Assessment of Some Secondary Metabolites, Minerals and Alcohol Content of Noni Juice Obtained by Fermentation of Morinda citrifolia L. Fruit from Senegal

The fruit of Morinda citrifolia L., commonly known as noni, has an extensive history of use as a food and traditional medicine around the world. Adding value to Morinda citrifolia L. products, particularly the fruit, could be one way of building resilience in vulnerable farming households. The aim of this study was to determine the secondary metabolite and mineral composition of noni juice obtained by fermenting the fruit of Morinda citrifolia L. Fruits were collected in August 2022 from the local field in Thiès region, West of Senegal. Extraction yields were determined and the secondary metabolites were determined using conventional analytical methods. Calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium and potassium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer coupled with a CCD detector. The results show that an average fruit mass (503.2 ± 110.96 g) consists of 171.44 ± 50.01 g pulp and 34.06 ± 10.35 g seeds. The traditional extraction yield of noni juice is 16.46% after three weeks of fermentation. The contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins obtained in noni are 608.97 ± 4.53 mg EAG/100mL, 7.78 ± 0.01 mg EQ/100mL and 0.191 ± 0.01 mg EC/100mL respectively. The ethanol content of noni varies from 3.57 to 5.23 mL/100mL during extraction. Noni has a high calcium content with a concentration of 383.79 ± 33.23 mg/L. This is followed by a good concentration of magnesium, potassium and sodium, at 278.47 ± 26.30, 187.43 ± 10.7 and 155.95 ± 28.66 mg/L respectively. Noni also has an iron content of 202.15 ± 0.05 mg/L.

Extraction and Characterization of Antioxidant Compositions From Fermented Fruit Juice of Morinda citrifolia (Noni)

Extraction and characterization of antioxidative compositions from the extracts of fermented Xisha Noni （Morinda citrifolia L.） juice were studied. The antioxidative constituents of 184.6 g freeze-dried extracts of naturally fermented Xisha Noni juice were isolated successfully by petroleum ether, EtOAc and n-BuOH solvents, and the antioxidative effects were measured according to scavenging activity against hydroxyl generated in Fenton reaction system and superoxide anion radicals in pyrogallol autoxidation system. The EtOAc extract exhibited most significantly higher （P 〈 0.01） antioxidative activity than mannitol or vitamin C, while the petroleum ether and n-BuOH extracts showed lower activities compared to mannitol. Three antioxidant phenolic compounds, isoscopoletin, aesculetin and 3,3＇,4＇,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone （quercetin） were isolated from the EtOAc extract by several chromatography techniques for the first time. The results suggest that several compounds, in particular, the phenolic compounds, contribute separately or synergistically to the antioxidative activity of fermented Noni fruit juice.

Morinda citrifolia L. (noni) and memantine attenuate periventricular tissue injury of the fourth ventricle in hydrocephalic rabbits

This study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of Morinda citrifofia L. （Rubiaceae） commonly known as noni, and memantine （a N-methy-D-aspartate receptor inhibitor） on hydrocephalus-induced neurodegenerative disorders. Kaolin was injected into the cistern magna of male adult New Zealand rabbits to establish a hydrocephalus animal model. Memantine （20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally; memantine-treated group） or noni （5 mL/kg, intragastrically; noni-treated group） was administered daily for 2 weeks. Microtubule-associated protein-2 and caspase-3 immunohistochemistry were performed to detect neuronal degeneration and apoptosis in the periventricular tissue of the fourth ventricle of rabbits. Microtubule-associated protein-2 staining density was significantly decreased in the hydrocephalic group, while the staining density was significantly increased in the memantine- and noni-treated groups, especially in the noni-treated group. Noni treatment decreased the number of caspase-3-positive cells in rabbits with hydrocephalus, while memantine had no effect. These findings suggest that noni exhibits more obvious inhibitory effects on hydrocephalus-induced neurodegenerative disorders than memantine in periventricular tissue of the fourth ventricle.

Lignans from <i>Morinda citrifolia</i>(Noni) Fruit Inhibit Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase and Monoacylglycerol Lipase <i>in Vitro</i>

Morinda citrifolia (noni) fruit juice has exhibited a variety of biological activities in human clinical trials, indicating that it influences multiple systems of the body. Since the 1990s, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been found to modulate the activity of other organ systems. To investigate noni’s potential impact on the ECS, extracts from freeze-dried noni fruit were evaluated in fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibition assays. The ethyl acetate extract demonstrated the greatest activity against both enzymes. Lignans in this extract also inhibited enzyme activities, with americanin A being the most active in both assays. Americanoic acid and 3,3’-bisdemethylpinoresinol were the next most active compounds. These results suggest that lignans in noni fruit may influence endocannabinoid levels within the body via FAAH and MAGL inhibition. This reveals another set of probable mechanisms of action by which noni juice affects human health.

Mineral and Trace Element Concentrations in <i>Morinda citrifolia</i>L. (Noni) Leaf, Fruit and Fruit Juice

Fruit and leaf of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) have been used traditionally as food and for medicinal purposes by South Pacific populations since over two thousand years. Recently noni fruit juice became very popular as health beverage worldwide. Manufacturers and distributors of noni juice often praise the high content of minerals and trace elements in conjunction with the geological situation of the origin of the raw noni material. We therefore performed an investigation about the metal concentration of noni fruit, leaf and soil samples from 42 different locations in French Polynesia, and of 16 commercial noni juices. Median concentrations of metals in noni fruit, leaf and fruit juice appeared in a normal range compared to other fruits, however, the variance between different locations was considerable. Noni fruits from lime soil were poorer compared to volcanic soil in most metals. Self-prepared noni juices did generally not serve for more then 10% of the daily requirement of trace elements and minerals per 100 ml. The metal concentration in noni fruit puree was higher compared to clear juice and reached 10% and 34% of the daily requirement in 100 ml for manganese and chromium respectively. The concentrations of toxic metals (As, Cd, Pb) were below 2% of the maximum permitted levels (MPL) in all of these juices. For one of the commercial noni juices the MPL for lead was exceeded (170%) and some others were close to it. Most metals showed a good correlation regarding the concentration in noni fruit versus leaf, but not for soil versus fruit or juice. The concentration of magnesium, manganese, zinc and germanium in the commercial juices was highly correlated to the potassium concentration, indicating that these elements are useful to detect a dilution of noni juices.

The Influence of <i>Morinda citrifolia</i>(Noni) Fruit Juice on Collagen Deposition in the Skin: A Minireview

The fruit of Morinda citrifolia, commonly known as noni, has an extensive history of use as a food and medicine throughout the tropics. Among its many uses, noni was believed to promote skin health. In vivo wound healing studies reveal that noni fruit juice ingestion increases collagen production and deposition via increased expression of extracellular matrix protein genes. Noni juice also appears to promote fibroblast proliferation. In vitro studies indicate that noni juice also protects fibroblasts via activation of the transcription factor Nrf2 and protects extracellular matrix collagen by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases. In vitro and in vivo study findings are corroborated by a clinical trial where hospitalization times were reduced, and wound granulation quality was improved in pediatric burn patients. The findings of other human studies also indicate that noni juice has the potential to protect skin collagen. These include reduced plasma reactive oxygen species in cigarette smokers, lowered skin glycation levels in overweight and obese adults, as well as reduced skin glycation levels among noni juice consumers within the general population. These in vitro, in vivo and human studies reveal that there are multiple mechanisms of action through which noni juice promotes collagen synthesis and inhibits collagen degradation. The procollagen properties of noni juice aid wound healing, increase skin elasticity, and improve the overall appearance of the skin.

诺丽(Morinda citrifolia L.)离体快速繁殖研究

以诺丽（Morinda citrifolia L．）种子为试材．诺丽子叶和下胚轴均能单独由细胞分裂素BA0．7～2．0mg／L谤导不定芽发生，不定芽可直接从外植体发生，也可从愈伤组织发生，添加生长素NAA0．05～0．1mg／L则完全抑制不定芽发生，同时强烈促进愈伤组织和不定根发生．茎段在BA0．5～5．0mg／L或ZT 1．5mg／L或KN 1．5mg／L时均能通过腋芽萌发和不定芽发生而增殖．芽梢在NAA 0．1mg／L、IBA 0．1mg／L或IAA 0．1mg／L均有根群发生，但NAA 0．1mg／L诱导生根时切口愈伤组织较多，部分不定根由愈伤组织发生，而IAA 0．1mg／L诱导生根时根群欠发达，以IBA 0．1mg／L为最佳．试管苗移植到泥炭上10d后即可在全光照下生长．

<i>Morinda citrifolia</i>(Noni) Fruit Juice Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Binding of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2)

COVID-19 is a global pandemic that has claimed millions of lives. This disease is caused by a coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which requires the binding of its spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for infection of the host cell. Morinda citrifolia (noni) fruit juice has antiviral activity that involves enhancement of immune system function. SARS-CoV-2 spike-ACE2 interaction experiments were carried out to further investigate the antiviral properties of noni juice and its major iridoids. Noni juice inhibited binding by approximately 69%. Scandoside was the most active of the three iridoids evaluated, reducing average spike protein-ACE2 interaction by 79.25%. The iridoids worked synergistically towards inhibiting spike protein binding when assayed together, improving activity by more than 22% above the expected level. But the modest activity of the most abundant iridoid, deacetylasperulosidic acid, indicates that other phytochemicals (i.e. scopoletin, quercetin, rutin and kaempferol) are also involved. Our results suggest that the presence of several biological active phytochemicals in noni juice enhances resistance to SARS-CoV-2 by interfering with its ability to bind ACE2. This is a new and significant anti-viral mechanism of noni juice that does not directly involve its immunomodulatory properties.

海巴戟(Morinda citrifolia L.)组织培养研究

以海巴戟（Morinda citrifolia L．）种子为试材，在不剥除种皮的情况下，在MS无激素培养基上播种1年内未见发芽，在剥除种皮的情况下，在MS无激素培养基上发芽率最高，50d内可达75％。海巴戟子叶和下胚轴均能单独由细胞分裂素BA0．7～2．0mg／L诱导不定芽发生，不定芽可直接从外植体发生，也可从愈伤组织发生，添加生长素NAA0．05～0．1mg／L则完全抑制不定芽发生，同时强烈促进愈伤组织生长和不定根发生。带芽茎段在BA1．5mg／L配合低浓度生长素时均能通过腋芽萌发和不定芽发生而增殖。芽梢在NAA0．1mg／L、IBA0．1mg／L或IAA0．1mg／L均有根群发生，但NAA0．1mg／L诱导生根时切口愈伤组织较多，部分不定根由愈伤组织发生。而IAA0．1mg／L诱导生根时根群欠发达，以IBA0．1mg／L最佳。

Consumer Perceptions of Noni Juice Health Benefits during a 90-Day In-Home Use Test

Noni juice, made from the fruit of Morinda citrifolia, is a health-promoting food from the Pacific Islands with an extensive history of traditional use. Human clinical trials have revealed that noni juice has antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Previously, regular noni juice consumers in Europe and traditional healers in Fiji were surveyed to identify potential noni juice health benefits. But to better understand the perception of its health benefits among those with no previous experience with noni juice, an in-home study was conducted in the United States. Three hundred and nineteen adults with untreated chronic health conditions were provided with a 90-day supply of a blinded (unlabeled) commercial noni juice product (Tahitian Noni® Juice), instructed to consume 4 fluid ounces (1/2 cup) each day, and responded to a questionnaire given on days 30, 60 and 90 to evaluate product appeal and perceived effectiveness. A total of 299 people (94%) felt that their health improved in some way after drinking TNJ for 90 days. More than 80% of the subjects reported feeling better or healthier in general. Most participants also concurred with more than two dozen additional positive health perception statements, especially on days 60 and 90. More than 70% of consumers also indicated that noni juice helped them feel better than other wellness supplements they had tried in the past, including other so-called “super fruit” products. These findings seem to corroborate the results of clinical trials and previous consumer surveys regarding the potential for noni juice to provide discernable health benefits when used consistently over time. Such findings may help guide additional placebo-controlled clinical trials in which specific effects may be evaluated more rigorously.

The Influence of Noni Fruit Juice on Immune System Function

Morinda citrifolia (noni) fruit juice has the potential to influence immune system function. This review discusses results from several human and animal studies that provide insight into the potential mechanisms of action by which noni juice exerts its immunomodulatory effects. Increased natural killer cell activity is a likely a major contributor to the improved health outcomes and increased survival times described in case reports and as observed in LLC and S180 tumor bearing mice. Increased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production is also an important mechanism of action through which noni improves immune function. IFN-γ promotes natural killer cell activity and phagocytosis, activities both seen in human and bovine studies as well as in rodents. Noni promotes regulatory cytokine expression, such as IL-2 which stimulates CD4+ T cell differentiation. Noni juice appears to influence this process via kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), protein kinase B (Akt) and nuclear factor-kappa-beta signaling. As oxidative status is known to influence immune function, this review also discusses the notable antioxidant properties of noni juice that have been demonstrated in human trials.

Effect of <i>Morinda citrifolia</i>L. fruit juice on gingivitis/periodontitis

The majority of the world’s population suffers from gingivitis/periodontitis. This inflammatory process is caused by several bacterial species inside the dental plaque. In vivo and in vitro experiments were set up. The patients of the in vivo group were divided into a noni and a control group. Both groups contained patients that suffered from gingivitis/periodontitis who were introduced to practice standardized, good oral hygiene. The patients in the noni group additionally used noni juice for mouth wash two times a day. The Papillae-Bleeding-Index (PBI) was evaluated comparing the status of inflammation in both groups. Bacterial probes were isolated from the patient’s gingival pouches for species identification and to carry out in vitro experiments for possible antimicrobial effects of noni juice. The Papillae-Bleeding-Index (PBI) in the noni group has “highly significantly” improved from an average of 2.25 at the beginning of the observation period (t0) to 1.01 after four weeks of noni treatment (t1), compared to a change from 2.11 at t0 to 1.95 at t1 inthe control group. A comparison of the differences of the PBI-values (t0-t1) between the noni and the control group was highly significant using a t-test on a level of p = 0.01. Only small inhibition zones were observed in the agar diffusion test on agar plates coated with aerobic, anaerobic and Candida cultures isolated from the patients gingival pouches after treatment with original or neutralized noni juice in different concentrations. Weak bacteriostatic effects occurred in the agar dilution experiments with noni juice in higher concentrations (native and neutralized noni juice). The present investigation has shown that the combination of good oral hygiene and the administration of noni juice was a promising treatment for gingivitis and periodontitis. The additional treatment with noni juice significantly mitigated the gingival inflammation.

Analysis of Volatile Components in Fresh Fruit of Morinda citrifolia L.from Different Origins Based on HS-SPME-GC/MS

[Objectives]This study was conducted to clarify the differences of volatile components in fresh fruit of Morinda citrifolia L.from different origins.[Methods]The method of HS-SPME-GC/MS detection was used to determine the volatile chemical components in fresh fruit of M.citrifolia.[Results]52,52 and 45 volatile components were identified from the fresh fruit of M.citrifolia from Xisha,Wanning and Haikou,respectively.Among them,the number and content of the identified esters were relatively high,mainly methyl caprylate,ethyl caprylate,4-pentenyl caproate,3-methylbuten-2-enyl caprylate,methyl caproate,and ethyl caproate.There were also fatty acids,alcohols,phenols,ketones,aldehydes and other substances.There were 33 common ingredients in the fruit from the three origins,mainly including caprylic acid,caproic acid,capric acid,methyl caprylate,ethyl caprylate,4-pentenyl caproate,3-methylbutene-2-enyl caprylate,methyl caproate,ethyl caproate,methyl caprate and hexyl caproate.[Conclusions]The types and contents of volatile components in fresh fruit of M.citrifolia from different origins were significantly different.

Study on the Extraction Process of Total Flavonoids from Morinda citrifolia L.

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the best extraction technology of total flavonoids from Morinda citrifolia L.[Methods]An orthogonal test was carried out to select the best extraction process with the yield of total flavonoids in the extract as the investigation index.[Results]Among the four factors of experimental design,the extraction time had a very significant impact on the results,the ethanol concentration had a significant impact on the results,and the extraction temperature and ethanol dosage had no significant impacts on the results.The optimal extraction process conditions for the total flavonoids of M.citrifolia were as follows:extraction time 1.5 h,ethanol concentration 90%,extraction temperature 60-65℃,and ethanol dosage 1∶20(g/ml).The total flavonoids in M.citrifolia fruit were extracted according to the optimal extraction process conditions,and the yield was 2.936%.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for obtaining the optimal extraction process conditions for total flavonoids of M.citrifolia.

HPLC法测定库克Noni果汁中游离态水溶性维生素

采用HPLC法测定Non i果汁中游离态的抗坏血酸(Vc)、硫胺素(VB1)和烟酰胺(VB5),其测定条件为:色谱柱为A lltim a C18柱,流动相为甲醇-0.01%磷酸(3:7,V/V),流速为1.0 mL/m in,进样量为20μL,柱温为室温,采用二极管阵列检测器在251 nm下检测。在上述色谱测定条件下三种维生素能得到良好分离。结果表明,该方法灵敏度高,定量准确,重现性好,回收率高。所测Non i果汁中三种维生素的含量分别为:Vc 0.354 mg/mL,VB10.066 3 mg/mL,VB50.131 mg/mL。说明Non i果汁中三种必需维生素含量丰富,可作为维生素缺乏的营养补充剂;所建立的测定方法可作为一种Non i果汁生产质量控制方法。

Cytotoxic effects of Thai noni juice product ethanolic extracts against cholangiocarcinoma cell lines

Objective:To investigate the cytotoxic activity and molecular mechanism(s)of two Thai noni juice(TNJ)products ethanolic extracts against cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)cell lines and non-cancerous cells,and to explore phenolic acid compositions of TNJ products.Methods:Phenolic acid profiles of TNJ Chiangrai(TNJ-Cr)and TNJ Buasri(TNJ-Bs)ethanolic extracts were determined by HPLC.The cytotoxicity of TNJ ethanolic extracts on cancer and non-cancerous cells was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and trypan blue assays.Mechanism(s)underlying the anti-CCA activity of TNJ ethanolic extracts were determined by cell cycle,apoptosis,and reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation assays.The expression levels of proteins involved in apoptosis and ERK signaling were evaluated by Western blot analysis.Results:Phenolic acid profiles of both TNJ ethanolic extracts showed that the p-hydroxybenzoic,vanillic,and protocatechuic acids were the major phenolic acids in TNJ products.Cytotoxicity assays revealed that the TNJ-Cr and TNJ-Bs ethanolic extracts reduced viability of CCA cell lines through induction of apoptosis by up-regulation of p53 and Bax proapoptotic proteins.Both TNJ ethanolic extracts promoted ROS generation by activating the ERK1/2 signaling in well-differentiated CCA cells KKU-213B.Meanwhile,TNJ ethanolic extracts did not induce ROS production in poorly differentiated CCA cells KKU-100.Both TNJ ethanolic extracts showed no toxicity to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Conclusions:TNJ ethanolic extracts could inhibit CCA cell proliferation by inducing ROS generation and apoptosis and may be applicable for combination therapies in CCA treatment.

Noni Seed Oil Topical Safety, Efficacy, and Potential Mechanisms of Action

Background: Noni fruit and leaf juices were used to treat acne in Polynesian folk medicine. However, the potential benefit of noni seed oil (NSO) for human skin health is not as well known. Objective: The topical safety of NSO was evaluated in a repeat insult patch test with 49 adult volunteers. Comedogenicity was evaluated in 23 adolescent volunteers for four weeks. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined in-vitro with COX-2 and 5-LOX enzyme inhibition assays. Results: No reactions to NSO were observed in any of the volunteers. NSO also reduced the number of open and closed comedones in the comedogenicity test. NSO inhibited COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes in a concentration dependent manner, but with COX-2 inhibition being more pronounced than 5-LOX. Conclusion: Noni seed oil is safe for topical use and is non-comedogenic. It also has potential anti-inflammatory activity, being a dual inhibitor of COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes. These results indicate the potential utility of NSO for skin care applications, as well as warrant further investigation of efficacy in 5-LOX and COX-2 related pathophysiological conditions.

海巴戟果实多糖的体外抗肿瘤活性研究

【目的】明确海巴戟果实多糖的抗肿瘤活性,为深入研究海巴戟果实多糖生物活性及其开发利用提供科学依据。【方法】采用噻唑蓝比色(MTT)法检测海巴戟果实粗多糖和纯化多糖对人正常结肠上皮细胞的毒性,并鉴定多糖对人结肠癌细胞SW620和HCT-116、宫颈癌细胞Hela、肝癌细胞QGY-7703增殖生长的影响,通过统计癌细胞的凋亡和坏死频率评估纯化多糖的体外抗肿瘤效果。【结果】海巴戟果实多糖无毒,较低浓度(62.5~125μg/mL)的粗多糖或较高浓度(125~2000μg/mL)的纯化多糖对人正常结肠上皮细胞增殖有促进作用。海巴戟果实多糖对宫颈癌细胞Hela的抑制作用较强,粗多糖和纯化多糖均在125~2000μg/mL浓度范围内显著抑制宫颈癌细胞Hela的增殖生长(P<0.05,下同),粗多糖和纯化多糖对宫颈癌细胞Hela的半抑制浓度(IC_(50))分别为542.80和1546.00μg/mL。海巴戟果实多糖对结肠癌细胞HCT-116的增殖生长也有较强抑制作用,但对肝癌细胞QGY-7703的增殖无明显抑制作用。海巴戟果实粗多糖浓度为1000μg/mL时对结肠癌细胞HCT-116和宫颈癌细胞Hela的抑制作用最强,细胞增殖率分别为78.11%和81.85%;纯化多糖浓度为2000μg/mL时对结肠癌细胞HCT-116和宫颈癌细胞Hela的抑制作用最强,细胞增殖率分别为57.05%和68.64%;纯化多糖对癌细胞生长的抑制能力整体上高于粗多糖。纯化多糖对结肠癌细胞HCT-116和宫颈癌细胞Hela的凋亡及坏死频率均有显著影响,且2种癌细胞的坏死频率均随纯化多糖浓度的增加而升高,于2000μg/mL浓度时达峰值,坏死频率分别为2.83%和6.75%。【结论】海巴戟果实多糖具有良好的抗肿瘤活性,纯化多糖比粗多糖的抗肿瘤活性更强。

短期淹水胁迫和解除胁迫对诺丽生理及产量的影响

海南是我国诺丽主产区,夏季台风导致的短期淹水胁迫频发,但目前鲜有诺丽应对短期淹水胁迫和胁迫解除后生理响应研究,且胁迫对产量的影响尚不明晰。本研究以生长6个月的诺丽幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽连续浸没15 d的方法模拟短期淹水胁迫,在淹水后第1、3、7、10、15天时测定植株地上部和地下部干重、叶片净光合速率(P_(n))、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、根系活力(TTC)、根系丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等指标,并于解除胁迫后第1、7、15天测定相关指标,在主产区选取淹水和不淹水地块连续3 a测定产量。结果表明:诺丽受淹水胁迫后生理响应迅速,较不淹水对照处理,淹水第1天时叶片P_(n)下降,Pro含量增加,根系中MDA含量上升,根系活性下降,POD和SOD等抗氧化酶活性增加,这些指标在前7 d内均变化显著。而7 d后,除TTC和SOD活性仍显著变化外,其他指标的变化程度趋缓,表明叶片和根系逐步适应淹水胁迫;诺丽生物量根冠比(RSR)在淹水初期保持不变,但在3 d后显著下降,也在一定程度反映了诺丽植株短期内即已响应淹水胁迫;胁迫解除后各生理过程逐步恢复,在15 d时,诺丽光合作用、TTC基本恢复,但MDA等过氧化物含量仍然显著高于对照,表明前期胁迫形成的过氧化物其毒害作用短期难以消除。主产区多年多点的产量也表明,短期但频繁的淹水胁迫会导致产量大幅下降,降幅在21.64%~35.21%,这可能与胁迫造成的过氧化物毒害有关。因此,短期淹水胁迫不仅在胁迫期间对诺丽生理过程有较大影响,而且在胁迫解除后其不利影响仍长期存在,从而影响植株生长与产量。因此,在种植诺丽时应考虑地势较高且排水较好的地块,并做好排水系统;在易积水种植区,应在72 h内排走积水,可将影响降至最低。

海巴戟果实软化相关基因McXTH的克隆和表达分析

【目的】了解诺丽果实软化规律,克隆木葡聚糖内转糖苷酶/水解酶(XTH)基因,初步明确其表达模式。【方法】用果实硬度计测量后熟阶段的诺丽果实在25℃放置及乙烯利处理两种状态下的硬度变化。从诺丽果实采后0~48 h转录组数据中筛选差异表达的XTH候选基因。通过生物信息学分析,克隆目的基因全长,并利用荧光定量PCR技术分析基因表达模式,同时用便携式乙烯测量仪测定内源乙烯释放量。【结果】后熟阶段的海巴戟果实采后表皮硬度随贮藏时间增加而下降,且乙烯利处理后的软化趋势较室温自然放置更为显著。从海巴戟果实采后0~48 h转录组数据中筛选出基因XTH(DN16278g1)的表达量高、差异大。该基因具有完整的开放阅读框(ORF),克隆测序后将其命名为McXTH,并将其提交Genbank获得登录号为ON512442。McXTH基因ORF全长1062 bp,共编码353个氨基酸,与其他植物中的XTH基因氨基酸序列的相似性为75%~88%。RT-qPCR结果和内源乙烯释放量表明,在海巴戟果实成熟阶段McXTH的表达量与同时期的内源乙烯释放量在趋势上大体相同。【结论】海巴戟果实的软化受乙烯和关键基因XTH调控,Mc XTH的克隆为进一步进行XTH基因在海巴戟果实成熟软化过程的功能研究夯实基础。