategies are closely related to the capacities, cycle life and safety of sodium–ion batteries. In this study, we aimed to optimize electrolyte with the focus on engineering aspects. The basic physicochemical properties including ionic conductivity, viscosity,wettability and thermochemical stability of the electrolytes using Na PF6 as the solute and the mixed solvent with different components of EMC,DMC or DEC in PC or EC were systematically measured. Ah pouch cell with NaNi_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_(2)/hard carbon electrodes was used to evaluate the performance of the prepared electrolytes. By using the Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer(ICP), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), Thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry(TG-DSC) and Accelerating Rate Calorimeter(ARC), we show that an optimized electrolyte can effectively promote the formation of a protective interfacial layer on two electrodes, which not only retards parasitic reactions between the electrodes and electrolyte but also suppresses dissolution of metal ions from the cathode. With an optimized electrolyte, a NaNi_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_(2)/hard carbon cell can attain 56.16% capacity retention under the low temperature of -40℃, and can be able to retain 80%capacity retention after more than 2500 cycles while presenting excellent thermal safety.展开更多
Na‐O2 batteries are advantageous as the candidates of next‐generation electric vehicles due to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density and have attracted enormous attention recently.Tremendous efforts have been d...Na‐O2 batteries are advantageous as the candidates of next‐generation electric vehicles due to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density and have attracted enormous attention recently.Tremendous efforts have been devoted to improve the Na‐O2 battery performance by designing advanced electrodes with various carbonbased materials.Carbon materials used in Na‐O2 batteries not only function as the air electrode to provide active sites and accommodate discharge products but also as Na anode protectors against dendrite growth and chemical/electrochemical corrosion.In this review,we mainly focus on the application of various carbonbased materials in Na‐O2 batteries and highlight their advances.The scientific understanding on the fundamental design of the material microstructure and chemistry in relation to the battery performance are summarized.Finally,perspectives on enhancing the overall battery performance based on the optimization and rational design of carbon‐based cell components are also briefly anticipated.展开更多
In order to simulate the instability phenomenon of a nonaqueous phase liquid(NAPL) dissolution front in a computational model, the intrinsic characteristic length is commonly used to determine the length scale at whic...In order to simulate the instability phenomenon of a nonaqueous phase liquid(NAPL) dissolution front in a computational model, the intrinsic characteristic length is commonly used to determine the length scale at which the instability of the NAPL dissolution front can be initiated. This will require a huge number of finite elements if a whole NAPL dissolution system is simulated in the computational model. Even though modern supercomputers might be used to tackle this kind of NAPL dissolution problem, it can become prohibitive for commonly-used personal computers to do so. The main purpose of this work is to investigate whether or not the whole NAPL dissolution system of an annular domain can be replaced by a trapezoidal domain, so as to greatly reduce the requirements for computer efforts. The related simulation results have demonstrated that when the NAPL dissolution system under consideration is in a subcritical state, if the dissolution pattern around the entrance of an annulus domain is of interest, then a trapezoidal domain cannot be used to replace an annular domain in the computational simulation of the NAPL dissolution system.However, if the dissolution pattern away from the vicinity of the entrance of an annulus domain is of interest, then a trapezoidal domain can be used to replace an annular domain in the computational simulation of the NAPL dissolution system. When the NAPL dissolution system under consideration is in a supercritical state, a trapezoidal domain cannot be used to replace an annular domain in the computational simulation of the NAPL dissolution system.展开更多
This paper emphasizes the observation of SERS spectra of imidazole /LiCl in methanol solution at a silver electrode and a qualitative explaina- tion of the relationship between HERS spectra and molecular vibrational m...This paper emphasizes the observation of SERS spectra of imidazole /LiCl in methanol solution at a silver electrode and a qualitative explaina- tion of the relationship between HERS spectra and molecular vibrational modes, and the relationship between SERS spectrum in aqueous and that in nonaqueous system.展开更多
A rapid method for the simultaneous determination of berberine(BBR),matrine(MT)and oxymatrine(OMT)by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis(NACE)was developed.Optimum separation of the analytes was obtained on a 50cm...A rapid method for the simultaneous determination of berberine(BBR),matrine(MT)and oxymatrine(OMT)by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis(NACE)was developed.Optimum separation of the analytes was obtained on a 50cm×50μm i.d.fused-silica capillary using a non-aqueous buffer system of 70mM ammonium acetate,7.0% acetic acid and 10% acetonitrile at 25kV and 20℃.The relative standard deviations(R.S.D.)of the migration times and peak areas of the three active components were 0.06%-0.20% and 0.12%-3.41% for berberine,0.11%-0.60% and 0.74%-1.63% for matrine,0.15% and 0.45% for oxymatrine,respectively.Detection limits of berberine,matrine and oxymtrine were 0.18μg/mL,4.08μg/mL and 4.16μg/mL,respectively.In the tested concentration range,good linear relationships(0.9992 for berberine,0.9988 for matrine and 0.9988 for oxymatrine)were observed.The linear calibration ranges were 0.45-360.0μg/mL for berberine,8.16-408.0μg/mL for matrine and 20.8-416.0μg/mL for oxymatrine.This method has been successfully applied to the phytochemical analysis of alkaloids extracts from two commonly used traditional Chinese herbal drugs:Sophora flavescens Ait.(Kushen)and Cortex phellodendri chinensis(Huangbai)and their medicinal preparations.展开更多
Nonaqueous amine-based system is an attractive solution to overcome high-energy-intensive CO_(2) capture process using the conventional aqueous amines.Advanced nonaqueous absorbent of 2-(butylamino)ethanol(BAE)with 2-...Nonaqueous amine-based system is an attractive solution to overcome high-energy-intensive CO_(2) capture process using the conventional aqueous amines.Advanced nonaqueous absorbent of 2-(butylamino)ethanol(BAE)with 2-butoxyethanol(2-BE)has been recently proposed for low-energyconsumption CO_(2) capture.In this work,Henry’s law constants of CO_(2) in the BAE/2-BE blend were obtained by N_(2)O/CO_(2) analogy,and correlated in the temperature range of(283–333)K.Vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE)data for the BAE+CO_(2)+2-BE system at 65.4%(mass)BAE were also determined in a stirred equilibrium cell at temperatures of(313–393)K and CO_(2) partial pressures up to 275 kPa.A single apparent equilibrium constant KCO_(2);app was proposed for this system and correlated as a function of temperature,carbonated degree of amine and CO_(2) loading.Solubility data were well represented by the modified Kent-Eisenberg model with an average absolute relative deviation(AARD)of 13%.展开更多
In the nonaqueous N,N -dimethylformamide medium, the chiral drugs ibuprofen and terbutaline were successfully separated with sulfonyl- β -cyclodextrin(s- β -CD) as the chiral selector by capillary electrophoresis wi...In the nonaqueous N,N -dimethylformamide medium, the chiral drugs ibuprofen and terbutaline were successfully separated with sulfonyl- β -cyclodextrin(s- β -CD) as the chiral selector by capillary electrophoresis with conductance detection. The comparison of the effects of three CDS( β -CD, diethylic- β -CD, sulfonyl- β -CD) on the chiral separation was made and the resolution mechanism was proposed.展开更多
This article reports a theoretical calculation of solubility product constant of several slightly soluble silver salts in a number of nonaqueous solvents according to the IAF (interaction force) theory based on the in...This article reports a theoretical calculation of solubility product constant of several slightly soluble silver salts in a number of nonaqueous solvents according to the IAF (interaction force) theory based on the interaction free energy of electrostatic, orientation, induction and dispersion. The calculated values of pKsp are in good accordance with those from literature.展开更多
A successful chiral separation of N-benzoyl phenylalanine methyl ester has been achieved by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) using P-CD as chiral selector in formamide (FA). Some experimental parameters inf...A successful chiral separation of N-benzoyl phenylalanine methyl ester has been achieved by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) using P-CD as chiral selector in formamide (FA). Some experimental parameters influencing the chiral separation such as concentration of P-CD, ionic strength and apparent pH (pH*) are discussed.展开更多
A two parameters equation of state (EOS) for nonaqueous electrolyte solutions system has been developed. The equation is in terms of Helmholtz free energy and incorporated with results of low density expansion of non-...A two parameters equation of state (EOS) for nonaqueous electrolyte solutions system has been developed. The equation is in terms of Helmholtz free energy and incorporated with results of low density expansion of non-primitive mean spherical approximation. The EOS was tested for experimental data reported in literatures of 9 nonaqueous single electrolyte solutions of which the temperature was 298.15 K, and it also has a good predictive capability for nonaqueous electrolyte solutions at different temperature in this work. The comparisons with EOSs published earlier by other researchers in literatures are carried out in detail.展开更多
Two active principles in traditional Chinese medicine Magnolia officinalis, magnolol and honokiol, were successfully separated by means of nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. The effect of the composition of a nonaq...Two active principles in traditional Chinese medicine Magnolia officinalis, magnolol and honokiol, were successfully separated by means of nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. The effect of the composition of a nonaqueous buffer on column efficiency and resolution, and the effect of acid additives on peak shapes were researched. The separation was conducted with a running buffer in a mixture of methanol/aeetonitrile/formamide ( volume ratio : 1 : 2 : 2 ), in which the concentrations of Tris, acetic acid, and water were 60 retool/L, 0. 04 mmol/L and 5% ( volume fration), respectively, and the pH^* (apperent pH) of the running buffer was 8.96. Magnolol and honokiol were separated on baseline within 20 min. The relative standard deviation of the analytes' concentrations in the sample is 1.32% for magnolol and 1.60% for honokiol, and the recoveries of the spiked sample are 98.4% for magnolol and 98. 0% for honokiol, respectively.展开更多
Polyether-tailored phosphite modified rhodium complex formed in situ was highly active in the hydroformylation of oleyl alcohol in nonaqueous phosphite/heptane system where the phosphite acted both as the ligand and t...Polyether-tailored phosphite modified rhodium complex formed in situ was highly active in the hydroformylation of oleyl alcohol in nonaqueous phosphite/heptane system where the phosphite acted both as the ligand and the second phase. This catalyst was easily separated by simple decantation and can be used for five times with only a slight decrease in activity.展开更多
In 1985,Bibby and Dale first reported the synthesis of silica-sodalite from organic solvent such as ethylene glycol or propanol.In 1987, Van Erp and his coworkers reported the formation of crystalline aluminosilicates...In 1985,Bibby and Dale first reported the synthesis of silica-sodalite from organic solvent such as ethylene glycol or propanol.In 1987, Van Erp and his coworkers reported the formation of crystalline aluminosilicates in organic solvents such as hexanol,glycol, glycerol, sulfolane and pyridine. Because the concepts effective in the aqueous synthesis cannot be simply applied to the nonaqueous media,the formation mechanism of zeolite in the nonaqueous system has not been investigated yet.展开更多
The estimation of inclusion particles has a relation close to the control of steel grain growth as well as the production of clean steel.In present study,the electrolytic extraction methods using nonaqueous electrolyt...The estimation of inclusion particles has a relation close to the control of steel grain growth as well as the production of clean steel.In present study,the electrolytic extraction methods using nonaqueous electrolyte have been examined for the extraction of various inclusion particles,in order to evaluate their three-dimensional morphologies and compositional segregations.The cross section of fine inclusion particle,which was prepared by focused ion beam method,was qualitatively analyzed using Auger electron spectroscopy.From the results obtained by this method,the formation mechanism of complex inclusion particle could be explained clearly.展开更多
High-temperature proton exchange membranes(HT-PEMs) possess excellent thermal and outstanding electrochemical stability, providing an avenue to realize high-temperature proton exchange membranes fuel cells(HT-PEMFCs) ...High-temperature proton exchange membranes(HT-PEMs) possess excellent thermal and outstanding electrochemical stability, providing an avenue to realize high-temperature proton exchange membranes fuel cells(HT-PEMFCs) with both superior power density and long-term durability. Unfortunately, polybenzimidazole(PBI), a typical material for conventional HT-PEMs, fails to compromise the high nonaqueous proton conductivity and high mechanical properties, thus hindering their practical applications.Achieving efficient nonaqueous proton conduction is crucial for HT-PEMFC, and many insightful research works have been done in this area. However, there still lacks a report that integrates the host-guest interactions of phosphoric acid doping and the structural stability of polymers to systematically illustrate modification strategies. Here, we summarize recent advancements in enhancing the nonaqueous proton conduction of HT-PEMs. Various polymer structure modification strategies, including main chain and side group modification, cross-linking, blocking, and branching, are reviewed. Composite approaches of polymer, including compounding with organic porous polymers, filling the inorganic components and modifying with ionic liquids, etc., are also covered in this work. These strategies endow the HT-PEMs with more free volume, nanophase-separated structure, and multi-stage proton transfer channels, which can facilitate the proton transportation and improve their performance. Finally, current challenges and future directions for further enhancements are also outlined.展开更多
Traditional lithium-ion batteries with graphite anodes have gradually been limited by the glass ceiling of energy density.As a result,lithium metal batteries(LMBs),regarded as the ideal alternative,have attracted cons...Traditional lithium-ion batteries with graphite anodes have gradually been limited by the glass ceiling of energy density.As a result,lithium metal batteries(LMBs),regarded as the ideal alternative,have attracted considerable attention.However,lithium is highly reactive and susceptible to most electrolytes,resulting in poor cycle performance.In addition,lithium grows Li dendrites during charging,adversely affecting the safety of LMBs.Therefore,LMBs are more sensitive to the chemical composition of electrolytes and their relative ratios(concentrations).Recently,concentrated electrolytes have been widely demonstrated to be friendly to lithium metal anodes(LMAs).This review focuses on the progress of concentrated electrolytes in LMBs,including the solvation structure varying with concentration,unique functions in stabilizing the LMA,and their interfacial chemistry with LMA.展开更多
Contamination of soil and groundwater by organic substances is causing more and more problems worldwide. Analysis of the movement and distribution of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in subsurface domain is critical ...Contamination of soil and groundwater by organic substances is causing more and more problems worldwide. Analysis of the movement and distribution of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in subsurface domain is critical for contaminant remediation. Two-dimensional experiments were conducted in a transparent plexiglass trough (105.0 KGcm×70.0 cm×1.5 cm) to simulate the release and redistribution of gasoline and kerosene in porous media. The results show that before the contaminant distribution reaches equilibrium, the movement of light NAPLs (LNAPLs) can be divided into four sub-stages. After the contaminant front reaches the upper boundary of the capillary fringe, contaminant movement along the upper boundary of the capillary fringe is the primary transport process. Most of the contaminants then move into the capillary fringe except for the residual part. One-dimensional and two-dimensional capillary tube models were developed to analyze the movement of LNAPLs in the capillary fringe.展开更多
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of China,China(21938005,21676165)Science&Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,China(19DZ1205500)+1 种基金Zhejiang Key Research and Development Program,China(2020C01128)National Key Research and Development Program,China(2016YFB0901500)。
文摘Electrolyte design strategies are closely related to the capacities, cycle life and safety of sodium–ion batteries. In this study, we aimed to optimize electrolyte with the focus on engineering aspects. The basic physicochemical properties including ionic conductivity, viscosity,wettability and thermochemical stability of the electrolytes using Na PF6 as the solute and the mixed solvent with different components of EMC,DMC or DEC in PC or EC were systematically measured. Ah pouch cell with NaNi_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_(2)/hard carbon electrodes was used to evaluate the performance of the prepared electrolytes. By using the Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer(ICP), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), Thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry(TG-DSC) and Accelerating Rate Calorimeter(ARC), we show that an optimized electrolyte can effectively promote the formation of a protective interfacial layer on two electrodes, which not only retards parasitic reactions between the electrodes and electrolyte but also suppresses dissolution of metal ions from the cathode. With an optimized electrolyte, a NaNi_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_(2)/hard carbon cell can attain 56.16% capacity retention under the low temperature of -40℃, and can be able to retain 80%capacity retention after more than 2500 cycles while presenting excellent thermal safety.
基金University of Western OntarioCanada Foundation for Innovation+2 种基金Canada Research Chair ProgramNational Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaChinese Scholarship Council。
文摘Na‐O2 batteries are advantageous as the candidates of next‐generation electric vehicles due to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density and have attracted enormous attention recently.Tremendous efforts have been devoted to improve the Na‐O2 battery performance by designing advanced electrodes with various carbonbased materials.Carbon materials used in Na‐O2 batteries not only function as the air electrode to provide active sites and accommodate discharge products but also as Na anode protectors against dendrite growth and chemical/electrochemical corrosion.In this review,we mainly focus on the application of various carbonbased materials in Na‐O2 batteries and highlight their advances.The scientific understanding on the fundamental design of the material microstructure and chemistry in relation to the battery performance are summarized.Finally,perspectives on enhancing the overall battery performance based on the optimization and rational design of carbon‐based cell components are also briefly anticipated.
基金Project(11272359)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In order to simulate the instability phenomenon of a nonaqueous phase liquid(NAPL) dissolution front in a computational model, the intrinsic characteristic length is commonly used to determine the length scale at which the instability of the NAPL dissolution front can be initiated. This will require a huge number of finite elements if a whole NAPL dissolution system is simulated in the computational model. Even though modern supercomputers might be used to tackle this kind of NAPL dissolution problem, it can become prohibitive for commonly-used personal computers to do so. The main purpose of this work is to investigate whether or not the whole NAPL dissolution system of an annular domain can be replaced by a trapezoidal domain, so as to greatly reduce the requirements for computer efforts. The related simulation results have demonstrated that when the NAPL dissolution system under consideration is in a subcritical state, if the dissolution pattern around the entrance of an annulus domain is of interest, then a trapezoidal domain cannot be used to replace an annular domain in the computational simulation of the NAPL dissolution system.However, if the dissolution pattern away from the vicinity of the entrance of an annulus domain is of interest, then a trapezoidal domain can be used to replace an annular domain in the computational simulation of the NAPL dissolution system. When the NAPL dissolution system under consideration is in a supercritical state, a trapezoidal domain cannot be used to replace an annular domain in the computational simulation of the NAPL dissolution system.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Fund of People's Republic of China.
文摘This paper emphasizes the observation of SERS spectra of imidazole /LiCl in methanol solution at a silver electrode and a qualitative explaina- tion of the relationship between HERS spectra and molecular vibrational modes, and the relationship between SERS spectrum in aqueous and that in nonaqueous system.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30730110)
文摘A rapid method for the simultaneous determination of berberine(BBR),matrine(MT)and oxymatrine(OMT)by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis(NACE)was developed.Optimum separation of the analytes was obtained on a 50cm×50μm i.d.fused-silica capillary using a non-aqueous buffer system of 70mM ammonium acetate,7.0% acetic acid and 10% acetonitrile at 25kV and 20℃.The relative standard deviations(R.S.D.)of the migration times and peak areas of the three active components were 0.06%-0.20% and 0.12%-3.41% for berberine,0.11%-0.60% and 0.74%-1.63% for matrine,0.15% and 0.45% for oxymatrine,respectively.Detection limits of berberine,matrine and oxymtrine were 0.18μg/mL,4.08μg/mL and 4.16μg/mL,respectively.In the tested concentration range,good linear relationships(0.9992 for berberine,0.9988 for matrine and 0.9988 for oxymatrine)were observed.The linear calibration ranges were 0.45-360.0μg/mL for berberine,8.16-408.0μg/mL for matrine and 20.8-416.0μg/mL for oxymatrine.This method has been successfully applied to the phytochemical analysis of alkaloids extracts from two commonly used traditional Chinese herbal drugs:Sophora flavescens Ait.(Kushen)and Cortex phellodendri chinensis(Huangbai)and their medicinal preparations.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(B2018208154)Department of Education of Hebei Province,P.R.China(SLRC2019051)Key Foundation of Hebei Provincial Department of Science and Technology,P.R.China(21373703D).
文摘Nonaqueous amine-based system is an attractive solution to overcome high-energy-intensive CO_(2) capture process using the conventional aqueous amines.Advanced nonaqueous absorbent of 2-(butylamino)ethanol(BAE)with 2-butoxyethanol(2-BE)has been recently proposed for low-energyconsumption CO_(2) capture.In this work,Henry’s law constants of CO_(2) in the BAE/2-BE blend were obtained by N_(2)O/CO_(2) analogy,and correlated in the temperature range of(283–333)K.Vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE)data for the BAE+CO_(2)+2-BE system at 65.4%(mass)BAE were also determined in a stirred equilibrium cell at temperatures of(313–393)K and CO_(2) partial pressures up to 275 kPa.A single apparent equilibrium constant KCO_(2);app was proposed for this system and correlated as a function of temperature,carbonated degree of amine and CO_(2) loading.Solubility data were well represented by the modified Kent-Eisenberg model with an average absolute relative deviation(AARD)of 13%.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(No.9912 0 0 1)
文摘In the nonaqueous N,N -dimethylformamide medium, the chiral drugs ibuprofen and terbutaline were successfully separated with sulfonyl- β -cyclodextrin(s- β -CD) as the chiral selector by capillary electrophoresis with conductance detection. The comparison of the effects of three CDS( β -CD, diethylic- β -CD, sulfonyl- β -CD) on the chiral separation was made and the resolution mechanism was proposed.
文摘This article reports a theoretical calculation of solubility product constant of several slightly soluble silver salts in a number of nonaqueous solvents according to the IAF (interaction force) theory based on the interaction free energy of electrostatic, orientation, induction and dispersion. The calculated values of pKsp are in good accordance with those from literature.
文摘A successful chiral separation of N-benzoyl phenylalanine methyl ester has been achieved by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) using P-CD as chiral selector in formamide (FA). Some experimental parameters influencing the chiral separation such as concentration of P-CD, ionic strength and apparent pH (pH*) are discussed.
文摘A two parameters equation of state (EOS) for nonaqueous electrolyte solutions system has been developed. The equation is in terms of Helmholtz free energy and incorporated with results of low density expansion of non-primitive mean spherical approximation. The EOS was tested for experimental data reported in literatures of 9 nonaqueous single electrolyte solutions of which the temperature was 298.15 K, and it also has a good predictive capability for nonaqueous electrolyte solutions at different temperature in this work. The comparisons with EOSs published earlier by other researchers in literatures are carried out in detail.
文摘Two active principles in traditional Chinese medicine Magnolia officinalis, magnolol and honokiol, were successfully separated by means of nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. The effect of the composition of a nonaqueous buffer on column efficiency and resolution, and the effect of acid additives on peak shapes were researched. The separation was conducted with a running buffer in a mixture of methanol/aeetonitrile/formamide ( volume ratio : 1 : 2 : 2 ), in which the concentrations of Tris, acetic acid, and water were 60 retool/L, 0. 04 mmol/L and 5% ( volume fration), respectively, and the pH^* (apperent pH) of the running buffer was 8.96. Magnolol and honokiol were separated on baseline within 20 min. The relative standard deviation of the analytes' concentrations in the sample is 1.32% for magnolol and 1.60% for honokiol, and the recoveries of the spiked sample are 98.4% for magnolol and 98. 0% for honokiol, respectively.
基金The authors are grateful to the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.29906001)
文摘Polyether-tailored phosphite modified rhodium complex formed in situ was highly active in the hydroformylation of oleyl alcohol in nonaqueous phosphite/heptane system where the phosphite acted both as the ligand and the second phase. This catalyst was easily separated by simple decantation and can be used for five times with only a slight decrease in activity.
文摘In 1985,Bibby and Dale first reported the synthesis of silica-sodalite from organic solvent such as ethylene glycol or propanol.In 1987, Van Erp and his coworkers reported the formation of crystalline aluminosilicates in organic solvents such as hexanol,glycol, glycerol, sulfolane and pyridine. Because the concepts effective in the aqueous synthesis cannot be simply applied to the nonaqueous media,the formation mechanism of zeolite in the nonaqueous system has not been investigated yet.
文摘The estimation of inclusion particles has a relation close to the control of steel grain growth as well as the production of clean steel.In present study,the electrolytic extraction methods using nonaqueous electrolyte have been examined for the extraction of various inclusion particles,in order to evaluate their three-dimensional morphologies and compositional segregations.The cross section of fine inclusion particle,which was prepared by focused ion beam method,was qualitatively analyzed using Auger electron spectroscopy.From the results obtained by this method,the formation mechanism of complex inclusion particle could be explained clearly.
基金supported by the Science Foundation of National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environmentsthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.12002109)+1 种基金sponsored by Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China (Nos.CSTC2021jcyj-msxm X10305, CSTB2022NSCQMSX0246, CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0242, CSTB2022NSCQMSX1244, CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0441, CSTB2022NSCQMSX1356, CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1572, CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1583, CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0487, CSTB2022TFII-OFX0034)Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Special Key Project (No.CSTB2023TIAD-KPX0010)。
文摘High-temperature proton exchange membranes(HT-PEMs) possess excellent thermal and outstanding electrochemical stability, providing an avenue to realize high-temperature proton exchange membranes fuel cells(HT-PEMFCs) with both superior power density and long-term durability. Unfortunately, polybenzimidazole(PBI), a typical material for conventional HT-PEMs, fails to compromise the high nonaqueous proton conductivity and high mechanical properties, thus hindering their practical applications.Achieving efficient nonaqueous proton conduction is crucial for HT-PEMFC, and many insightful research works have been done in this area. However, there still lacks a report that integrates the host-guest interactions of phosphoric acid doping and the structural stability of polymers to systematically illustrate modification strategies. Here, we summarize recent advancements in enhancing the nonaqueous proton conduction of HT-PEMs. Various polymer structure modification strategies, including main chain and side group modification, cross-linking, blocking, and branching, are reviewed. Composite approaches of polymer, including compounding with organic porous polymers, filling the inorganic components and modifying with ionic liquids, etc., are also covered in this work. These strategies endow the HT-PEMs with more free volume, nanophase-separated structure, and multi-stage proton transfer channels, which can facilitate the proton transportation and improve their performance. Finally, current challenges and future directions for further enhancements are also outlined.
文摘Traditional lithium-ion batteries with graphite anodes have gradually been limited by the glass ceiling of energy density.As a result,lithium metal batteries(LMBs),regarded as the ideal alternative,have attracted considerable attention.However,lithium is highly reactive and susceptible to most electrolytes,resulting in poor cycle performance.In addition,lithium grows Li dendrites during charging,adversely affecting the safety of LMBs.Therefore,LMBs are more sensitive to the chemical composition of electrolytes and their relative ratios(concentrations).Recently,concentrated electrolytes have been widely demonstrated to be friendly to lithium metal anodes(LMAs).This review focuses on the progress of concentrated electrolytes in LMBs,including the solvation structure varying with concentration,unique functions in stabilizing the LMA,and their interfacial chemistry with LMA.
基金Supported by the National Eighth- Five Year Plan(No.85 - 90 8)
文摘Contamination of soil and groundwater by organic substances is causing more and more problems worldwide. Analysis of the movement and distribution of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in subsurface domain is critical for contaminant remediation. Two-dimensional experiments were conducted in a transparent plexiglass trough (105.0 KGcm×70.0 cm×1.5 cm) to simulate the release and redistribution of gasoline and kerosene in porous media. The results show that before the contaminant distribution reaches equilibrium, the movement of light NAPLs (LNAPLs) can be divided into four sub-stages. After the contaminant front reaches the upper boundary of the capillary fringe, contaminant movement along the upper boundary of the capillary fringe is the primary transport process. Most of the contaminants then move into the capillary fringe except for the residual part. One-dimensional and two-dimensional capillary tube models were developed to analyze the movement of LNAPLs in the capillary fringe.