A Comparative Study on the Nonspecific Immunity of Juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei ever Inhabiting Freshwater and Seawater

A study on the nonspecific immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei ever inhabiting freshwater and seawater was carried out at different molt stages by comparing their total hemocyte count(THC) and respiratory burst(RB) and activity of phenol oxidase(PO), nitric oxide synthase(NOS) and lysozyme(LY). Two-way ANOVA showed that salinity and molt stage independently affected THC and RB and the activity of PO, NOS and LY of juvenile L. vannamei significantly(P < 0.05). The THC and RB and the activity of NOS gradually increased from the post-molt stages(A and B) to the pre-molt stages(D0–D3), which were common in shrimps inhabiting freshwater and seawater. The activity of PO peaked at the inter-molt stage(C), and touched the lowest at the post-molt stage in freshwater and pre-molt stage in seawater. The activity of LY was stable over the molt cycle. The RB and the activity of PO, NOS and LY of juvenile L. vannamei were significantly lower in freshwater than in seawater; whereas THC was significantly higher in freshwater than in seawater(P < 0.05). It was concluded that the post-molt stage(especially stage A) was critical to shrimp culture, which should be intensively attended when L. vannamei was cultured in freshwater.

An Evaluation on the Ratio of Plant to Animal Protein in the Diet of Juvenile Sea Cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus):Growth,Nutrient Digestibility and Nonspecific Immunity

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of plant/animal(P/A) protein ratios(viz.1:4, 1:3, 1:2, 1:1,2:1, 3:1, 4:1) on growth performance, body composition, apparent digestibility of diets, and nonspecific immunity of juvenile sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus). Sea cucumbers were divided into 21 plastic tanks, and each tank was stocked with 15 individuals(initial weight: about 23.73 g). Each feed was allocated to three replicates of sea cucumbers. The feeding experiment lasted for 50 days. Results indicated that weight gain rate(WGR) and body wall weight(BWW) significantly increased as dietary ratio of P/A increased from 1:4 to 3:1, and then decreased significantly with further increase of this ratio(P < 0.05). The body wall coefficient(BWC) showed a similar tendency to WGR and BWW, but no significance was detected among dietary treatments(P > 0.05). The apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein and lipid increased with ratio of P/A increasing from 1:4 to 2:1(P < 0.05), and then decreased with further increase of this ratio. Correspondingly, activities of trypsin and amylase were significantly increased as P/A increased from 1:4 to 2:1(P < 0.05). The activities of SOD and CAT showed a similar trend with WGR, with the highest value observed in the ratio of 1:2 and 1:1, respectively. Results above showed that moderate or relatively higher ratio of P/A protein(1:1-3:1) significantly increased the growth performance, apparent digestibility, and nonspecific immunity of sea cucumber. This will contribute to improving the feed formulation for juvenile cucumbers.

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activities and serum nonspecific immunity of the red tilapia(Oreochromis mossambicus×Oreochromis niloticus)feddiets supplemented with ultrafine powder of Enteromopha prolifera

The present study evaluated ef fects of ultrafine powder of the green macroalgae E nteromopha prolifera as dietary supplement on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and serum nonspecific immune responses of the red tilapia(O reochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus). The red tilapia were fed five diets supplemented with different levels of E. prolifera ultrafine powder as well as a control diet containing no E. prolifera for seven weeks(Diets 0–6 contained 0(control), 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 g/kg of E. prolifera ultrafine powder, respectively). The results showed that diets supplemented with E. prolifera ultrafine powder generally improved growth, immunity and digestive enzyme activities of the red tilapia. In particular, the fish fed the diet incorporated 50 g/kg (5%) E. prolifera ultrafine powder(Diet 5) achieved the highest percentage weight gain, specific growth rate and the condition factor(increased by 15.4%, 8.0% and 5.7%, respectively when compared to the control). Feeding the diet also led to significantly increases( P <0.05) in serum nonspecific immune responses, including total superoxide dismutase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme activities and serum total protein(increased by 19.4%, 48.1%, 29.5%, 30.3% and 8.7%, respectively) as well as digestive enzyme activities of erepsin, gastric amylase, gastric lipase, pepsin, intestinal amylase and gastric lipase(increased by 15.7%, 33.3%, 16.3%, 21.3%, 52.3% and 28.2%, respectively) than those of the control. Based on these results, it is recommended that the inclusion level of E. prolifera ultrafine powder in the diet of the red tilapia should be 50 g/kg(or 5%).

Pivotal role of long non-coding ribonucleic acid-X-inactive specific transcript in regulating immune checkpoint programmed death ligand 1 through a shared pathway between miR-194-5p and miR-155-5p in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND Anti-programmed death therapy has thrust immunotherapy into the spotlight.However,such therapy has a modest response in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Epigenetic immunomodulation is a suggestive combinatorial therapy with immune checkpoint blockade.Non-coding ribonucleic acid(ncRNA)driven regulation is a major mechanism of epigenetic modulation.Given the wide range of ncRNAs that co-opt in programmed cell-death protein 1(PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1(PD-L1)regulation,and based on the literature,we hypothesized that miR-155-5p,miR-194-5p and long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)X-inactive specific transcript(XIST)and MALAT-1 are involved in a regulatory upstream pathway for PD-1/PD-L1.Recently,nutraceutical therapeutics in cancers have received increasing attention.Thus,it is interesting to study the impact of oleuropein on the respective study key players.AIM To explore potential upstream regulatory ncRNAs for the immune checkpoint PD-1/PD-L1.METHODS Bioinformatics tools including microrna.org and lnCeDB software were adopted to detect targeting of miR-155-5p,miR-194-5p and lncRNAs XIST and MALAT-1 to PD-L1 mRNA,respectively.In addition,Diana tool was used to predict targeting of both aforementioned miRNAs to lncRNAs XIST and MALAT-1.HCC and normal tissue samples were collected for scanning of PD-L1,XIST and MALAT-1 expression.To study the interaction among miR-155-5p,miR-194-5p,lncRNAs XIST and MALAT-1,as well as PD-L1 mRNA,a series of transfections of the Huh-7 cell line was carried out.RESULTS Bioinformatics software predicted that miR-155-5p and miR-194-5p can target PDL1,MALAT-1 and XIST.MALAT-1 and XIST were predicted to target PD-L1 mRNA.PD-L1 and XIST were significantly upregulated in 23 HCC biopsies compared to healthy controls;however,MALAT-1 was barely detected.MiR-194 induced expression elevated the expression of PD-L1,XIST and MALAT-1.However,overexpression of miR-155-5p induced the upregulation of PD-L1 and XIST,while it had a negative impact on MALAT-1 expression.Knockdown of XIST did have an impact on PD-L1 expression;however,following knockdown of the negative regulator of X-inactive specific transcript(TSIX),PD-L1 expression was elevated,and abolished MALAT-1 activity.Upon co-transfection of miR-194-5p with siMALAT-1,PD-L1 expression was elevated.Co-transfection of miR-194-5p with siXIST did not have an impact on PD-L1 expression.Upon co-transfection of miR-194 with siTSIX,PD-L1 expression was upregulated.Interestingly,the same PD-L1 expression pattern was observed following miR-155-5p cotransfections.Oleuropein treatment of Huh-7 cells reduced the expression profile of PD-L1,XIST,and miR-155-5p,upregulated the expression of miR-194-5p and had no significant impact on the MALAT-1 expression profile.CONCLUSION This study reported a novel finding revealing that opposing acting miRNAs in HCC,have the same impact on PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint by sharing a common signaling pathway.

Influences of immersion bathing in Bacillus velezensis DY-6 on growth performance,non-specific immune enzyme activities and gut microbiota of Apostichopus japonicus

In this study, the influences of immersion bathing in different concentrations of Bacillus velezensis DY-6 on the body weight gain rate and non-specific immune enzyme activities of the coelom fluid of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) were determined in order to obtain the optimum bacterial concentration. The gut microbiota change in A. japonicus was then analyzed through high-throughput sequencing during the immersion bathing in B. velezensis DY-6 at the optimum concentration for 49 d. The results illustrate that the body weight growth rate of all bathing groups was higher than that of the control. The highest growth rate (25.3%) was achieved when the bacterial concentration was 1×10^3 CFU/mL. The activities of non-specific immune enzymes (ACP, AKP, SOD and LZM) of all bathing groups increased, and the activities of the enzymes of groups bathed with the bacterium at 1×10^3 and 1×10^4 CFU/mL reached the highest on day 21 and day 28. Taking the growth rate and economic cost into consideration, the optimum concentration of B. velezensis DY-6 was 1×10^3 CFU/mL. The influences of immersion bathing in B. velezensis DY-6 at 1×10^3 CFU/mL on the gut microbiota of A. japonicus were then evaluated through 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. Results showed that the gut microbiota changed with the addition of B. velezensis DY-6, and the richness and diversity of the gut microbiota peaked twice on day 14 and day 21, respectively. In association with the non-specific immune enzyme activities and if day 28 was selected as the dividing point, the community structure of the gut microbiota could be obviously divided into two types. The correlation analysis revealed that the non-specific immune enzyme activities were correlated significantly to some gut bacteria (in the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes) after immersion bathing in B. velezensis DY-6. Our findings will provide the theoretical foundation for probiotic application in sea cucumber farming.

Effect of Dietary Alanyl-glutamine Supplementation on Growth Performance, Development of Intestinal Tract, Antioxidant Status and Plasma Non-specific Immunity of Young Mirror Carp(Cyprinus carpio L.)

Exogenous alanyl-glutamine（Aln-Gln） was evaluated for its effects on growth performance, intestinal structure and function, antioxidant status and non-specific immunity of young carp（Cyprinus carpio L.）. Six diets supplemented with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 of Aln-Gln were fed to fish for 12 weeks. Supplementation with 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 of Aln-Gln significantly increased weight gain rate（WGR）, protein efficiency ratio（PER）, but feed conservation rate（FCR） and survival were not affected（P〉0.05）. The intestinal fold height and number, digestive enzyme, Na＋, K＋-ATPase activities was found to be significantly high（P〈0.05） with increasing dietary Aln-Gln supplementation up to 7.5 g · kg-1, but there were no significant differences for Aln-Gln supplementation from 7.5 to 15.0 g · kg-1. The glutathione peroxidase（GPX） activity, glutathione（GSH）, superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity increased and malondialdehyde（MDA） levels decreased significantly（P〈0.05） in the intestine, hepatopancreas, plasma and muscles. The plasma complement-3（C3） and complement-4（C4） levels were significantly（P〈0.05） improved at 5.0 g · kg-1 level and decreased when over 7.5 g · kg-1. The plasma lysozyme（LSZ） activity increased significantly（P〈0.05） at 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 level. In summary, the results showed that Aln-Gln improved growth performance, development and function of the intestine, the activity of the antioxidant defense system and the plasma non-specific immunity of the carps. The optimal Aln-Gln level was 8.24 g · kg-1 diet for WGR based on broken-line regression model analysis.

Effects of Size Grading on Growth and Non-Specific Immunity Factors of the Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone

The study aims to determine the effects of graded farming on growth performance and non-specific immunity factors of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone. Three size groups of shrimp, i.e., the small size group [Gs, with an average body length （BL） of （3.04 ± 0.36） cm and body weight （BW） （0.412± 0.35） g], the large group [GL, with a BL of （4.29±0.55） cm and BW of （1.098 ±0.42） g], and the ungraded group [Gm, with a BL of （3.47±0.81） cm and BW of （0.611 ±0.79） g], were reared under the same conditions for 8 wk. Growth performance and non- specific immunity factors were measured. The results showed that BW gain, biomass gain and the specific growth rate of body length （SGRL） were significantly influenced by size grading （one-way ANOVA, P 〈 0.05）. The peroxidase （POD） and antibacterial （Ua） activities of GL were lower than those of G. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） and lysozyme （U1） activities of Gm were lower than those of G. No significant difference （P = 0.121 〉 0.05） was found on phenoloxidase （PO） activity among the three size groups. Synthetically, size grading could enhance growth and rearing efficiency, and did not have a significant influence on the immunity of L. vannamei Boone. Therefore, graded fanning in L. vannamei Boone was feasible in the culture practice.

Effects of the Chinese Medicinal Herb Com plex Additives on Non-specific Immunity of Amursturgeon( Acipenser schrencki Brandt)

This study was to investigate the effects of aqueous decotion from three Chinese medicinal herb additives （ Cyrtomium fortunei, prescription I and prescription II） on non-specific immunity of 1 ＋ age old Amur sturgeon （Acipenser schrencki Brandt） by oral perfusion. Cyrtomiumfortunei, prescription I and prescription II were orally given to 15 fishes for each experimental group once a day, with the concentration of 9,175 and 36 g/S0 kg body weight, respectively. The administration was lasted for 14 days. Meanwhile, distilled water was orally given as the control. After the experiment, some of the experimental fishes were stimulated with high temperature （30 ℃ ） for two hours. Sampling was performed from fishes treated at 22 ℃ and 30 ℃ for measuring the protein content in the serum, phagocytic activity of leucocytes and the activity of the lysozyme in six tissues. The results indicated that Cyrtomiumfortunei and prescription II could help to enhance the content of various proteins and the phagocytic activity of leucocytes. There was no significant change in the effects between these two additives at either the normal temperature or high temperature. Prescription I did not show an obvious effect on the immunity of fishes at the normal temperature, but it did in promo- ting high-efficiency response and improving immunoregulation of fish shocked by some stimuli.

Effect of Ammonia-Nitrogen Stress on Non-specific Immunity of Hybrid Tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus× Oreochromis areus)

The juveniles of hybrid tilapia （ Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis areus） were exposed to ananonia-nitrogen （N） （0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L） for 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h to evaluate the effect of ammonia-N stress on their non-specific immunity. Results show that the activity of serum lysozyme decreased signifi- candy with extension of stress time （P 〈 0.05）. The total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC） and activity of antioxidase in liver were significantly affected. The activi- ty of T-AOC and total superoxide dismutase （T-SOD） of fish exposed to ammonia-N were initially decreasing then increasing （ P 〈 0.05 ）. Activities of catalase （CAT） and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） were correlated with concentrations of ammonia-N. Fish exposed to lower concentrations （2.5 mg/L or 5 mg/L） showed decreased CAT activity within 24 h （P 〈 0.05 ）, while those exposed to higher concentrations （10 mg/L or 20 mg/L） initially showed increased then decreased activity of CAT. Except for the highest concentration groups, fish exposed to ammonia-N showed inductive activity of GSH-Px （ P 〈 0.05 ）. Under the ex- perimental conditions, non-specific immunity of tilapia was affected by ammonia-N stress, and the impact was increased with increased concentration and extension of time.

Preclinical Verification of Modulated Electro-Hyperthermia—Part III. Immunogenic Effects

The modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) method is a unique approach that utilizes all the essential apoptotic pathways through an external radiofrequency (RF) signal. The high-frequency RF is amplitude-modulated and coupled capacitively to the target. The provided energy triggers the death receptors and FAS-FADD complexes in the malignant cells. Multi-pathway apoptosis produces immunogenic cell death (ICD). This ICD provides intracellular information about cancer cells by releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP), including membrane expression of calreticulin (CRT) and extracellular ATP, HMGB1, and HSP70, executing tumor-specific antigen presentation. The antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a crucial role in reestablishing immune surveillance and hampering the tumor cells’ ability to hide, thereby evading immune attacks. The matured DCs (generally APCs) produce tumor-specific killer and helper T-cells, which have the potential to be active in distant metastases from the treated location. This unique mechanism of action underscores its potential in cancer treatment and extends the local mEHT treatment to the whole body anticancer therapy with an abscopal effect.

Research Progress of Systemic Immune Inflammatory Index in Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer has gradually risen to become the second most common cancer threatening men’s health, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), as the main screening indicator for prostate cancer, has the defects of low specificity and insufficient diagnostic efficacy. As a novel inflammatory index based on neutrophil, lymphocyte and platelet counts, the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) has recently become a more powerful biomarker for predicting the occurrence and progression of various malignancies. SII reflects the systemic inflammatory response of prostate cancer patients in a more balanced manner, and has higher predictive value than neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR). High SII values are often associated with cancer progression and poor prognosis. This article reviews the research progress of SII in prostate cancer, in order to provide guidance for clinical practice.

防风多糖体内外免疫调节活性研究

目的采用体内外多指标免疫调节活性评价方法,研究防风多糖体内外免疫功能的调节作用。方法体外实验选用RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞系,采用CCK-8法检测巨噬细胞的增殖能力,中性红染色法检测巨噬细胞的吞噬能力,Griess法测定巨噬细胞NO释放量,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定巨噬细胞肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)释放量。体内实验选用环磷酰胺诱导的免疫低下BALB/c小鼠,通过碳粒廓清实验探讨防风多糖对小鼠网状内皮系统吞噬功能,以小鼠免疫器官指数评价防风多糖对小鼠免疫器官的影响,并采用ELISA法测定小鼠体内免疫球蛋白(IgM、IgG、IgA)和补体(C3、C4)含量。结果体外实验结果表明,防风多糖能够显著提高巨噬细胞的增殖和吞噬能力,并促进巨噬细胞释放NO、TNF-α和IL-6,但对IL-1β的释放量影响不显著。体内实验结果表明,防风多糖可使免疫低下小鼠模型的吞噬能力和免疫器官指数显著提高,并使免疫低下小鼠体内的免疫球蛋白(IgM、IgG、IgA)和补体(C3、C4)的含量升高。结论防风多糖在体内外水平均具有较好的免疫调节活性,参与调节机体的特异性免疫和非特异性免疫。

原发与继发免疫性血小板减少症患者血小板膜糖蛋白特异性抗体及其与出血评分关系的研究

目的探讨原发与继发免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)患者抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa及GPΙb/Ⅸ抗体的表达、抗体阳性表达与出血评分的关系,以及不同抗体类型出血评分的差异,为原发与继发ITP患者的诊治和出血严重程度提供临床依据。方法选取2013年10月—2020年8月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院诊断为原发ITP患者(42例)及继发ITP患者(42例)为研究对象,所有患者入院时采用ITP出血评分量表行出血评分。应用改良MAIPA法检测患者抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa和抗GPΙb/Ⅸ抗体。结果原发与继发组患者抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体、抗GPΙb/Ⅸ抗体阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),原发组患者抗体表达以抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体为主,继发组抗体表达以抗GPΙb/Ⅸ抗体为主,两者抗体阳性构成比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。继发组患者整体出血程度较原发组重(P<0.05)。抗体阳性表达与出血程度的关系:(1)抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体阳性患者出血程度较抗体阴性患者重(P<0.05)。(2)抗GPΙb/Ⅸ抗体阳性患者出血程度较抗体阴性患者重(P<0.05),双抗体阳性患者出血程度较抗体阴性患者重(P<0.05)。结论抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体、抗GPΙb/Ⅸ抗体阳性表达对原发与继发ITP无鉴别意义,但原发ITP患者抗体表达以抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体为主,继发ITP患者抗体表达以抗GPΙb/Ⅸ抗体为主。继发ITP患者临床出血程度较原发ITP患者重。抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体、抗GPΙb/Ⅸ抗体及抗体双阳性患者出血程度较抗体阴性患者重。

3种不同添加物对凡纳滨对虾生长、非特异免疫和抗病力的影响

为评估3种不同添加物对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能、非特异免疫反应及抗病力的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加了丁酸梭菌CBG01(Clostridium butyricum CBG01)活菌(CB组)、3%聚β-羟基丁酸酯(PHB组)和1%丁酸钠(BS组)来投喂对虾,对照组投喂基础饲料,养殖6周后测量对虾生长情况、检测血清非特异免疫指标和肝胰腺免疫相关基因表达水平,进行副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)攻毒实验。研究表明,CB组和PHB组对虾末体质量和特定生长率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),CB组最高,BS组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。3个处理组对虾成活率和饲料效率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3个处理组对虾血清中溶菌酶、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性以及总抗氧化能力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),CB组对虾血清中碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、酚氧化酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),PHB组对虾血清中碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、总一氧化氮合酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),BS组对虾血清中酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,CB组对虾肝胰腺中所有免疫相关基因(SOD、LZM、proPO、LGBP、HSP70、Imd、Toll、Relish、TOR、4E-BP、eIF4E1α、eIF4E2)相对表达量均显著上调(P<0.05),而PHB组的Toll基因以及BS组的Imd、Toll、Relish、eIF4E2基因相对表达量与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。副溶血弧菌攻毒实验表明,3个处理组对虾的累积死亡率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,饲料中添加丁酸梭菌、PHB和丁酸钠均可不同程度地提高凡纳滨对虾的生长性能和非特异免疫能力,能够显著提高对虾对副溶血弧菌感染的抵抗力。总体比较,添加丁酸梭菌和PHB的作用效果基本相当,在一定程度上要优于添加丁酸钠。在饲料生产加工过程中,在难以添加丁酸梭菌活菌的情况下,建议适当添加聚β-羟基丁酸酯来替代丁酸梭菌。

黄芪下脚料粗多糖提取工艺优化及对鲤鱼非特异性免疫指标的影响

为了提高黄芪下脚料中粗多糖的提取率并明确黄芪下脚料中粗多糖对鲤鱼非特异性免疫指标的影响,试验采用单因素试验及响应面法优化黄芪下脚料中粗多糖的提取工艺;将100尾健康且体重接近的鲤鱼随机均分为空白对照组、中药对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,空白对照组饲喂基础饲料,中药对照组饲喂添加0.1%黄芪粗多糖的基础饲料,低、中、高剂量组分别饲喂添加0.1%、0.2%、0.4%黄芪下脚料粗多糖的基础饲料,连续饲喂42 d,取鲤鱼尾静脉血液,测定溶菌酶(LZM)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果表明:在提取温度为93℃、提取时间为2.8 h、料液比为1∶30条件下黄芪下脚料粗多糖最大提取率为7.67%。中剂量组LZM、SOD活性都显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05);低剂量组AKP活性显著高于空白对照组和中药对照组(P<0.05);高剂量组LZM活性显著低于中剂量组(P<0.05),SOD活性显著低于低剂量组和中剂量组(P<0.05),AKP活性低于低剂量组和中剂量组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。说明通过响应面法优化黄芪下脚料粗多糖提取工艺后,可以从黄芪下脚料中提取到较高含量的粗多糖,且在基础饲料中添加0.1%~0.2%黄芪下脚料粗多糖可以明显提高鲤鱼的免疫力。

复方中草药对小丑鱼非特异性免疫、消化酶活性的影响及对刺激隐核虫杀灭效果分析

刺激隐核虫寄生感染引起的“白点病”不仅危害水族箱观赏鱼类,还会对水族馆大水体海水观赏鱼带来毁灭性打击,是海水观赏鱼养殖业危害最为严重的病害之一。本研究探讨了在基础饲料中添加不同剂量复方中草药“XCY-1”(苦参、地肤子、蛇床子、黄芪、甘草等按一定比例混合,超微粉碎后收集备用)对小丑鱼血清、肝脏中非特异性免疫指标和肠道消化酶活性指标变化及不同用药方式对防治刺激隐核虫病的效果。研究结果显示,投喂复方中草药“XCY-1”可使小丑鱼血清中溶菌酶(LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP),肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活性均呈现先升后降趋势,第21 d各项非特异性免疫指标达到最高值,其中20 g/kg剂量组效果最好,能显著提高小丑鱼的免疫能力;肠道中淀粉酶(AMS)、脂肪酶(LPS)和胰蛋白酶在各取样点活性均高于对照组,20 g/kg剂量组在各取样点胰蛋白酶和AMS活性高于其他剂量组,20 g/kg和40 g/kg剂量组在各取样点LPS活性最高。复方中草药“XCY-1”药浴对刺激隐核虫幼虫的体外杀灭结果显示:4 h内,50 mg/L药物浓度即对刺激隐核虫幼虫具有一定的杀灭效果,400 mg/L药物浓度即可杀灭全部幼虫;当药物浓度达到800 mg/L时,3 h内幼虫全部死亡。不同用药方式防治小丑鱼刺激隐核虫病:实验分为4组,A组20 g/kg剂量组,口服无药浴;B组20 g/kg剂量组,口服且同时按50 mg/L进行药浴;C组20 g/kg剂量组,口服且同时按100 mg/L进行药浴;D组为对照组,仅投喂基础饲料。结果显示:实验第6 d,A、B、C三个药物组与对照组的存活率分别为:51.1%、53.3%、57.7%、0,药物组存活率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);三个药物处理组每片鳃上仅有0~2个滋养体,对照组每片鳃上滋养体数量是用药组65倍。综上所述,饲料中添加复方中草药“XCY-1”可以提升小丑鱼血清、肝脏非特异性免疫指标和肠道消化酶活性,对刺激隐核虫病起到积极的预防和治疗效果。20 g/kg剂量组、投喂时间14~21 d时效果最佳。该研究为开发无公害、环保型天然植物源杀虫药提供理论参考和技术支撑。

烟草甲抗菌肽基因Defensin的鉴定及响应细菌的表达模式分析

本研究旨在阐明烟草甲Lasioderma serricorne Defensin(LsDef1和LsDef2)基因在响应细菌侵染过程中的功能。利用生物信息学分析了LsDef1和LsDef2编码蛋白的结构、特征和系统进化关系。采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术检测LsDef1和LsDef2在烟草甲不同发育阶段(卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、蛹、成虫)、4龄幼虫不同组织(脂肪体、表皮、中肠、血细胞和马氏管)、病原微生物诱导情况、细菌及细菌细胞壁成分胁迫后的表达模式。序列比对发现烟草甲LsDef1和LsDef2具有典型的6个半胱氨酸,形成3对二硫键,属于β防御素。RT-qPCR显示LsDef1和LsDef2基因在烟草甲不同发育阶段均有表达,在幼虫4龄处于高水平表达;主要表达组织为脂肪体(Fat body)和血细胞(Hemocyte),其次为表皮和中肠,而在马氏管的表达水平最低。外来病原物诱导后,LsDef1和LsDef2基因表达量显著增加,对金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus诱导最为敏感,进一步得细菌和细菌细胞壁成分诱导表达模式显示金黄色葡萄球菌诱导高峰期出现在诱导后6 h;PGN-SA诱导表达高峰期为3 h。烟草甲LsDef1和LsDef2是一类可被革兰氏阳性菌诱导的抗菌肽,研究结果为进一步研究昆虫防御素类抗菌肽的功能奠定了基础。

广泛期小细胞肺癌患者使用免疫检查点抑制剂发生免疫相关不良事件的特征及影响因素

目的探讨广泛期小细胞肺癌患者使用免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)发生免疫相关不良事件(irAEs)的临床特征及影响因素。方法利用中国医院药物警戒系统回顾性收集我院2023年1月1日至5月31日使用ICIs的130例广泛期小细胞肺癌患者的资料,记录所有患者治疗期间irAEs的发生情况及激素使用情况。采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析影响irAEs发生的因素。结果纳入的130例患者中,有32例患者发生了38例次irAEs,发生率为24.6%,严重程度为1~3级;以皮肤症状(8.4%)最为常见,且集中发生在治疗的第1个周期;5例患者发生多器官系统irAEs。发生irAEs患者的激素使用不合理率为23.1%(甲状腺功能异常患者除外)。神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)为影响irAEs发生的独立因素(P<0.05)。结论ICIs所致的irAEs发生率较高,可累及全身各个器官系统,以皮肤症状发生最早;NSE是影响irAEs发生的独立因素,可一定程度预测irAEs的发生风险。

双金花茶改善免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的实验研究

目的研究双金花茶对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响,促进该药临床应用和产业发展。方法将120只小鼠分为双金花茶高剂量组(4 g/kg)、双金花茶中剂量组(2 g/kg)、双金花茶低剂量组(1 g/kg)、阳性组(归芪补血口服液2.0 g/kg)、模型组、空白组,每组20只。除空白组外,其他各组给予腹腔注射环磷酰胺。观察6组小鼠给药前后的精神状态、毛发、活动、饮食、二便量情况。比较6组小鼠给药后的红细胞(RBC)、血红蛋白(HGB)、红细胞压积(HCT)、网织红细胞百分比(Ret)、血小板(PLT)、白细胞(WBC)、体重、胸腺与脾脏的重量及脏器指数。通过NK细胞活性实验、碳廓清实验,观察双金花茶对小鼠自然杀伤细胞活性和吞噬细胞吞噬能力的影响。结果给药干预14 d后,双金花茶各剂量组和阳性组小鼠活跃度增加,饮食、便尿量和体力有一定的恢复。模型组小鼠血象WBC、Ret、RBC、HGB、HCT、PLT、NK细胞活性均明显低于空白组(P<0.05、P<0.01)。双金花茶高中剂量组、阳性组小鼠血象WBC、Ret、RBC、HGB、HCT、PLT均高于模型组,但差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。双金花茶各剂量组与阳性组NK细胞活性明显高于模型组(P<0.01)。模型组体重、胸腺重、脾重均明显低于空白组(P<0.05)。双金花茶高剂量组、阳性组小鼠体重和脾重明显高于模型组(P<0.05)。双金花茶各剂量组、阳性组小鼠胸腺重量明显高于模型组(P<0.05)。模型组的吞噬指数和廓清指数明显低于空白组(P<0.01)。双金花茶高剂量组、阳性组廓清指数和吞噬指数明显高于模型组(P<0.01)。双金花茶中剂量组廓清指数明显高于模型组(P<0.05)。结论双金花茶可改善免疫低下实验小鼠的免疫功能,为双金花茶的临床应用以及产业发展提供有利参考依据。

选择不同对照疫苗对疑似预防接种异常反应信号检测的影响

目的探索不同类型疫苗做对照时的信号检出情况,为疑似预防接种异常反应(AEFI)信号检测中选择适宜对照疫苗提供参考。方法分别选择所有其他疫苗和同技术路线其他疫苗做对照,对所有疫苗和特定疫苗进行信号检测,汇总所有其他疫苗和同技术路线其他疫苗做对照时信号检出数量,相同信号、新出现信号和消失信号个数及其反应分类分布,检测灵敏度和特异度。结果与所有其他疫苗做对照时相比,同技术路线其他疫苗做对照时,各种类疫苗信号检出个数均明显减少,全部信号检出数从501个减少至254个;新出现信号35个,新出现信号比例最大的是多糖疫苗,为24.39%(10/41),反应分类为一般反应(10个)、异常反应(3个)、偶合症(2个);消失信号282个,消失信号比例最大的是重组蛋白疫苗,为94.92%(56/59),消失信号的反应分类为偶合症(53个)、异常反应(23个)、一般反应(13个)。同技术路线其他疫苗做对照时,检测一般反应和异常反应的灵敏度降低,特异度增加,但减毒活疫苗和多糖疫苗中检测一般反应的灵敏度增加。结论不同类型疫苗做对照时,检出信号数差异较大;同技术路线其他疫苗做对照时,可以增加一般反应中信号的检出数量,但可能会造成较多异常反应信号消失。建议对于较严重的异常反应进行检测时,使用所有其他疫苗做对照。