地震勘探专业名词“Normal Moveout”的中文翻译刍议

英文专有名词的翻译具有极强的专业性和特殊性,是深入学习和理解国外专业理论的基础。Nomal Moveout作为地震勘探中一个非常重要的专有名词,笔者认为,其常用的中文翻译“正常时差”是否妥当,值得商榷。本文首先阐述了Normal Moveout在地震勘探的物理意义,然后分析了基础英文词汇的中文释义,根据两者的关联性,认为将Normal Moveout翻译为“垂直时差”或“法线时差”更为合理、精准,具有专业性。

Geometry and 3D seismic characterisation of post-rift normal faults in the Pearl River Mouth Basin,northern South China Sea

Based on high-resolution 3D seismic data acquired in the Pearl(Zhujiang)River Mouth Basin of the northern South China Sea,this study investigated the geometry,spatial extension,and throw distribution of the post-rift normal fault through detailed seismic interpretation and fault modeling.A total of 289 post-rift normal faults were identified in the study area and can be classified into four types:(1)isolated normal faults above the carbonate platform;(2)isolated normal faults cutting through the carbonate platform;(3)conjugate normal faults,and(4)connecting normal faults.Throw distribution analysis on the fault planes show that the vertical throw profiles of most normal fault exhibit flat-topped profiles.Isolated normal faults above the carbonate platform exhibit roughly concentric ellipses with maximum throw zones in the central section whereas the normal faults cutting through the carbonate platform miss the lowermost section due to the chaotic seismic reflections in the interior of the carbonate platform.The vertical throws of conjugate normal faults anomalously decrease toward their intersection region on the fault plane whereas the connecting normal faults present two maximum throw zones in the central section of the fault plane.According to the symmetric elliptical distribution model of fault throw,an estimation was made indicating that normal faults cutting through the carbonate platform extended downward between-1308 s and-1780 s(two-way travel time)in depth and may not penetrate the entire Liuhua carbonate platform.Moreover,it is observed that the distribution of karst caves on the top of the carbonate platform disaccord with those of hydrocarbon reservoirs and the post-rift normal faults cutting through the carbonate platform in the study area.We propose that these karst caves formed most probably by corrosive fluids derived from magmatic activities during the Dongsha event,rather than pore waters or hydrocarbons.

Neuroimaging in atypical normal tension glaucoma:debating routine implementation in the absence of classic neurological findings

●AIM:To assess the necessity of neuroimaging in patients with neurological or atypical findings of normal tension glaucoma(NTG)who do not exhibit typical glaucoma manifestations.●METHODS:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 90 atypical NTG patients who underwent cranial magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)due to atypical symptoms.The demographic characteristics,clinical parameters,and radiological findings were recorded.●RESULTS:Among the patients,66.7%had abnormal radiology results,with the most common findings being gliosis(34.4%),sequelae of cerebrovascular events and vascular malformations(14.4%),and benign intracranial mass lesions(11%).Non-glaucomatous visual field defects were more frequently observed in patients with abnormal neuroimaging results.However,there were no significant differences in intraocular pressure,optic disc parameters,retinal nerve fiber layer thickness,and visual field indices between patients with normal and abnormal radiological results.The mean age of the patients was 58.74y.Interestingly,there was a significant age difference,with the abnormal radiology group having a higher median age(P=0.021).●CONCLUSION:The study highlights the importance of cranial imaging in older NTG patients to detect underlying pathologies and prevent misdiagnosis.It suggests that neuroimaging may be warranted in NTG patients with atypical visual field defects incompatible with glaucoma.However,routine neuroimaging in all NTG patients without classic neurological signs may not be necessary.

Normal moveout for long offset in isotropic media using the Padé approximation

The nomaal moveout correction is important to long-offset observations, especially deep layers. For isotropic media, the conventional two-term approximation of the normal moveout function assumes a small offset-to-depth ratio and thus fails at large offset-to-depth ratios. We approximate the long-offset moveout using the Pade approximation. This method is superior to typical methods and flattens the seismic gathers over a wide range of offsets in multilayered media. For a four-layer model, traditional methods show traveltime errors of about 5 ms for offset-to-depth ratio of 2 and greater than 10 ms for offset-to-depth ratio of 3; in contrast, the maximum traveltime error for the [3, 3]-order Pade approximation is no more than 5 ms at offset-to-depth ratio of 3. For the Cooper Basin model, the maximum oft＇set-to-depth ratio for the [3, 3]-order Pade approximation is typically double of those in typical methods. The [7, 7]-order Pade approximation performs better than the [3.3]-order Pade armroximation.

Normal pregnancy outcome after first-trimester exposure to semaglutide in an overweight woman: a case report

We reported a case of an overweight 34-year-old woman who unexpectedly became pregnant while undergoing semaglutide in early pregnancy and delivered a healthy male infant by caesarean section at 37 weeks and 4 days of gestation.Until now,the safety of semaglutide for use during pregnancy was unknown.This report may contribute to the limited knowledge available on pregnant women exposure to semaglutide.

The analysis and application of simplified two-parameter moveout equation for C-waves in VTI anisotropy media

Several parameters are needed to describe the converted-wave （C-wave） moveout in processing multi-component seismic data, because of asymmetric raypaths and anisotropy. As the number of parameters increases, the converted wave data processing and analysis becomes more complex. This paper develops a new moveout equation with two parameters for C-waves in vertical transverse isotropy （VTI） media. The two parameters are the C-wave stacking velocity （Vc2） and the squared velocity ratio （7v,i） between the horizontal P-wave velocity and C-wave stacking velocity. The new equation has fewer parameters, but retains the same applicability as previous ones. The applicability of the new equation and the accuracy of the parameter estimation are checked using model and real data. The form of the new equation is the same as that for layered isotropic media. The new equation can simplify the procedure for C-wave processing and parameter estimation in VTI media, and can be applied to real C-wave processing and interpretation. Accurate Vc2 and Yvti can be deduced from C-wave data alone using the double-scanning method, and the velocity ratio model is suitable for event matching between P- and C-wave data.

Fault-Growth Pattern of the South Margin Normal Fault of the Yuguang Basin in Northwest Beijing and its Influencing Factors

Based on high-resolution remote sensing image interpretation, digital elevation model 3-D analysis, field geologic field investigation, trenching engineering, and ground-penetrating radar, synthetic research on the evolution of the Yuguang Basin South Margin Fault （YBSMF） in northwest Beijing was carried out. We found that the propagation and growth of faults most often occurred often at two locations： the fault overlapping zone and the uneven or rough fault segment. Through detailed observation and analysis of all cropouts of faults along the YBSMF from zone a to zone i, we identified three major factors that dominate or affect fault propagation and growth. First, the irregularity of fault geometry determine the propagation and growth of the fault, and therefore, the faults always propagate and grow at such irregular fault segments. The fault finally cuts off and eliminates its irregularity, making the fault geometry and fault plane smoother than before, which contributes to the slipping movement of the half-graben block in the basin. Second, the scale of the irregularity of the fault geometry affects the result of fault propagation and growth, that is, the degree of the cutting off of fault irregularity. The degree of cutting off decreases as irregularity scale increases. Third, the maximum possible slip displacement of the fault segment influences the duration of fault propagation and growth. The duration at the central segments with a large slip displacement is longer than that at the end segments with a smaller slippage value.

Laboratory investigation into effect of bolt profiles on shear behaviors of bolt-grout interface under constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions

Rock bolts have been widely used for stabilizing rock mass in geotechnical engineering.It is acknowledged that the bolt profiles have a sound influence on the support effect of the rock bolting system.Previous studies have proposed some optimal rib parameters(e.g.rib spacing);unfortunately,the interface shear behaviors are generally ignored.Therefore,determination of radial stress and radial displacement on the bolt-grout interface using traditional pull-out tests is not possible.The load-bearing capacity and deformation capacity vary as bolt profiles differ,suggesting that the support effect of the bolting system can be enhanced by optimizing bolt profiles.The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of bolt profiles(with/without ribs,rib spacing,and rib height)on the shear behaviors between the rock bolt and grout material using direct shear tests.Thereby,systematic interfacial shear tests with different bolt profiles were performed under both constant normal load(CNL)and constant normal stiffness(CNS)boundary conditions.The results suggested that rib spacing has a more marked influence on the interface shear behavior than rib height does,in particular at the post-yield stage.The results could facilitate our understanding of bolt-grout interface shear behavior under CNS conditions,and optimize selection of rock bolts under in situ rock conditions.

Possible dynamics of normal－fault earthquakes in the upper crust of the south part of the Qinghai－Xizang Plateau

A numerical model for generating normal fault earthquakes in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau′S upper crust is constructed with 3-D elasto-viscous finite element method. Based on the numerical simulation calculation,some conclusions were got:If the effective viscosity of the upper crust material is less than that of lower strata of the crust in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, even under the strong push of India continent,the stress state of the upper crust can still be extensional in south part of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Numerical simulations show that the stress state changes with the depth of the lithosphere,from extensional stress state in upper crust to compressive in the lower part.Extensional stress state may exist mainly in the upper crust of the south part of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.

The Limitations of Polygenic Hypothesis and Theorizing about Dual Multiple Factors and Three Normal Distributions

The original data of Nilsson-Ehle experiment in wheat were analyzed with existent genetic knowledge. It indicated that the core of polygenic hypothesis from this experiment was that a character similarity produced by additive effect of multiple genes was the basis of continuous variation. Its precondition was for effective genes to have equal effect, to show merodominance and binomial distribution and to inherit independently. In fact, quantitative characters were determined by many genes with different property, effect and behavior. So it was difficult to solve all problems of continuous variation by the aid of polygenic hypothesis. The researchers should seek new ways. With Mendelian group as research object and by means of Lyapunov central limit theorem it was proved that both genotypic value G and the environmental effect in a niche E were subordinated to the normal distribution and respectively. According to additivity of the normal distribution the phenotype P = G + E also obeyed the normal distribution P = G + E ~ and quantitative characters showed continuous variation, whether or not the linkage was presented, whether or not every gene effect was equal, whether or not there were dominance and what kind of dominance between alleles. Moreover it was discussed that the quantitative characters in self-fertilized organism and clone were submitted to the normal distribution and presented continuous variation too.

About the Mean Difference of the Inverse Normal Distribution

The calculation of the mean difference for the inverse normal distribution can be obtained by a transformation of variable or a hard integration by parts. This paper shows a simpler formula of the mean difference of the inverse normal distribution that highlights the role of the two parameters on the mean difference of the model. It makes it easier to study the relation of the mean difference with the other indexes of variability for the inverse normal distribution.

Cyclic shear behavior of en-echelon joints under constant normal stiffness conditions

To reveal the mechanism of shear failure of en-echelon joints under cyclic loading,such as during earthquakes,we conducted a series of cyclic shear tests of en-echelon joints under constant normal stiffness(CNS)conditions.We analyzed the evolution of shear stress,normal stress,stress path,dilatancy characteristics,and friction coefficient and revealed the failure mechanisms of en-echelon joints at different angles.The results show that the cyclic shear behavior of the en-echelon joints is closely related to the joint angle,with the shear strength at a positive angle exceeding that at a negative angle during shear cycles.As the number of cycles increases,the shear strength decreases rapidly,and the difference between the varying angles gradually decreases.Dilation occurs in the early shear cycles(1 and 2),while contraction is the main feature in later cycles(310).The friction coefficient decreases with the number of cycles and exhibits a more significant sensitivity to joint angles than shear cycles.The joint angle determines the asperities on the rupture surfaces and the block size,and thus determines the subsequent shear failure mode(block crushing and asperity degradation).At positive angles,block size is more greater and asperities on the rupture surface are smaller than at nonpositive angles.Therefore,the cyclic shear behavior is controlled by block crushing at positive angles and asperity degradation at negative angles.

Finite-Time Normal Mode Disturbances and Error Growth During Southern Hemisphere Blocking

The structural organization of initially random errors evolving in abarotropic tangent linear model, with time-dependent basic states taken from analyses, is examinedfor cases of block development, maturation and decay in the Southern Hemisphere atmosphere duringApril, November, and December 1989. The statistics of 100 evolved errors are studied for six-dayperiods and compared with the growth and structures of fast growing normal modes and finite-timenormal modes (FTNMs). The amplification factors of most initially random errors are slightly lessthan those of the fastest growing FTNM for the same time interval. During their evolution, thestandard deviations of the error fields become concentrated in the regions of rapid dynamicaldevelopment, particularly associated with developing and decaying blocks. We have calculatedprobability distributions and the mean and standard deviations of pattern correlations between eachof the 100 evolved error fields and the five fastest growing FTNMs for the same time interval. Themean of the largest pattern correlation, taken over the five fastest growing FTNMs, increases withincreasing time interval to a value close to 0.6 or larger after six days. FTNM 1 generally, but notalways, gives the largest mean pattern correlation with error fields. Corresponding patterncorrelations with the fast growing normal modes of the instantaneous basic state flow aresignificant' but lower than with FTNMs. Mean pattern correlations with fast growing FTNMs increasefurther when the time interval is increased beyond six days.

Robust adaptive output stabilization using dynamic normalizing signal

For a class of nonlinear systems with dynamic uncertainties, robust adaptive stabilization problem is considered in this paper. Firstly, by introducing an observer, an augmented system is obtained. Based on the system, we construct an exp-ISpS Lyapunov function for the unmodeled dynamics, prove that the unmodeled dynamics is exp-ISpS, and then obtain a dynamic normalizing signal to counteract the dynamic disturbances. By the backstepping technique, an adaptive controller is given, it is proved that all the signals in the adaptive control system are globally uniformly ultimately bounded, and the output can be regulated to the origin with any prescribed accuracy. A simulation example further demonstrates the efficiency of the control scheme.

What is ＂normal＂ intraoperative blood pressure and do deviations from it really affect postoperative outcome？

In our clinical practice, we are accustomed to dealing with perioperative hemodynamic and blood pressure changes on a daily basis. Intraoperative blood pressure variations outside of the accepted ＂normal＂ physiologic ranges are in fact very common.

Unveiling the silent link:Normal-tension glaucoma's enigmatic bond with cardiac blood flow

This comprehensive review embarks on a captivating journey into the complex relationship between cardiology and normal-tension glaucoma(NTG),a condition that continues to baffle clinicians and researchers alike.NTG,characterized by optic nerve damage and visual field loss despite normal intraocular pressure,has long puzzled clinicians.One emerging perspective suggests that alterations in ocular blood flow,particularly within the optic nerve head,may play a pivotal role in its pathogenesis.While NTG shares commonalities with its high-tension counterpart,its unique pathogenesis and potential ties to cardiovascular health make it a fascinating subject of exploration.It navigates through the complex web of vascular dysregulation,blood pressure and perfusion pressure,neurovascular coupling,and oxidative stress,seeking to uncover the hidden threads that tie the heart and eyes together in NTG.This review explores into the intricate mechanisms connecting cardiovascular factors to NTG,shedding light on how cardiac dynamics can influence ocular health,particularly in cases where intraocular pressure remains within the normal range.NTG's enigmatic nature,often characterized by seemingly contradictory risk factors and clinical profiles,underscores the need for a holistic approach to patient care.Drawing parallels to cardiac health,we examine into the shared vascular terrain connecting the heart and the eyes.Cardiovascular factors,including systemic blood flow,endothelial dysfunction,and microcirculatory anomalies,may exert a profound influence on ocular perfusion,impacting the delicate balance within the optic nerve head.By elucidating the subtle clues and potential associations between cardiology and NTG,this review invites clinicians to consider a broader perspective in their evaluation and management of this elusive condition.As the understanding of these connections evolves,so too may the prospects for early diagnosis and tailored interventions,ultimately enhancing the quality of life for those living with NTG.

The influence of lipid-extraction on theδ^(13)C of mesopelagic and demersal fish in the South China Sea:modification and application of lipid normalization models

Mesopelagic fish,the most important daily vertically migrating community in the oceans,are characterized by high lipid content which may obscure the interpretation of stable isotopes analysis.Demersal fish,which are important consumers in the food web dominated by mesopelagic fish,also have a high lipid content.Here we collected 127 fish samples from the South China Sea and evaluated the effect of lipid contents on△δ^(13)C of mesopelagic and demersal fish.In lipid-extracted mesopelagic fish,the C/N content ratio(<5.5)shows a clear correlation withΔδ^(13)C(the offset of bulk and lipid-extractedδ^(13)C values),especially in non-migratory and semi-migratory species;these values were less correlation in demersal fish.Based on our results,we suggest that mesopelagic and demersal fish in different regions of the South China Sea should be studied separately using appropriate correction models and less fit for the traditional model.Moreover,the C/N content ratio should be used cautiously for establishing the lipid normalization model,especially for the fish in migratory mesopelagic fish and demersal fish.Our results also reveal that mesopelagic fish across nearby regions could be analyzed together.The new models described here can be applied in future studies of mesopelagic and demersal fish in the South China Sea.

Prevalence of Metabolic Obese Normal Weight and Related Risk Factors in South China

[Objectives]Metabolic obese normal weight(MONW)is becoming one of the pubic problems which are threatening human health.Whereas,MONW was facing a great challenge for limited attention,especially for the female in China.The aim of this research was to estimate the prevalence of MONW and its related risk components in South China.[Methods]A community-based cross-sectional study was performed on 3349 residents aged 18-93 years in The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University,Guangzhou,China,in 2019.Data was collected by physical examination data which included physical measurements and laboratory examinations.[Results]In all subjects,55%were females(M/F=1509/1840).The prevalence of MONW was 16.09%(0.04%for male,16.05%for female,P<0.001).The prevalence increased significantly with increasing age in both genders(P<0.001).The binary logistic regression analysis shows that among the risk factors with MONW,age,BMI,gender,systolic pressure,hypertension[Male:ORs=2.56,95%CI(1.23,5.32);Female:ORs=2.88,95%CI(1.76,4.71)]and hypertriglyceridemia[Male:ORs=3.23,95%CI(1.67,6.19);Female:ORs=2.57,95%CI(1.64,4.03)]were found to be statistically significant.The level of ALT in MONW group was(27.88±15.85)in male and(24.33±15.75)in female,which were significantly higher than those in the non-MetS group.[Conclusions]The prevalence of MONW was pretty high.We considered MONW be significantly associated with the increase of ALT.Female gender,advanced age,and elevated ALT were independent risk factors for MONW.It was high time that the government should raise the public attention toward metabolic function in normal weight population.Effective prevention and treatment strategies for MONW and its risk factors should be developed targeting different ages and genders.

Dissemination and Enrichment of Knowledge About Normal Birth to Bring About a Change to Society

The birth of a child is a pivotal time in the life of a mother,her family and society.The health and well-being of a mother and child at birth largely determines the future health and wellness of the entire family(World Health Organization(WHO),2005).Normal birth has enormous benefits for mothers,neonates,families,and societies.The growing supportive evidence for the promotion of normal birth certainly relies on multidisciplinary collaborations to continue spreading knowledge about the advantages of normal birth and enhancing the understanding of how knowledge about normal birth can change society.Knowledge about normal birth varies among different groups of healthcare professionals,and it would be useful to identify how it is clinically translated to become accessible to other professionals and research teams,consumers,the public,significant decision-or policy makers,the industry,funding bodies,and volunteer health teams.

Schur Forms and Normal-Nilpotent Decompositions

Real and complex Schur forms have been receiving increasing attention from the fluid mechanics community recently,especially related to vortices and turbulence.Several decompositions of the velocity gradient tensor,such as the triple decomposition of motion(TDM)and normal-nilpotent decomposition(NND),have been proposed to analyze the local motions of fluid elements.However,due to the existence of different types and non-uniqueness of Schur forms,as well as various possible definitions of NNDs,confusion has spread widely and is harming the research.This work aims to clean up this confusion.To this end,the complex and real Schur forms are derived constructively from the very basics,with special consideration for their non-uniqueness.Conditions of uniqueness are proposed.After a general discussion of normality and nilpotency,a complex NND and several real NNDs as well as normal-nonnormal decompositions are constructed,with a brief comparison of complex and real decompositions.Based on that,several confusing points are clarified,such as the distinction between NND and TDM,and the intrinsic gap between complex and real NNDs.Besides,the author proposes to extend the real block Schur form and its corresponding NNDs for the complex eigenvalue case to the real eigenvalue case.But their justification is left to further investigations.