Chronic intractable nontuberculous mycobacterial-infected wound after acupuncture therapy in the elbow joint:A case report

BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal nontuberculous Mycobacterium(NTM)infections are rare,partic-ularly post-acupuncture therapy,and present diagnostic challenges due to their infrequency and potential severity.Prompt recognition and appropriate manage-ment are crucial for optimal outcomes.NTM-infected wounds involving the joints are difficult to treat,and only a few cases have been reported.CASE SUMMARY We present a case of a chronic intractable NTM-infected wound on the elbow joint that completely healed with conservative wound care and antibiotic treatment.An 81-year-old woman presented with a chronic,ulcerative wound on the right elbow joint where she had undergone repeated acupuncture therapy for chronic intolerable pain.Magnetic resonance imaging revealed synovial thickening,effusion,and subcutaneous cystic lesions.An orthopedic surgeon performed open synovectomy and serial debridement.However,1 month postoperatively,the wound had not healed and became chronic.A wound culture revealed NTM(Mycobacterium abscessus),and the patient was referred to the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.Instead of surgical intervention,conservative wound care with intravenous antibiotics was provided,considering the wound status and the patient’s poor general condition.Complete wound healing was achieved in 12 months,with no impact on the range of motion of the elbow joint.CONCLUSION With clinical awareness,musculoskeletal NTM infection can be treated with conservative wound care and appropriate antimicrobial agents.

Molecular Epidemiology of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in a German CF Center and Clinical Course of NTM Positive Patients

Goal of this study was to analyse the clinical course of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in their respiratory secretions and to investigate the molecular epidemiology of the most prevalent NTM species by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). The respiratory specimen and the clinical parameters forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), body-mass-index (BMI), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 1 h and immunoglobulin G (IgG) of 357 CF patients, 0 - 52.4 years, mean FEV1 2009 81.5% pred were analysed between 1998 and 2010. In 13 patients NTM were detected. 12 of 13 patients carried M. abscessus, for one patient the NTM species was not characterized. 4 patients carried a second NTM species (M. avium, M. chelonae (2x), M. intracellulare). 6 patients exhibited a significant decline in FEV1, however changes in BMI, IgG and ESR were discordant. Molecular genotyping of M. abscessus isolates revealed a unique MLSA pattern in 6 patients. 2 patients harboured identical strains, and one patient a closely related strain. Whether the presence of identical strains is attributed to the acquisition of NTM clones from common environmental sources or to patient-to-patient transmission cannot be definitely clarified. Although cross-in- fection of the three patients with identical/closely related strains in the present cohort is highly unlikely, we recommend strict hygiene measures for all CF patients harbouring NTM.

Pulmonary sequestration infected with nontuberculous mycobacteria:a report of two cases and literature review

We report two cases of pulmonary sequestration infected with nontuberculous mycobacteria(NTM): Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium abscessus.Chest computed tomography showed pneumonic consolidation in the right lower lobe,which received a systemic blood supply from the descending aorta in both patients.Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgeries were successfully performed and pathologica]examinations revealed multiple caseating granulomas.A review of the literature revealed only seven previous case reports of pulmonary sequestration infected with NTM,and no case with Mycobacterium abscessus has been reported.

Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis Complicated during Chemotherapy for Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease

Background: Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) is a rare disease characterized by the presence of gas in the intestinal wall. Aim: We report two rare cases of PCI that are complicated during the chemotherapy for pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease. Case Presentation: In this report, we described two cases (a 72-year-old woman and a 60-year-old woman) of PCI that appeared during the combined chemotherapy consisting of rifampicin, ethambutol and clarithromycin. Because there were few clinical symptoms and increased inflammatory responses, the diagnosis of PCI was delayed. However, there were fortunately no severe complications in both cases. Conclusion: Respiratory physicians should be aware of the potential development of PCI in patients during the chemotherapy for pulmonary NTM disease. It is important to detect PCI in the early stage through radiological examinations to avoid severe complications.

Clinical Analysis of Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease Complicated by Lung Cancer during the Follow-Up Periods

Introduction: The objective of this study was the estimation of the clinical characteristics of patients with pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease complicated by lung cancer during the follow-up periods. Methods: We analyzed the clinical findings of four patients (2.0%) complicated by lung cancer during the follow-up periods of over six months at least after the definite diagnosis of pulmonary NTM disease of 202 patients with pulmonary NTM disease experienced in our hospital in the last decade. Results: There were four patients with pulmonary NTM disease complicated by lung cancer and all of them were caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). They were all elderly male patients and had underlying diseases. Three patients were diagnosed with primary lung cancer and one diagnosed with metastatic lung cancer from colon cancer within 3 years after the diagnosis of pulmonary NTM disease. The treatments for lung cancer were surgical resection for all patients with localized lesions. One patient died due to the worsening of underlying disease and the remaining three survived except for the recurrence of one patient. Conclusion: Although the complication rate of pulmonary NTM disease and lung cancer was a lower percentage (2.0%) than in previous reports, the careful follow-up for patients with pulmonary NTM disease without forgetting the possible complication of lung cancer is necessary.

Diagnostic Value of Targeted Next-generation Sequencing in Pulmonary Mycobacterial Infections

Objective This study aimed to explore the diagnostic value of novel technique-targeted next-generation sequencing(tNGS)of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)in pulmonary mycobacterial infections.Methods This retrospective study was conducted on patients who underwent bronchoscopy and tNGS,smear microscopy,and mycobacterial culture of BALF.Patients with positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB)culture or GeneXpert results were classified into the tuberculosis case group.Those diagnosed with nontuberculous mycobacteria(NTM)-pulmonary disease(NTM-PD)composed the case group of NTM-PD patients.The control group comprised patients without tuberculosis or NTM-PD.Sensitivity,specificity,and receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic performance.Results For tuberculosis patients with positive mycobacterial culture results,the areas under the ROC curves(AUCs)for tNGS,GeneXpert,and smear microscopy were 0.975(95%CI:0.935,1.000),0.925(95%CI:0.859,0.991),and 0.675(95%CI:0.563,0.787),respectively.For tuberculosis patients with positive GeneXpert results,the AUCs of tNGS,culture,and smear microscopy were 0.970(95%CI:0.931,1.000),0.850(95%CI:0.770,0.930),and 0.680(95%CI:0.579,0.781),respectively.For NTM-PD,the AUCs of tNGS,culture,and smear-positive but GeneXpert-negative results were 0.987(95%CI:0.967,1.000),0.750(95%CI:0.622,0.878),and 0.615(95%CI:0.479,0.752),respectively.The sensitivity and specificity of tNGS in NTM-PD patients were 100%and 97.5%,respectively.Conclusion tNGS demonstrated superior diagnostic efficacy in mycobacterial infection,indicating its potential for clinical application.

排痰训练联合呼吸训练对NTM肺病合并支气管扩张患者的效果观察

目的探讨排痰训练联合呼吸训练对非结核分枝杆菌(NTM)肺病合并支气管扩张患者的效果。方法将2020年4月至12月入住本院的84例NTM肺病合并支气管扩张患者按随机单双号分组方法分为对照组(42例)和试验组(42例)。对照组男18例,女24例,年龄(59.5±11.1)岁。试验组男20例,女22例,年龄(56.4±13.4)岁。对照组实施用药指导、饮食护理等常规专科护理及有效排痰指导,试验组在常规护理基础上实施排痰训练联合呼吸训练。比较两组干预前及干预后5、7 d的排痰量及对治疗护理的满意度进行评价。结果干预后5、7 d试验组排痰量(79.41±2.56)ml、(114.57±3.06)ml,均多于对照组(61.76±2.28)ml、(77.43±3.56)ml,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。试验组患者对治疗及护理的满意度为97.6%(41/42),高于对照组的81.0%(34/42),两组数据差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论通过排痰训练和呼吸训练等有效清除气道分泌物,提高通气的有效性,改善呼吸困难,减少因反复呼吸道感染住院,减轻患者经济负担,提高患者的生活质量。

新型大环内酯类治疗小儿NTM感染疗效观察

目的探讨克拉霉素(Clarithromycin)和阿奇霉素(Azithromycin)治疗小儿非结核分支杆菌感染的疗效及毒副作用。方法回顾性分析22例儿科龟分支杆菌切口感染患儿的克拉霉素和阿奇霉素的应用方法、疗程及副作用。结果22例中21例应用克拉霉素,20例转用阿奇霉素。治愈率为100%。克拉霉素组副作用大于阿奇霉素组(P<0.01)。随访5年,无复发病例。结论应用克拉霉素和阿奇霉素治疗龟分支杆菌感染,治愈率高达100%,阿奇霉素较克拉霉素更安全。

Value of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing in Clinical Diagnosis and Targeted Therapy of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection

The purpose of this study was to assess the value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing(mNGS)for rapid diagnosis of diseases caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria(NTM).We retrospectively reviewed four NTM-infected cases diagnosed by smear microscopy,mycobacterial culture and mNGS methods.We found that the mNGS method not only had a shorter detection turnaround time(3–4 days)than Mycobacterium culture(15–20 days)but also had higher sensitivity and specificity to identify NTM compared with conventional detection methods.In addition,mNGS was able to identify coinfections by NTM and other bacteria,fungi or viruses.Overall,diagnosis of NTM by mNGS can provide timely and precise guidance for subsequent clinical treatment of NTM infections.

天津地区106例NTM肺病患者的菌种分布及临床特征分析

目的分析天津地区非结核分枝杆菌(NTM)肺病患者的菌种分布及临床特征,为天津地区NTM肺病临床诊治提供参考。方法选取NTM肺病患者106例,分析NTM菌种分布情况、不同NTM菌种感染患者合并症和临床表现分布、胸部影像学表现;比较感染胞内分枝杆菌、龟脓肿分枝杆菌和堪萨斯分枝杆菌患者白细胞、血红蛋白、血白蛋白水平。结果106例NTM肺病患者,分布在前3位的菌种是胞内分枝杆菌(39.62%,42/106)、堪萨斯分枝杆菌(23.58%,25/106)和龟脓肿分枝杆菌(23.58%,25/106)。患者主要的合并症有肺结核、支气管扩张、慢性阻塞性肺疾病和糖尿病。就诊时临床表现以咳嗽咳痰最为常见(64.15%,68/106),其次为发热(35.85%,38/106),气短喘息(16.98%,18/106)和咯血(16.04%,17/106)等。100例患者的影像学特征表现以渗出、空洞及支气管扩张为主。胞内分枝杆菌感染患者胸腔积液比例高于龟脓肿分枝杆菌和堪萨斯分枝杆菌感染患者(P<0.05);堪萨斯分枝杆菌感染患者支气管扩张比例低于胞内分枝杆菌和龟脓肿分枝杆菌感染患者(P<0.01)。胞内分枝杆菌感染患者血红蛋白水平低于龟脓肿分枝杆菌和堪萨斯分枝杆菌感染患者(P<0.05),白蛋白水平低于龟脓肿分枝杆菌感染患者(P<0.05)。结论天津地区NTM肺病患者流行菌种以胞内、堪萨斯、龟脓肿分枝杆菌为主,临床表现多为咳嗽咳痰、发热等,影像学表现以渗出、空洞及支气管扩张为主。

非结核分枝杆菌(NTM)肺病与继发性肺结核的多层螺旋CT征像的比较分析

目的比较分析继发性肺结核与非结核分枝杆菌(NTM)肺病的多层螺旋CT征像。方法纳入NTM肺部患者40例为研究组,另选取继发性肺结核患者40例为对照组,将两组的病灶部位、性质、形态及分布。结果在病灶分布方面,研究组累及1个肺叶少于对照组,累及≥3个肺叶多于对照组,P<0.05;在病灶部位方面,研究组好发中叶或舌段患者多于对照组,P<0.05;在CT征象方面,研究组钙化、磨玻璃影、胸腔积液、肿大淋巴结、支气管播散的发生率均低于对照组,支气管扩张的发生率高于对照组,P<0.05。结论NTM肺部的胸部CT表现分布广泛,主要分布在右中叶和左肺舌,两个肺散布在柱状扩张支气管中,胸膜下薄壁腔及周围腔,并伴有柱状支气管扩张,肺气肿和大疱共同特征。

Giant Bursitis of Wrist and Multiple Tenosynovitis of Hand with Rice Body Formation: Unusual Case of an Atypical Mycobacteria Infection

We report an unusual manifestation of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection characterized by a giant bursitis on wrist and multiple tenosynovitis with many rice bodies formations. The clinical and radiological examinations are neither rather sensitive nor rather specific. The nuclear imagery of rice bodies formations provides elements of guidance. Cause of absence of the germ isolation, diagnosis was retained on probability items based on a suspicion of arguments beam: clinical, biological, bacteriological and histological. The patient was treated with medical and surgical procedure and provided a satisfactory evolution. At follow-up of 15 months, there were no clinical signs of local recurrence. Through a literature review, the problem of diagnosis of certainty will be discussed.

贵阳市2018-2021年83株临床分离非结核分枝杆菌的菌种分布及流行情况

目的了解贵阳市临床分离的非结核分枝杆菌(NTM)菌种分布及流行情况。方法收集2018-2021年鉴定为NTM感染的菌株83株,经罗氏培养基分离培养后采用16S rRNA基因测序方法进行菌种鉴定;应用Excel 2016与SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行整理分析,利用非参数检验与卡方检验对NTM菌种来源、菌种分布、感染患者性别及年龄等特征进行分析。结果83株菌株样本来源主要以痰液为主,感染疾病前3的分别为结核感染(38.55%)、肺部感染(30.12%)及肺部阴影(6.02%);分离培养及16SrRNA测序鉴定出17种NTM,主要以脓肿分枝杆菌(44.58%)为主、其次为鸟分枝杆菌(8.43%);发现三重分枝杆菌、外来分枝杆菌、败素分枝杆菌等6株不同于贵州省以往报道过的NTM。感染NTM患者男女比例为1.5∶1,感染高峰年龄段为45~<60岁,不同年龄NTM感染患者菌种分布差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=133.926,P<0.05);女性患者脓肿分枝杆菌的感染率大于男性,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=8.053,P<0.05)。结论2018-2021年贵阳市NTM感染主要为中老年人群、男性居多;NTM感染菌株以脓肿分枝杆菌为主,女性感染率高于男性,发现6株不同于之前报道的新NTM菌株。

肺戈登分枝杆菌感染1例

临床上戈登分枝杆菌致病较为罕见。本文介绍暨南大学附属第一医院1例肺戈登分枝杆菌感染患者。通过分析流行病学史、临床表现、影像学特点、肺穿刺活检及行支气管肺泡灌洗,诊断为非结核分枝杆菌肺病(NTM-PD)。予以抗非结核分枝杆菌治疗后随访,复查CT图像显示病灶未再进展,证实诊断。

Nontuberculous mycobacteria： susceptibility pattern and prevalence rate in Shanghai from 2005 to 2008

Background An increasing incidence of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria （NTM） is being reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the isolation rates of NTM from various clinical specimens, and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, over a 4-year period in Shanghai. Methods All NTM isolated between 2005 and 2008 at Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, a key laboratory of mycobacteria tuberculosis in Shanghai, China, were identified with conventional biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility for all NTM was determined using the BACTEC MGIT 960 system. Results A total of 21 221 specimens were cultured, of which 4868 （22.94%） grew acid fast bacilli （AFB）, and 248 （5.09%） of the AFB were NTM. The prevalence rate of NTM was determined as 4.26%, 4.70%, 4.96% and 6.38% among mycobacteria culture positive samples in years 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 respectively. These data indicated that the prevalence rate has continuously increased. Sixteen different species of NTM were identified, the most commonly encountered NTM in Shanghai were M. chelonae （26.7%）, followed by M. fortuitum （15.4%）, M. kansasii （14.2%）, M. avium-intracellulare complex （13.1%） and M. terrae （6.9%）. The rare species identified were M. marinum, M. gastri, M. triviale, M. ulcerans, M. smegmatis, M. phlci, M. 9ordonae, M. szulgai, M. simiae, M. scrofulaceum and M. xenopi. The five most commonly identified NTM species showed high drug resistance to general anti-tuberculosis drugs, particularly, M. chelonae and M. fortuitum appear to be multi-drug resistance. Conclusions The prevalence of NTM in Shanghai showed a tendency to increase over the course of the study. The five most commonly isolated NTM species showed high drug resistance to first line anti-tuberculosis drugs.

贵州省某专科医院非结核分枝杆菌的菌种鉴定及耐药检测分析

目的探讨非结核分枝杆菌(NTM)的菌种鉴定分布及耐药性,为临床诊治提供参考依据。方法搜集2017―2020年贵州某专科医院微量肉汤稀释法药敏试验对-硝基苯甲酸(PNB)培养基阳性的疑似NTM菌株,经聚合酶链式反应(PCR)-荧光探针法初步鉴定为NTM后,用基因芯片法进行菌种鉴定,采用微量肉汤稀释法进行15种药物测试。结果贵州地区流行的100例NTM菌株经鉴定分为10种菌型类别。其中,占比最高者为龟/脓肿分枝杆菌48%(48/100),其后依次为鸟分枝杆菌16%(16/100),堪萨斯分枝杆菌12%(12/100),胞内分枝杆菌11%(11/100)。药敏结果显示100株NTM总耐药率61.8%,龟/脓肿分枝杆菌耐药率最高76.4%,其后依次为微黄分枝杆菌73.3%、偶然分枝杆菌55.6%、鸟分枝杆菌53.8%和戈登分枝杆菌53.3%。男女病人比例为63∶37,男性耐药率56.1%;女性耐药率71.5%。结论贵州地区有10种NTM菌种流行,龟/脓肿分枝杆菌是该地区NTM优势菌种。不同菌种间耐药率差异较大,龟/脓肿分枝杆菌耐药率最高。男性病人多于女性,女性耐药率高于男性。应用快速NTM菌种鉴定和药敏试验,可为NTM防控项目的决策者提供参考依据,有助于促进医务人员对抗NTM药物的科学选择。

Nontuberculous mycobacteria in China:incidence and antimicrobial resistance spectrum from a nationwide survey

Background:Information on the prevalence and resistance spectrum of nontuberculous mycobacteria(NTM)in China is mainly based on regional or local data.To estimate the proportion of NTM cases in China,a national survey of NTM pulmonary disease was carried out based on acid-fast positive sputum samples collected in 2013.

Drug resistance and pathogenic spectrum of patients coinfected with nontuberculous mycobacteria and human-immunodeficiency virus in Chengdu, China

Background:Human-immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is increasing worldwide and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is an established microbiologic cause of pulmonary disease,lymphadenitis,and disseminated disease in cases of advanced immune suppression.Data on patients coinfected with HIV and NTM are limited.Thus,this study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics,drug resistance,and pathogen spectrum of patients coinfected with both HIV and NTM in the Chengdu area of China.Methods:Data of 59 patients coinfected with both HIV and NTM collected from the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu,between January 2014 and December 2018,were analyzed.NTM drug sensitivity testing was performed using the microporous plate ratio method.Data were analyzed using SPSS 19.0,and the change in drug resistance rate was analyzed using the chi-square (x2) test.Results:Seven species/complex of NTM were identified from patients coinfected with HIV and NTM in this study,with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (52.5%) and M.kansasii (27.1%) as the predominant species.Male patients were more affected 50/59 (84.7%);the mean age of the 59 cases was 45 years.The clinical characteristics mainly included anemia (86.4%),cough and expectoration (79.7%).The baseline CD4 count was <50 cells/μL (84.7%).Patients were mainly in advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) stage.Chest imaging mainly showed patchy shadows (42.4%) and nodules (32.2%),with various degrees of AIDS-defining diseases.The drug resistance of NTM was severe,and the rate of isoniazid resistance (100.0%) was the highest,followed by rifampicin (94.9%),streptomycin (94.9%),ofloxacin (93.2%),and others.Ethambutol (52.5%) and clarithromycin (33.9%) were relatively low.No significant difference was found in the drug resistance rate of NTM strain against nine antituberculosis drugs in 5 years (P > 0.05).Condusions:The immune level of patients coinfected with HIV and NTM is low in advanced AIDS stage;more male are affected in patients who are mainly infected with MAC and M.kansasii and with serious drug resistance,The drug resistance rate of ethambutol and clarithromycin is relatively low.

Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Mycobacterium avium Complex Pulmonary Disease in a Brazilian Amazon Cohort

The incidence of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (MACPD) has been globally increasing. The present study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of clinical characteristics and treatment response among patients in the Amazon region of Brazil and conduct a retrospective cohort study at a prominent referral hospital in the State of Par, Brazil, from 2012 to 2020. The M. avium group represented 58.9% of cases, followed by M. intracellulare (35.7%), M. colombiense (3.6%), and M. chimaera (1.8%). The majority of patients (73.2%) were female and with an average age of 63 years. Primary clinical manifestations included persistent cough and sputum production. The Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) averaged 2.47, with 36.3% of patients having a CCI score equal to higher than 3. Notably, over 70% of patients had received treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis before initiating treatment for MAC infection. The fibrocavitary radiologic form was the most prevalent (55.4%), frequently exhibiting a bilateral distribution (53.6%). Antimicrobial susceptibility revealed a significant prevalence of MAC resistance to drugs in the therapeutic regimen. Despite this, most of the patients experienced clinical improvement (50%). In conclusion, this study highlights a higher prevalence of MAC infections among middle-aged women, with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis treatment and presenting the fibrocavitary radiological form was predominant.

Long-term case-fatality rate of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in people living with HIV

Background:Few data are available regarding the long-term case-fatality rate(CFR)among people living with HIV(PLWH)with nontuberculous mycobacteria(NTM)disease.The aim of this study is to analyze the long-term CFR in patients with NTM disease and to identify risk factors for their death.Methods:A retrospective cohort study of 379 cases of microbiologically confirmed NTM disease in PLWH was conducted from January 1,2012,to December 31,2020,in Shanghai,China.We used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the log-rank test to compare the long-term CFR in patients with disseminated NTM(DNTM)and localized NTM disease.Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and a stepwise Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to estimate the predictors of long-term CFR.Results:The cohort was followed up for a median of 26 months.The total CFR was 15.7%by one year and increased to 22.6%at 5 years after the diagnosis of NTM disease.The 5-year CFR of PLWH with DNTM was significantly higher than that of PLWH with localized NTM(26.7%vs 19.6%for DNTM and localized NTM disease,respectively).Older age[hazard ratio(HR)=1.04,95%confidence interval(CI):1.02-1.06,P<0.001],comorbidity(HR=2.05,95%CI:1.21-3.49,P<0.01),DNTM(HR=2.08,95%CI:1.17-3.68,P<0.05),and HIV viral load(HR=1.32,95%CI:1.12-1.55,P<0.001)were all independent risk factors for long-term CFR.In the subgroup analysis,time to culture positivity was negatively correlated with CFR in patients with DNTM(HR=0.90,95%CI:0.82-0.98,P<0.05).Conclusions:NTM was associated with a high long-term CFR in PLWH.Further approaches to prevent NTM disease in PLWH are urgently needed.