Traditionally,an empirical speed-up factor was introduced to reflect the effects of nonflat terrain on near-surface wind speeds.In this paper,the resistance effects of nonflat terrain are considered by introducing the...Traditionally,an empirical speed-up factor was introduced to reflect the effects of nonflat terrain on near-surface wind speeds.In this paper,the resistance effects of nonflat terrain are considered by introducing the terrain drag coefficient in the parametric wind field model for tropical cyclones(TCs)with a theoretical method.Terrain effects on wind fields are investigated in complex areas along the coastal zone in China under TC conditions.The results show that the terrain drag coefficient is the function of the slope angle and is sensitive to the spatial resolution.After including the resistance effect of nonflat terrain,the TC intensities weaken overall during landfall,with a slight enhancement near the coastal zone.The wind speeds outside the radius of the maximum wind speed decrease,while the wind speeds within the radius of the maximum wind speed increase.Both the TC eye and the radius of maximum wind speed shrink,which is more obvious when the TC center is entirely over land.As a result,the location and magnitude of the maximum wind speed are affected by the nonflat terrain.The changed structure of the wind fields demonstrates the necessity of considering the effects of nonflat terrain in simulating the wind fields under TC conditions.展开更多
A perfect fluid with self-similarity of the second kind is studied within the framework of the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity （TEGR）. A spacetime which is not asymptotically fiat is derived. The energ...A perfect fluid with self-similarity of the second kind is studied within the framework of the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity （TEGR）. A spacetime which is not asymptotically fiat is derived. The energy conditions of this spacetime are studied. It is shown that after some time the strong energy condition is not enough to satisfy showing a transition from standard matter to dark energy. The singularities of this solution are discussed.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.U2142206)the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Project (Grant No.23DZ204701)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (Grant No.19ZR1469200).
文摘Traditionally,an empirical speed-up factor was introduced to reflect the effects of nonflat terrain on near-surface wind speeds.In this paper,the resistance effects of nonflat terrain are considered by introducing the terrain drag coefficient in the parametric wind field model for tropical cyclones(TCs)with a theoretical method.Terrain effects on wind fields are investigated in complex areas along the coastal zone in China under TC conditions.The results show that the terrain drag coefficient is the function of the slope angle and is sensitive to the spatial resolution.After including the resistance effect of nonflat terrain,the TC intensities weaken overall during landfall,with a slight enhancement near the coastal zone.The wind speeds outside the radius of the maximum wind speed decrease,while the wind speeds within the radius of the maximum wind speed increase.Both the TC eye and the radius of maximum wind speed shrink,which is more obvious when the TC center is entirely over land.As a result,the location and magnitude of the maximum wind speed are affected by the nonflat terrain.The changed structure of the wind fields demonstrates the necessity of considering the effects of nonflat terrain in simulating the wind fields under TC conditions.
文摘A perfect fluid with self-similarity of the second kind is studied within the framework of the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity （TEGR）. A spacetime which is not asymptotically fiat is derived. The energy conditions of this spacetime are studied. It is shown that after some time the strong energy condition is not enough to satisfy showing a transition from standard matter to dark energy. The singularities of this solution are discussed.
