The warming of deep waters in the Nordic seas is identified based on observations during Chinese 5th Arctic Expedition in 2012 and historical hydrographic data. The most obvious and earliest warming occurrs in the Gre...The warming of deep waters in the Nordic seas is identified based on observations during Chinese 5th Arctic Expedition in 2012 and historical hydrographic data. The most obvious and earliest warming occurrs in the Greenland Basin （GB） and shows a coincident accelerated trend between depths 2000 and 3500 m. The ob-servations at a depth of 3000 m in the GB reveal that the potential temperature had increased from ？1.30°C in the early 1970s to ？0.93°C in 2013, with an increase of about 0.37°C （the maximum spatial deviation is 0.06°C） in the past more than 40 years. This remarkable change results in that deep waters in the center of the Lofton Basin （LB） has been colder than that in the GB since the year 2007. As for the Norwegian Basin （NB）, only a slight trend of warming have been shown at a depth around 2000 m since the early 1980s, and the warming amplitude at deeper waters is just slightly above the maximum spatial deviation, implying no obvious trend of warming near the bottom. The water exchange rate of the Greenland Basin is estimated to be 86% for the period from 1982 to 2013, meaning that the residence time of the Greenland Sea deep water （GSDW） is about 35 years. As the weakening of deep-reaching convection is going on, the abyssal Nordic seas are playing a role of heat reservoir in the subarctic region and this may cause a positive feedback on the deep-sea warming in both the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic seas.展开更多
The Nordic Seas have a significant impact on the climate system.Here 23-day air-sea heat fluxes were analyzed from an in situ air-sea coupled buoy deployed in the Lofoten Basin from 5 August 2012 to 27 August 2012.The...The Nordic Seas have a significant impact on the climate system.Here 23-day air-sea heat fluxes were analyzed from an in situ air-sea coupled buoy deployed in the Lofoten Basin from 5 August 2012 to 27 August 2012.The buoy captured two stages of strong south and north winds.The observations indicate that warm and wet air transported by the south wind can lead to decreased sensible and latent heat fluxes and net longwave radiation.The total oceanic heat loss was 50-60Wm−2.Thus,this stage was called the heat insulation process.By contrast,the heat dissipation process occurred with the north wind condition dur-ing advection of the cold and dry air.During this process,sensible and latent heat fluxes and net longwave radiation notably in-creased.The total oceanic heat loss during the heat dissipation process reached 240Wm−2,which was four-fold greater than that in the heat insulation process.Given that the heat insulation process is dominant in summertime,the ocean lost minimal heat but absorbed strong solar energy.Thus,a large quantity of energy was stored in the ocean.Heat was transported to the Arctic Ocean and accelerated Arctic warming.The heat dissipation process is dominant in autumn and winter when the ocean releases consid-erably more energy.The two processes revealed in this paper can be applied to warm-water areas in high latitudes.展开更多
In this study the steric height anomaly which is calculated from the hydrological data （EN3） is compared with the sea level anomaly derived from satellite altimetry in the Nordic Seas. The overall pattern of steric ...In this study the steric height anomaly which is calculated from the hydrological data （EN3） is compared with the sea level anomaly derived from satellite altimetry in the Nordic Seas. The overall pattern of steric height is that it is higher in the margin area and lower in the middle area. The extreme values of steric height linear change from 1993 to 2010 occur in the Lofoten Basin and off the Norwegian coast, respectively. Such a distribution may be partly attributed to the freshening trend of the Nordic Seas. The correlation between SLA （sea level anomaly） and SHA （steric height anomaly） is not uniform over the Nordic Seas. The time series of SLA and SHA agree well in the Lofoten Basin and northern Norwegian Basin, and worse in the northern Norwegian Sea, implying that the baroclinic effect plays a dominant role in most areas in the Norwegian Sea and the barotropic effect plays a dominant role in the northern Norwegian Sea. The weaker correlations between SLA and SHA in the Greenland and Iceland Seas lead a conclusion that the barotropic contribution is significant in these areas. The area-mean SHA over the entire Nordic Seas has similar amplitudes compared with the SLA during 1996-2002, but SHA has become lower than SLA, being less than half of SLA since 2006.展开更多
Deep water in the Nordic seas is the major source of Atlantic deep water and its formation and transport play an important role in the heat and mass exchange between polar and the North Atlantic. A monthly hydrolog-ic...Deep water in the Nordic seas is the major source of Atlantic deep water and its formation and transport play an important role in the heat and mass exchange between polar and the North Atlantic. A monthly hydrolog-ical climatology—Hydrobase II—is used to estimate the deep ocean circulation pattern and the deep water distribution in the Nordic seas. An improved P-vector method is applied in the geostrophic current calcula-tion which introduces sea surface height gradient to solve the issue that a residual barotropic flow cannot be recognized by traditional method in regions where motionless level does not exist. The volume proportions, spatial distributions and seasonal variations of major water masses are examined and a comparison with other hydrological dataset is carried out. The variations and transports of deep water are investigated based on estimated circulation and water mass distributions. The seasonal variation of deep water volume in the Greenland Basin is around 22×103km3 whereas significantly weaker in the Lofoten and Norwegian Basins. Annual downstream transports of about 1.54×103 and 0.64×103 km3 are reported between the Greenland/Lofoten and Lofoten/Norwegian Basins. The deep water transport among major basins is generally in the Greenland-Lofoten-Norwegian direction.展开更多
A slowdown of sea surface height （SSH） rise occurred in the Nordic （GIN） seas around 2004. In this study, SSH satellite data and constructed steric height data for the decades before and after 2004 （i.e., May 199...A slowdown of sea surface height （SSH） rise occurred in the Nordic （GIN） seas around 2004. In this study, SSH satellite data and constructed steric height data for the decades before and after 2004 （i.e., May 1994 to April 2014） were used for comparative analysis. The findings indicate that the rate of slowdown of SSH rises in the GIN seas （3.0 mm/a） far exceeded that of the global mean （0.6 mm/a）. In particular, the mean steric height of the GIN seas increased at a rate of 4.5 mm/a and then decreased at a slower pace. This was the main factor responsible for the stagnation of the SSH rises, while the mass factor only increased slightly. The Norwegian Sea particularly experienced the most prominent slowdown in SSH rises, mainly due to decreased warming of the 0-600 m layer. The controlling factors of this decreased warming were cessation in the increase of volume of the Atlantic inflow and stagnation of warming of the inflow. However, variations in air-sea thermal flux were not a major factor. In the recent two decades, mean halosteric components of the GIN seas decreased steadily and remained at a rate of 2 mm/a or more because of increased flow and salinity of the Atlantic inflow during the first decade, and reduction in freshwater inputs from the Arctic Ocean in the second decade.展开更多
This paper goes beyond Sino-Nordic Arctic science diplomacy and looks at Sino-Nordic Arctic triple-helix knowledge- based collaborations among academia, business, civil society （the inclusion of which moves beyond th...This paper goes beyond Sino-Nordic Arctic science diplomacy and looks at Sino-Nordic Arctic triple-helix knowledge- based collaborations among academia, business, civil society （the inclusion of which moves beyond the original triple-helix concept）, and government. In light of the potential of science diplomacy for building Sino-Arctic trust under systemic international conditions of power transition and globalization, this is the natural next step toward exploring triple-helix collaborations. Knowledge-based collaborations between academia, business, civil society, and government also open up avenues for innovation and entrepreneurship by both Arctic societies and Chinese society in attempts to address major challenges to sustainable development in these societies. This paper discusses possible triple-helix knowledge-based collaborations with China by each of the five Nordic countries, and highlights the innovation and entrepreneurial talents of summer school students at the University of International Relations in Beijing in developing projects as part of a course entitled ＂The Global Arctic＂.展开更多
The new Nordic diet （NND） was designed by gastronomic, nutritional and environmental specialists to be a palatable, healthy and sustainable diet containing 30%-40% less meat than the average Danish diet （ADD）, ≥ ...The new Nordic diet （NND） was designed by gastronomic, nutritional and environmental specialists to be a palatable, healthy and sustainable diet containing 30%-40% less meat than the average Danish diet （ADD）, ≥ 75% organics, and more locally grown wholegrain products, nuts, fruit and vegetables. In this study, the NND was based on economic modelling to represent a ＂realistic NND bought by Danish consumers＂. The objective was to investigate whether the ADD-to-NND diet-shift has environmental consequences that outweigh the increased consumer cost of the diet-shift. The diet-shift reduced the three most important environmental impacts by 16%-22%, mainly caused by reduced meat content. The surcharge to consumers of the ADD-to-NND diet-shift was ∈216/capita/year. In monetary terms, the savings related to the environmental impact of the diet-shift were ∈151/capita/year. 70% of the increased consumer cost of the ADD-to-NND diet-shift was countered by the reduced socioeconomic advantage associated with the reduced environmental impact of the NND.展开更多
Global Change is affecting both the marine Arctic and Antarctic as well as the Himalayas and the broader Tibetan area–also known as 'The Pan-Third Pole' due to its altitude and extreme environment–explains P...Global Change is affecting both the marine Arctic and Antarctic as well as the Himalayas and the broader Tibetan area–also known as 'The Pan-Third Pole' due to its altitude and extreme environment–explains Prof. Nils Chr. Stenseth, former President of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (DNVA) and a current Faculty Professor and Research Professor of Ecology and Evolution of the University of Oslo.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41330960the Chinese Polar Environmental Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programs under contract Nos CHINARE2013-04-03 and CHINARE2012-03-01
文摘The warming of deep waters in the Nordic seas is identified based on observations during Chinese 5th Arctic Expedition in 2012 and historical hydrographic data. The most obvious and earliest warming occurrs in the Greenland Basin （GB） and shows a coincident accelerated trend between depths 2000 and 3500 m. The ob-servations at a depth of 3000 m in the GB reveal that the potential temperature had increased from ？1.30°C in the early 1970s to ？0.93°C in 2013, with an increase of about 0.37°C （the maximum spatial deviation is 0.06°C） in the past more than 40 years. This remarkable change results in that deep waters in the center of the Lofton Basin （LB） has been colder than that in the GB since the year 2007. As for the Norwegian Basin （NB）, only a slight trend of warming have been shown at a depth around 2000 m since the early 1980s, and the warming amplitude at deeper waters is just slightly above the maximum spatial deviation, implying no obvious trend of warming near the bottom. The water exchange rate of the Greenland Basin is estimated to be 86% for the period from 1982 to 2013, meaning that the residence time of the Greenland Sea deep water （GSDW） is about 35 years. As the weakening of deep-reaching convection is going on, the abyssal Nordic seas are playing a role of heat reservoir in the subarctic region and this may cause a positive feedback on the deep-sea warming in both the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic seas.
基金the National Natural Sci ence Foundation of China(No.41976022)the National Major Scientific Research Program for Global Change Re-search(No.2015CB953900)the Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Projects of Shandong Province(No.2018SDKJ0104-1).
文摘The Nordic Seas have a significant impact on the climate system.Here 23-day air-sea heat fluxes were analyzed from an in situ air-sea coupled buoy deployed in the Lofoten Basin from 5 August 2012 to 27 August 2012.The buoy captured two stages of strong south and north winds.The observations indicate that warm and wet air transported by the south wind can lead to decreased sensible and latent heat fluxes and net longwave radiation.The total oceanic heat loss was 50-60Wm−2.Thus,this stage was called the heat insulation process.By contrast,the heat dissipation process occurred with the north wind condition dur-ing advection of the cold and dry air.During this process,sensible and latent heat fluxes and net longwave radiation notably in-creased.The total oceanic heat loss during the heat dissipation process reached 240Wm−2,which was four-fold greater than that in the heat insulation process.Given that the heat insulation process is dominant in summertime,the ocean lost minimal heat but absorbed strong solar energy.Thus,a large quantity of energy was stored in the ocean.Heat was transported to the Arctic Ocean and accelerated Arctic warming.The heat dissipation process is dominant in autumn and winter when the ocean releases consid-erably more energy.The two processes revealed in this paper can be applied to warm-water areas in high latitudes.
基金The Key Project of Chinese Natural Science Foundation under contract No.41330960the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programs under contract No.CHINARE2014-04-03-01
文摘In this study the steric height anomaly which is calculated from the hydrological data （EN3） is compared with the sea level anomaly derived from satellite altimetry in the Nordic Seas. The overall pattern of steric height is that it is higher in the margin area and lower in the middle area. The extreme values of steric height linear change from 1993 to 2010 occur in the Lofoten Basin and off the Norwegian coast, respectively. Such a distribution may be partly attributed to the freshening trend of the Nordic Seas. The correlation between SLA （sea level anomaly） and SHA （steric height anomaly） is not uniform over the Nordic Seas. The time series of SLA and SHA agree well in the Lofoten Basin and northern Norwegian Basin, and worse in the northern Norwegian Sea, implying that the baroclinic effect plays a dominant role in most areas in the Norwegian Sea and the barotropic effect plays a dominant role in the northern Norwegian Sea. The weaker correlations between SLA and SHA in the Greenland and Iceland Seas lead a conclusion that the barotropic contribution is significant in these areas. The area-mean SHA over the entire Nordic Seas has similar amplitudes compared with the SLA during 1996-2002, but SHA has become lower than SLA, being less than half of SLA since 2006.
基金The Key Project of Chinese Natural Science Fundation under contract No.41330960the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programmes,State Oceanic Administration of China under contract Nos CHINARE2014-03-01 and CHINARE2014-04-03the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean under contract No.201205007-4
文摘Deep water in the Nordic seas is the major source of Atlantic deep water and its formation and transport play an important role in the heat and mass exchange between polar and the North Atlantic. A monthly hydrolog-ical climatology—Hydrobase II—is used to estimate the deep ocean circulation pattern and the deep water distribution in the Nordic seas. An improved P-vector method is applied in the geostrophic current calcula-tion which introduces sea surface height gradient to solve the issue that a residual barotropic flow cannot be recognized by traditional method in regions where motionless level does not exist. The volume proportions, spatial distributions and seasonal variations of major water masses are examined and a comparison with other hydrological dataset is carried out. The variations and transports of deep water are investigated based on estimated circulation and water mass distributions. The seasonal variation of deep water volume in the Greenland Basin is around 22×103km3 whereas significantly weaker in the Lofoten and Norwegian Basins. Annual downstream transports of about 1.54×103 and 0.64×103 km3 are reported between the Greenland/Lofoten and Lofoten/Norwegian Basins. The deep water transport among major basins is generally in the Greenland-Lofoten-Norwegian direction.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41330960the National Major Scientific Research Program on Global Changes under contract No.2015CB953900
文摘A slowdown of sea surface height （SSH） rise occurred in the Nordic （GIN） seas around 2004. In this study, SSH satellite data and constructed steric height data for the decades before and after 2004 （i.e., May 1994 to April 2014） were used for comparative analysis. The findings indicate that the rate of slowdown of SSH rises in the GIN seas （3.0 mm/a） far exceeded that of the global mean （0.6 mm/a）. In particular, the mean steric height of the GIN seas increased at a rate of 4.5 mm/a and then decreased at a slower pace. This was the main factor responsible for the stagnation of the SSH rises, while the mass factor only increased slightly. The Norwegian Sea particularly experienced the most prominent slowdown in SSH rises, mainly due to decreased warming of the 0-600 m layer. The controlling factors of this decreased warming were cessation in the increase of volume of the Atlantic inflow and stagnation of warming of the inflow. However, variations in air-sea thermal flux were not a major factor. In the recent two decades, mean halosteric components of the GIN seas decreased steadily and remained at a rate of 2 mm/a or more because of increased flow and salinity of the Atlantic inflow during the first decade, and reduction in freshwater inputs from the Arctic Ocean in the second decade.
基金China Nordic Arctic Research Center(Polar Research Institute of China)for providing me with a visiting fellowship from 1 March to 28 April,2016funding from the Department of Sociology,Political Science and Community Planning,and the HSL-utdanningsfond(Faculty of Humanities,Social Sciences and Education Teaching Fund),University of Tromso-The Arctic University of Norway,to attend the China-Nordic Arctic Cooperation Symposium in Rovaniemi from 6 to 9 June,2016
文摘This paper goes beyond Sino-Nordic Arctic science diplomacy and looks at Sino-Nordic Arctic triple-helix knowledge- based collaborations among academia, business, civil society （the inclusion of which moves beyond the original triple-helix concept）, and government. In light of the potential of science diplomacy for building Sino-Arctic trust under systemic international conditions of power transition and globalization, this is the natural next step toward exploring triple-helix collaborations. Knowledge-based collaborations between academia, business, civil society, and government also open up avenues for innovation and entrepreneurship by both Arctic societies and Chinese society in attempts to address major challenges to sustainable development in these societies. This paper discusses possible triple-helix knowledge-based collaborations with China by each of the five Nordic countries, and highlights the innovation and entrepreneurial talents of summer school students at the University of International Relations in Beijing in developing projects as part of a course entitled ＂The Global Arctic＂.
文摘The new Nordic diet （NND） was designed by gastronomic, nutritional and environmental specialists to be a palatable, healthy and sustainable diet containing 30%-40% less meat than the average Danish diet （ADD）, ≥ 75% organics, and more locally grown wholegrain products, nuts, fruit and vegetables. In this study, the NND was based on economic modelling to represent a ＂realistic NND bought by Danish consumers＂. The objective was to investigate whether the ADD-to-NND diet-shift has environmental consequences that outweigh the increased consumer cost of the diet-shift. The diet-shift reduced the three most important environmental impacts by 16%-22%, mainly caused by reduced meat content. The surcharge to consumers of the ADD-to-NND diet-shift was ∈216/capita/year. In monetary terms, the savings related to the environmental impact of the diet-shift were ∈151/capita/year. 70% of the increased consumer cost of the ADD-to-NND diet-shift was countered by the reduced socioeconomic advantage associated with the reduced environmental impact of the NND.
文摘Global Change is affecting both the marine Arctic and Antarctic as well as the Himalayas and the broader Tibetan area–also known as 'The Pan-Third Pole' due to its altitude and extreme environment–explains Prof. Nils Chr. Stenseth, former President of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (DNVA) and a current Faculty Professor and Research Professor of Ecology and Evolution of the University of Oslo.
